Through the year’s agriculture, conservation and overall land management has gone through phases with each phase having its’ buzzwords, promoters, detractors, research objectives - well, you get the point. Some promoters will always feel like they’ve just unleashed the silver bullet to cure all the planet’s woes. Spoiler alert, none of them have! For the most part each phase has brought some improvements and certainly more tools for farmers, ranchers and land managers to consider and use. But no single one is the cure all panacea that will work for everyone.

Soil health has certainly risen to a prominent buzzword in our society. Soil health is a broad category for many different things that are actually quite important. In searching for a good definition of soil health, and there are many out there. I found some that were way out there. Others were restrictive and may work for certain soils in certain ecosystems, some were very vague. Many definitions were tailored for a very specific form of agriculture, i.e. no-till, organic, natural, etc.

One of the top choices came from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) at USDA. Quoting from their web site, “Soil health, also referred to as soil quality, is defined as the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains plants, animals, and humans.” They go on to point out that soil isn’t just some sterile rooting medium but is rather a living functioning ecosystem of its’ own.

Many people don’t realize how alive soil is! There is so much life in the soil, much of it invisible to the naked eye. Bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and many other organisms make up a valuable part of the soil mass and we often only see hints of it.

Defining soil health is fairly easy. Measuring it is another story however. There are many soil organisms that have not been discovered yet, that are important, or we know they are there but we don’t know what they do. We truly have so much we need to learn. Perhaps the best measure of soil health is by how well plants grow, by how productive the soil is, or by how sustainable the practices. Soil health is likely something we measure indirectly.

Soil health can, and does, change over time. How we farm, how we garden, how we tend our lawn, can all impact that soil health. We can compact soil with heavy equipment. We can tear it up and turn it over with construction or recreation. The plants we grow on it, the nutrients we add to it, the organic matter we allow to develop in it, even the rainfall or irrigation it receives, are all things that can improve or hurt soil health. If you haven’t yet heard about soil health, you eventually will. I doubt that we’ll come up with a simple way of measuring soil health in my life time. But we need to remember that soil health isn’t an end goal but an ongoing journey.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Through the year’s agriculture, conservation and overall land management has gone through phases with each phase having its’ buzzwords, promoters, detractors, research objectives - well, you get the point. Some promoters will always feel like they’ve just unleashed the silver bullet to cure all the planet’s woes. Spoiler alert, none of them have! For the most part each phase has brought some improvements and certainly more tools for farmers, ranchers and land managers to consider and use. But no single one is the cure all panacea that will work for everyone.Soil health has certainly risen to a prominent buzzword in our society. Soil health is a broad category for many different things that are actually quite important. In searching for a good definition of soil health, and there are many out there. I found some that were way out there. Others were restrictive and may work for certain soils in certain ecosystems, some were very vague. Many definitions were tailored for a very specific form of agriculture, i.e. no-till, organic, natural, etc.One of the top choices came from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) at USDA. Quoting from their web site, “Soil health, also referred to as soil quality, is defined as the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains plants, animals, and humans.” They go on to point out that soil isn’t just some sterile rooting medium but is rather a living functioning ecosystem of its’ own.Many people don’t realize how alive soil is! There is so much life in the soil, much of it invisible to the naked eye. Bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and many other organisms make up a valuable part of the soil mass and we often only see hints of it.Defining soil health is fairly easy. Measuring it is another story however. There are many soil organisms that have not been discovered yet, that are important, or we know they are there but we don’t know what they do. We truly have so much we need to learn. Perhaps the best measure of soil health is by how well plants grow, by how productive the soil is, or by how sustainable the practices. Soil health is likely something we measure indirectly.Soil health can, and does, change over time. How we farm, how we garden, how we tend our lawn, can all impact that soil health. We can compact soil with heavy equipment. We can tear it up and turn it over with construction or recreation. The plants we grow on it, the nutrients we add to it, the organic matter we allow to develop in it, even the rainfall or irrigation it receives, are all things that can improve or hurt soil health. If you haven’t yet heard about soil health, you eventually will. I doubt that we’ll come up with a simple way of measuring soil health in my life time. But we need to remember that soil health isn’t an end goal but an ongoing journey.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Soil health

It might seem like a simple, everyday movement, but the ability to get up and down off the floor is one of the strongest indicators of overall health, mobility, and longevity. As people age or become less active, this basic movement often becomes harder—but maintaining it can have powerful health benefits that extend far beyond convenience.

Getting on and off the floor requires a combination of strength, coordination, flexibility, and balance. It engages major muscle groups—especially in the legs, core and hips—while also testing joint mobility and motor control. Regularly performing this movement acts as a functional fitness test, revealing how well your body works as a unit.

According to a study published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, researchers found that people who could sit and rise from the floor without using their hands had significantly lower risks of mortality. This movement is essentially a snapshot of physical capability and resilience. The easier and more confidently you can do it, the more likely your musculoskeletal system is functioning optimally.

One of the major health risks for older adults is falling. In fact, falls are a leading cause of injury-related death in people over 65. The ability to get up from the floor doesn’t just mean avoiding injury; it also means recovering quickly if a fall does occur. Being able to stand up without assistance reduces the fear and consequences of falling, promoting confidence and independence.

Incorporating floor-based movements into regular workouts can improve proprioception (the body’s ability to sense its position in space), which helps prevent instability and accidents. Simple exercises like Turkish gets-ups, deep squats, or even sitting cross-legged the floor and standing back up can improve this vital skill over time.

When you move from the floor to standing, your body uses a range of joints—ankles, knees, hips, shoulders, and the spine. Keeping these joints mobile and strong helps prevent stiffness, improves posture, and supports better functional movement patterns. Motion is lotion!

Additionally, core engagement is critical during the transition. Strengthening the core isn’t just about aesthetics—it plays a vital role in stabilizing the spine and supportin daily activities. Getting off the floor naturally trains these muscles in a way that mimics real-world needs.

Modern lifestyles often involve prolonged sitting in chairs, leading to poor posture and reduced mobility. Getting on the floor to play with kids, stretch, or simply read can reintroduce natural movement patterns that are often mission from daily routines. Even just sitting cross-legged or in a squat position periodically helps to maintain hip mobility and spine alignment.

Though it may seem basic, the act of getting gup and down off the floor is a full-body movement that offers significant health insights and benefits. It supports longevity, mobility, independence, and injury prevention. Making this movement a regular part of your life—either through exercise or everyday activities—can help you stay active, capable, and confident as you age.

Stay tuned, next week we will discuss another marker of health and longevity!

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>It might seem like a simple, everyday movement, but the ability to get up and down off the floor is one of the strongest indicators of overall health, mobility, and longevity. As people age or become less active, this basic movement often becomes harder—but maintaining it can have powerful health benefits that extend far beyond convenience.Getting on and off the floor requires a combination of strength, coordination, flexibility, and balance. It engages major muscle groups—especially in the legs, core and hips—while also testing joint mobility and motor control. Regularly performing this movement acts as a functional fitness test, revealing how well your body works as a unit.According to a study published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, researchers found that people who could sit and rise from the floor without using their hands had significantly lower risks of mortality. This movement is essentially a snapshot of physical capability and resilience. The easier and more confidently you can do it, the more likely your musculoskeletal system is functioning optimally.One of the major health risks for older adults is falling. In fact, falls are a leading cause of injury-related death in people over 65. The ability to get up from the floor doesn’t just mean avoiding injury; it also means recovering quickly if a fall does occur. Being able to stand up without assistance reduces the fear and consequences of falling, promoting confidence and independence.Incorporating floor-based movements into regular workouts can improve proprioception (the body’s ability to sense its position in space), which helps prevent instability and accidents. Simple exercises like Turkish gets-ups, deep squats, or even sitting cross-legged the floor and standing back up can improve this vital skill over time.When you move from the floor to standing, your body uses a range of joints—ankles, knees, hips, shoulders, and the spine. Keeping these joints mobile and strong helps prevent stiffness, improves posture, and supports better functional movement patterns. Motion is lotion!Additionally, core engagement is critical during the transition. Strengthening the core isn’t just about aesthetics—it plays a vital role in stabilizing the spine and supportin daily activities. Getting off the floor naturally trains these muscles in a way that mimics real-world needs.Modern lifestyles often involve prolonged sitting in chairs, leading to poor posture and reduced mobility. Getting on the floor to play with kids, stretch, or simply read can reintroduce natural movement patterns that are often mission from daily routines. Even just sitting cross-legged or in a squat position periodically helps to maintain hip mobility and spine alignment.Though it may seem basic, the act of getting gup and down off the floor is a full-body movement that offers significant health insights and benefits. It supports longevity, mobility, independence, and injury prevention. Making this movement a regular part of your life—either through exercise or everyday activities—can help you stay active, capable, and confident as you age.Stay tuned, next week we will discuss another marker of health and longevity!Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Getting up and down off the floor

It’s county fair season in Kansas, and while local events are a great way to enjoy the sun and time with friends, heat can be an invisible fun bandit for livestock.&nbsp;

Kansas State University beef extension veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said it’s important for youth showing livestock to watch animals closely and know the symptoms of heat stress.&nbsp;

All animals – as well as people -- can experience heat stress, which occurs when the body cannot get rid of excessive heat, either through sweating or other means.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Tarpoff said cattle handle heat differently than other animals. In particular, they struggle with the ability to sweat, which makes them reliant on getting rid of heat through their respiratory system, such as breathing the heat out. Cattle will accumulate heat during the day, then dissipate the heat load during the night when it's cooler.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“It takes 4-6 hours to return cattle to regular temperature,” Tarpoff said.&nbsp;&nbsp;

He added that one way to tell if a show steer or heifer is affected by heat stress is to look for unusual behavior from that animal. Symptoms may include reduced feed intake, increased time standing and crowding around water. In the show barn, animals may also display an increase in breathing rate.&nbsp;&nbsp;

One way to keep animals cool is to make sure barns get plenty of ventilation. Tarpoff said that heat stress mitigation strategies should be planned with cattle comfort in mind, and each strategy will be unique to the housing situation. Other factors to consider include whether the animal has its winter or summer hair coat; hair color; and past health issues.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Tarpoff said youth should consider reducing animal handling during heat intervals, and having those handling events completed by 10 a.m.&nbsp;

“Weighing, processing, sampling and shipping cattle are all necessary tasks but they should be strategically conducted during the very early morning hours to ensure cattle comfort,” Tarpoff said.&nbsp;

Another way to avoid heat stress is to provide plenty of water to cattle. Tarpoff said the amount of water cattle need doubles as the heat increases from 70 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Tarpoff also encourages youth to consider moisture levels from the washing areas. Some locations can artificially increase the humidity and cause unneeded stress on livestock.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“Monitoring conditions and preparing for heat stress is a must when caring for your animals,” he said.&nbsp;

The&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/forecast">Kansas Mesonet</a>, a network of Kansas weather stations which has offices on the K-State campus in Manhattan, provides an&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/forecast">Animal Comfort Index</a>&nbsp;to help producers and youth monitor care for livestock. The online service is free to the public.&nbsp;

The Barton County Fair starts June 25 and runs through June 29. Come out and support the youth of our communities and see what projects they have on display. It’s a fun filled 5 days of the children showing off all of their hard work, and an enjoyable time for the entire family. For a schedule of events, you can go to bartoncountyfair.com.&nbsp; We hope to see you all there!

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>It’s county fair season in Kansas, and while local events are a great way to enjoy the sun and time with friends, heat can be an invisible fun bandit for livestock.&nbsp;Kansas State University beef extension veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said it’s important for youth showing livestock to watch animals closely and know the symptoms of heat stress.&nbsp;All animals – as well as people -- can experience heat stress, which occurs when the body cannot get rid of excessive heat, either through sweating or other means.&nbsp;&nbsp;Tarpoff said cattle handle heat differently than other animals. In particular, they struggle with the ability to sweat, which makes them reliant on getting rid of heat through their respiratory system, such as breathing the heat out. Cattle will accumulate heat during the day, then dissipate the heat load during the night when it's cooler.&nbsp;&nbsp;“It takes 4-6 hours to return cattle to regular temperature,” Tarpoff said.&nbsp;&nbsp;He added that one way to tell if a show steer or heifer is affected by heat stress is to look for unusual behavior from that animal. Symptoms may include reduced feed intake, increased time standing and crowding around water. In the show barn, animals may also display an increase in breathing rate.&nbsp;&nbsp;One way to keep animals cool is to make sure barns get plenty of ventilation. Tarpoff said that heat stress mitigation strategies should be planned with cattle comfort in mind, and each strategy will be unique to the housing situation. Other factors to consider include whether the animal has its winter or summer hair coat; hair color; and past health issues.&nbsp;&nbsp;Tarpoff said youth should consider reducing animal handling during heat intervals, and having those handling events completed by 10 a.m.&nbsp;“Weighing, processing, sampling and shipping cattle are all necessary tasks but they should be strategically conducted during the very early morning hours to ensure cattle comfort,” Tarpoff said.&nbsp;Another way to avoid heat stress is to provide plenty of water to cattle. Tarpoff said the amount of water cattle need doubles as the heat increases from 70 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;&nbsp;Tarpoff also encourages youth to consider moisture levels from the washing areas. Some locations can artificially increase the humidity and cause unneeded stress on livestock.&nbsp;&nbsp;“Monitoring conditions and preparing for heat stress is a must when caring for your animals,” he said.&nbsp;The&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/forecast">Kansas Mesonet</a>, a network of Kansas weather stations which has offices on the K-State campus in Manhattan, provides an&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/forecast">Animal Comfort Index</a>&nbsp;to help producers and youth monitor care for livestock. The online service is free to the public.&nbsp;The Barton County Fair starts June 25 and runs through June 29. Come out and support the youth of our communities and see what projects they have on display. It’s a fun filled 5 days of the children showing off all of their hard work, and an enjoyable time for the entire family. For a schedule of events, you can go to bartoncountyfair.com.&nbsp; We hope to see you all there!Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Fair season, important note for showing livestock

By:&nbsp;<a href="https://kansasreflector.com/author/mchilson/">Morgan Chilson</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://kansasreflector.com/author/sherman-smith/">Sherman Smith</a>&nbsp; <a href="https://kansasreflector.com/2025/02/24/gov-laura-kelly-skeptical-kansas-houses-anti-tenure-legislation-will-reach-her-desk/">Kansas Reflector</a>

TOPEKA — Fifth-generation Kansan Christy Davis announced Saturday she is exploring a run against incumbent Republican U.S. Sen. Roger Marshall, who she said is spending his time flattering the “tyrant in the White House” instead of standing up for Kansans.

Davis, a Democrat, made the announcement to the hundreds of people gathered for the No Kings rally at the state Capitol. She served as White House appointee for U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Development during the Biden administration and previously lost in the Democratic primary in 2020 when she ran for the U.S. House in the 1st District against Kali Barnett. Republican Tracey Mann won that seat.

Davis and her family live in Cottonwood Falls.

“Unfortunately, the rights Kansans have fought for are being threatened by a tyrant and a Congress that is scared to hold him to account,” Davis said. “This isn’t the America that is the land of the free and the home of the brave. Nothing about this is our values. We didn’t vote for this. We need to stand together, regardless of political parties, and remember who we are — not just Americans, but we’re Kansans, and we deserve better.”

Davis criticized Marshall for failing to protect Kansas and its economy.

“The administration is clawing back funding for our public schools and dismantling the entire farm economy,” she said. “And what is Senator Marshall doing in response? He doesn’t even live here. Not what the Constitution says he’s supposed to. Instead of representing us and checking the power of the tyrant in the White House, he’s trying to flatter him.”

Davis’ words drew chants of “vote him out” from the crowd, which was gathered to protest the Trump administration.

On Saturday, Newsmax posted an interview with Marshall honoring the 250th birthday of the Army. He also sent birthday wishes to Trump.

“It’s been just the honor of a lifetime to work beside him to make America great again,” Marshall said.

In 2016, Marshall, who is a obstetrician and gynecologist, entered politics with a run against incumbent Republican U.S. Rep. Tim Huelskamp, defeating him in the primary and later winning the 1st District seat.&nbsp; In 2019, he announced he would run for the seat that U.S. Sen. Pat Roberts was vacating. He won the primary and eventually the seat, beating out Democrat Barbara Bollier.

Devon Welcher, of Topeka, also revealed her intent to run for office, telling the crowd she plans to run for governor as an independent candidate.

In an interview, Welcher said she is running because “Kansas is in trouble,” and that voters should know, “I’m the real deal.”

“I have enthusiasm, and grace, and I am charismatic,” Welcher said.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1750078200149.png" alt=" Christy Davis addresses the No Kings rally on June 14, 2025, from the south steps of the Statehouse in Topeka, where she announced she will explore a U.S. Senate run as a Democrat against incumbent Republican U.S. Sen. Roger Marshall. (Sherman Smith/Kansas Reflector)" />
 <figcaption> Christy Davis addresses the No Kings rally on June 14, 2025, from the south steps of the Statehouse in Topeka, where she announced she will explore a U.S. Senate run as a Democrat against incumbent Republican U.S. Sen. Roger Marshall. (Sherman Smith/Kansas Reflector)</figcaption>
 </figure>By:&nbsp;<a href="https://kansasreflector.com/author/mchilson/">Morgan Chilson</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://kansasreflector.com/author/sherman-smith/">Sherman Smith</a>&nbsp; <a href="https://kansasreflector.com/2025/02/24/gov-laura-kelly-skeptical-kansas-houses-anti-tenure-legislation-will-reach-her-desk/">Kansas Reflector</a>TOPEKA — Fifth-generation Kansan Christy Davis announced Saturday she is exploring a run against incumbent Republican U.S. Sen. Roger Marshall, who she said is spending his time flattering the “tyrant in the White House” instead of standing up for Kansans.Davis, a Democrat, made the announcement to the hundreds of people gathered for the No Kings rally at the state Capitol. She served as White House appointee for U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Development during the Biden administration and previously lost in the Democratic primary in 2020 when she ran for the U.S. House in the 1st District against Kali Barnett. Republican Tracey Mann won that seat.Davis and her family live in Cottonwood Falls.“Unfortunately, the rights Kansans have fought for are being threatened by a tyrant and a Congress that is scared to hold him to account,” Davis said. “This isn’t the America that is the land of the free and the home of the brave. Nothing about this is our values. We didn’t vote for this. We need to stand together, regardless of political parties, and remember who we are — not just Americans, but we’re Kansans, and we deserve better.”Davis criticized Marshall for failing to protect Kansas and its economy.“The administration is clawing back funding for our public schools and dismantling the entire farm economy,” she said. “And what is Senator Marshall doing in response? He doesn’t even live here. Not what the Constitution says he’s supposed to. Instead of representing us and checking the power of the tyrant in the White House, he’s trying to flatter him.”Davis’ words drew chants of “vote him out” from the crowd, which was gathered to protest the Trump administration.On Saturday, Newsmax posted an interview with Marshall honoring the 250th birthday of the Army. He also sent birthday wishes to Trump.“It’s been just the honor of a lifetime to work beside him to make America great again,” Marshall said.In 2016, Marshall, who is a obstetrician and gynecologist, entered politics with a run against incumbent Republican U.S. Rep. Tim Huelskamp, defeating him in the primary and later winning the 1st District seat.&nbsp; In 2019, he announced he would run for the seat that U.S. Sen. Pat Roberts was vacating. He won the primary and eventually the seat, beating out Democrat Barbara Bollier.Devon Welcher, of Topeka, also revealed her intent to run for office, telling the crowd she plans to run for governor as an independent candidate.In an interview, Welcher said she is running because “Kansas is in trouble,” and that voters should know, “I’m the real deal.”“I have enthusiasm, and grace, and I am charismatic,” Welcher said.

Kansas Democrat exploring run against U.S. Sen. Roger Marshall, accuses him of ‘flattering’ Trump

A clean stock tank with high-quality water promotes healthy livestock. Nursing calves have a nine percent higher weight gain when drinking water from a trough rather than from a pond. Poor tasting water can influence forage intake. Drinking more water can mean more efficient forage consumption. Viruses, parasites, and bacteria thrive in tanks that are not properly cleaned.&nbsp;Keeping your stock tank clean can be a challenge in the summer. Warm summer temperatures, abundant sunlight, and nutrients mix together to create ideal conditions for algae growth. Nutrients from slobber, excrement, leaves, or other debris can stimulate harmful algae growth. Algae changes the taste of water, and some types are even toxic, like blue-green algae, which is toxic to livestock. Using fencing or other barriers to limit livestock access to ponds can mitigate nutrient introduction. Barriers should be low enough that critters won’t slip underneath.

Most tanks should be drained and cleaned once or twice a year. Add one part of household chlorine bleach for 32 parts of water. Let the water sit for 15 minutes. Drain and scrub the tank well. Keep livestock away from the tank for at least 30 minutes after cleaning. Getting the tank empty can be difficult unless the tank has a built-in drain. In the case of no drain, turn the water off and let the livestock drink the water down to a point where it can be managed.

Once the tank is cleaned, there are a few ways to keep it clean. First, keep debris (leaves, dead plants) out of the tank. Two ounces of household chlorine bleach to fifty gallons of water weekly will help regulate algae growth. Or copper sulfate, an eighth of a teaspoon per hundred gallons.

Goldfish are also an option for algae control. Add four to six goldfish per 100 gallons of tank capacity. Goldfish survive best when the temperature is at least sixty degrees, they need bricks, rocks, or some structure to hide from predators like birds or raccoons. Fish kills are a concern if the water level gets too low and there is not enough oxygen or in the winter when it’s too cold.&nbsp;Keeping the troughs out of direct sunlight can also help minimize algae growth. Freeze-proof troughs, such as floating ball top waterers, work well in cold weather and work to keep water cool in the summer.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>A clean stock tank with high-quality water promotes healthy livestock. Nursing calves have a nine percent higher weight gain when drinking water from a trough rather than from a pond. Poor tasting water can influence forage intake. Drinking more water can mean more efficient forage consumption. Viruses, parasites, and bacteria thrive in tanks that are not properly cleaned.&nbsp;Keeping your stock tank clean can be a challenge in the summer. Warm summer temperatures, abundant sunlight, and nutrients mix together to create ideal conditions for algae growth. Nutrients from slobber, excrement, leaves, or other debris can stimulate harmful algae growth. Algae changes the taste of water, and some types are even toxic, like blue-green algae, which is toxic to livestock. Using fencing or other barriers to limit livestock access to ponds can mitigate nutrient introduction. Barriers should be low enough that critters won’t slip underneath.Most tanks should be drained and cleaned once or twice a year. Add one part of household chlorine bleach for 32 parts of water. Let the water sit for 15 minutes. Drain and scrub the tank well. Keep livestock away from the tank for at least 30 minutes after cleaning. Getting the tank empty can be difficult unless the tank has a built-in drain. In the case of no drain, turn the water off and let the livestock drink the water down to a point where it can be managed.Once the tank is cleaned, there are a few ways to keep it clean. First, keep debris (leaves, dead plants) out of the tank. Two ounces of household chlorine bleach to fifty gallons of water weekly will help regulate algae growth. Or copper sulfate, an eighth of a teaspoon per hundred gallons.Goldfish are also an option for algae control. Add four to six goldfish per 100 gallons of tank capacity. Goldfish survive best when the temperature is at least sixty degrees, they need bricks, rocks, or some structure to hide from predators like birds or raccoons. Fish kills are a concern if the water level gets too low and there is not enough oxygen or in the winter when it’s too cold.&nbsp;Keeping the troughs out of direct sunlight can also help minimize algae growth. Freeze-proof troughs, such as floating ball top waterers, work well in cold weather and work to keep water cool in the summer.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Cleaning stock tanks – priority?

There is a good deal of interest in using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) or drones for the application of pesticides. In this context, a drone is a small, remotely controlled fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft. A drone application might be appealing to individuals wanting to spray where it is not practical or desirable to use a traditional spray, or perhaps, for spot spraying. Applications are limited by the size of the payload the unmanned aircraft system is able to carry, and compliance and logistics for such applications can be challenging. If you are someone who is considering using a drone for applications, here is some basic information regarding licenses that you need to know before you apply any pesticides. You should comply with Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations, Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA) requirements, and pesticide label directions to operate a drone for pesticide spraying.

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Regulations - all drone-based chemical applications must adhere to FAA regulations, most of which are described in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) under 14 CFR Part 137, which governs the use of aircraft – including drones – to apply agricultural chemicals. In order to obtain a Part 137 UAS certification, an individual should apply for the necessary exemptions, submit necessary documentation, including drone registration information and the pilot’s agricultural aircraft operator certificate. Drone registration costs $5 and is valid for three years. In addition, a drone operator must have a Remote Pilot Certification, which requires passing an exam and paying a fee. The certification must be renewed every 24 months by training and testing, which is available online at no cost. The testing and training include information about regulations, airspace, weather, and night operations.

Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA) Requirements - state-level regulations require that proof of drone registration with the FAA be submitted to the KDA, evidence of certification, such as a Remote Pilot Certificate, and additional information. Moreover, the operator must be certified as a commercial pesticide applicator in the appropriate category, such as Agricultural Pest Control, through KDA. The applicator needs to provide the KDA with the make, model, serial number (if applicable), and any other requested information related to the drone and submit a completed and signed application to apply pesticide products. If a drone-based pesticide spray is operated as a business, a Pesticide Business License from KDA is required. This license verifies that the business complies with state regulations regarding pesticide application. Moreover, such a business should complete an application to receive approval before completing such pesticide applications. More information about KDA policies and different applications can be found on the KDA website: https://www.agriculture.ks.gov/divisions-programs/pesticide-and-fertilizer/unmanned-aircraft-systems Information provided by Frannie Miller, Pesticide Safety and IPM Coordinator, fmiller@ksu.edu

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>There is a good deal of interest in using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) or drones for the application of pesticides. In this context, a drone is a small, remotely controlled fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft. A drone application might be appealing to individuals wanting to spray where it is not practical or desirable to use a traditional spray, or perhaps, for spot spraying. Applications are limited by the size of the payload the unmanned aircraft system is able to carry, and compliance and logistics for such applications can be challenging. If you are someone who is considering using a drone for applications, here is some basic information regarding licenses that you need to know before you apply any pesticides. You should comply with Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations, Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA) requirements, and pesticide label directions to operate a drone for pesticide spraying.Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Regulations - all drone-based chemical applications must adhere to FAA regulations, most of which are described in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) under 14 CFR Part 137, which governs the use of aircraft – including drones – to apply agricultural chemicals. In order to obtain a Part 137 UAS certification, an individual should apply for the necessary exemptions, submit necessary documentation, including drone registration information and the pilot’s agricultural aircraft operator certificate. Drone registration costs $5 and is valid for three years. In addition, a drone operator must have a Remote Pilot Certification, which requires passing an exam and paying a fee. The certification must be renewed every 24 months by training and testing, which is available online at no cost. The testing and training include information about regulations, airspace, weather, and night operations.Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA) Requirements - state-level regulations require that proof of drone registration with the FAA be submitted to the KDA, evidence of certification, such as a Remote Pilot Certificate, and additional information. Moreover, the operator must be certified as a commercial pesticide applicator in the appropriate category, such as Agricultural Pest Control, through KDA. The applicator needs to provide the KDA with the make, model, serial number (if applicable), and any other requested information related to the drone and submit a completed and signed application to apply pesticide products. If a drone-based pesticide spray is operated as a business, a Pesticide Business License from KDA is required. This license verifies that the business complies with state regulations regarding pesticide application. Moreover, such a business should complete an application to receive approval before completing such pesticide applications. More information about KDA policies and different applications can be found on the KDA website: https://www.agriculture.ks.gov/divisions-programs/pesticide-and-fertilizer/unmanned-aircraft-systems Information provided by Frannie Miller, Pesticide Safety and IPM Coordinator, fmiller@ksu.eduStacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Unmanned aerial vehicle pesticide applications - What you need to know

There is nothing like the taste of fresh vegetables that come straight to the table from the garden, and often when there is a produce surplus folks turn to processing options such as freezing or canning to make it last throughout the year.

In anticipation of that summer season, I would like to offer tips on how to have a successful canning experience. Preparing now can help prevent problems in the middle of canning later on this summer.

First, make sure everything is working properly. Canning jars and rings should be free from cracks and no rust on the rings. Hand washing the lids and rings is recommended to keep them from rusting prematurely. Lids, however, cannot be used more than once. Now is a good time to go buy them. Next, make sure your canner is in good working order. Dial gauge canners need their valves and gauge checked. Your local extension office can test the gauge for Presto, National, Maid of Honor and Magic Seal canners. Check the seal between the pot and lid, looking for cracks or dried rubber. If the seal isn’t good then the canner will not get to the proper pressure. The rubber plug can also wear out and sometimes need replaced.

As far as preparing the food, it is recommended to remove the peels to prevent unintended bacteria growth.

After the jars have been processed, they should be placed on a towel on the counter in an isolated place, with no drafts and allowed to cool down naturally.

Finally, write the date the food was canned on the lid before putting them in storage. It is recommended that jars be used within one year and rotate them out for next year’s supply.

And just a reminder about canning recipes. Information about food comes at us from many directions. We might scroll through Facebook, Pinterest or another social media platform and be attracted by a new recipe. Most of the time, recipes for main courses or desserts will not pose food safety risks. Maybe a friend told you about a new canning method. Food preservation recipes that have not been tested for safety could be harmful, or even deadly if the canned food contains the toxin that causes botulism. These are some questions to ask yourself:

• Who is the author of the research or publication? The U.S. Department of Agriculture and universities have conducted reputable food preservation research.

• Is the food preservation information based on current scientific research or opinion? Outdated canning recipes should be retired. An exception: if ingredient amounts and processing times are exactly the same as current food preservation recipes, they could be used.

• Where did you find the information? Examine the URL on the website. Does it end with “.edu” (indicating a university or other educational organization) or “.gov” (indicating a government site)? Universities and government sources are credible sources of food preservation information.

Please make sure your canning recipes are from credible sources before trying them. While home canning can be a safe and convenient way to store food, it must be done safely.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>There is nothing like the taste of fresh vegetables that come straight to the table from the garden, and often when there is a produce surplus folks turn to processing options such as freezing or canning to make it last throughout the year.In anticipation of that summer season, I would like to offer tips on how to have a successful canning experience. Preparing now can help prevent problems in the middle of canning later on this summer.First, make sure everything is working properly. Canning jars and rings should be free from cracks and no rust on the rings. Hand washing the lids and rings is recommended to keep them from rusting prematurely. Lids, however, cannot be used more than once. Now is a good time to go buy them. Next, make sure your canner is in good working order. Dial gauge canners need their valves and gauge checked. Your local extension office can test the gauge for Presto, National, Maid of Honor and Magic Seal canners. Check the seal between the pot and lid, looking for cracks or dried rubber. If the seal isn’t good then the canner will not get to the proper pressure. The rubber plug can also wear out and sometimes need replaced.As far as preparing the food, it is recommended to remove the peels to prevent unintended bacteria growth.After the jars have been processed, they should be placed on a towel on the counter in an isolated place, with no drafts and allowed to cool down naturally.Finally, write the date the food was canned on the lid before putting them in storage. It is recommended that jars be used within one year and rotate them out for next year’s supply.And just a reminder about canning recipes. Information about food comes at us from many directions. We might scroll through Facebook, Pinterest or another social media platform and be attracted by a new recipe. Most of the time, recipes for main courses or desserts will not pose food safety risks. Maybe a friend told you about a new canning method. Food preservation recipes that have not been tested for safety could be harmful, or even deadly if the canned food contains the toxin that causes botulism. These are some questions to ask yourself:• Who is the author of the research or publication? The U.S. Department of Agriculture and universities have conducted reputable food preservation research.• Is the food preservation information based on current scientific research or opinion? Outdated canning recipes should be retired. An exception: if ingredient amounts and processing times are exactly the same as current food preservation recipes, they could be used.• Where did you find the information? Examine the URL on the website. Does it end with “.edu” (indicating a university or other educational organization) or “.gov” (indicating a government site)? Universities and government sources are credible sources of food preservation information.Please make sure your canning recipes are from credible sources before trying them. While home canning can be a safe and convenient way to store food, it must be done safely.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Tips for safe canning

While I spent 20 years in banking in a previous career, I would never claim to be an expert on investing. Melissa Schrag, Family and Community Wellness agent from the Central Kansas District, focuses on Family Resource Management and shared some great information, including definitions, about navigating investment markets and, with her permission, I’d like to share it with you.

Navigating Bear Markets: Tips for Staying Composed During Downturns

Wall Street may be nearing a bear market, as concerns grow that tariffs on imported goods could impact global economic stability. But what exactly is a bear market, and how can investors stay steady when markets dip?

A bear market is a period when the prices of securities, like stocks, fall by 20% or more from recent highs. It’s marked by widespread pessimism, negative investor sentiment, and selling pressure.

The term comes from the bear’s behavior—hibernation—symbolizing a market retreat. Conversely, a rising market is called a bull market, because bulls charge forward, representing upward momentum.

1. Keep Emotions in Check Bear markets can be nerve-wracking. Fear and negative headlines can overwhelm you, but reacting emotionally often leads to poor decisions.

2. Don’t Try to Outrun the Bear Avoid jumping in and out of the market. Selling during declines may cause you to miss the recovery. Remember: time in the market beats timing the market.

3. Stick to Your Long-Term Strategy Focus on your long-term goals. Review your portfolio regularly to ensure it aligns with your objectives but avoid drastic changes based on short-term market swings.

4. Use the Downturn to Your Advantage Bear markets offer opportunities to buy quality investments at lower prices. Consider rebalancing your portfolio to maintain your target asset allocation.

5. Adjust If You’re Taking Income If you rely on investment income, consider reducing withdrawals temporarily. This helps your portfolio recover when markets rebound.

6. Stay Calm and Ignore the Noise Bear markets come with plenty of doom-and-gloom headlines. Staying calm and sticking to your strategy usually leads to better outcomes.

If you found this article useful, Melissa would appreciate your follow up so take a moment and provide feedback at https://bit.ly/49SMXra.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran - Family &amp; Community Wellness Educator for Cottonwood Extension District with K-State Research and Extension" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran - Family &amp; Community Wellness Educator for Cottonwood Extension District with K-State Research and Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>While I spent 20 years in banking in a previous career, I would never claim to be an expert on investing. Melissa Schrag, Family and Community Wellness agent from the Central Kansas District, focuses on Family Resource Management and shared some great information, including definitions, about navigating investment markets and, with her permission, I’d like to share it with you.Navigating Bear Markets: Tips for Staying Composed During DownturnsWall Street may be nearing a bear market, as concerns grow that tariffs on imported goods could impact global economic stability. But what exactly is a bear market, and how can investors stay steady when markets dip?What is a Bear Market?A bear market is a period when the prices of securities, like stocks, fall by 20% or more from recent highs. It’s marked by widespread pessimism, negative investor sentiment, and selling pressure.Why the name “bear market?”The term comes from the bear’s behavior—hibernation—symbolizing a market retreat. Conversely, a rising market is called a bull market, because bulls charge forward, representing upward momentum.6 Tips to Navigate Bear Markets1. Keep Emotions in Check Bear markets can be nerve-wracking. Fear and negative headlines can overwhelm you, but reacting emotionally often leads to poor decisions.2. Don’t Try to Outrun the Bear Avoid jumping in and out of the market. Selling during declines may cause you to miss the recovery. Remember: time in the market beats timing the market.3. Stick to Your Long-Term Strategy Focus on your long-term goals. Review your portfolio regularly to ensure it aligns with your objectives but avoid drastic changes based on short-term market swings.4. Use the Downturn to Your Advantage Bear markets offer opportunities to buy quality investments at lower prices. Consider rebalancing your portfolio to maintain your target asset allocation.5. Adjust If You’re Taking Income If you rely on investment income, consider reducing withdrawals temporarily. This helps your portfolio recover when markets rebound.6. Stay Calm and Ignore the Noise Bear markets come with plenty of doom-and-gloom headlines. Staying calm and sticking to your strategy usually leads to better outcomes.If you found this article useful, Melissa would appreciate your follow up so take a moment and provide feedback at https://bit.ly/49SMXra.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: Market strategies

Chinch bug activity has been elevated in Kansas over the last couple of seasons. Now would be a good time to discuss the differences between chinch bugs (Blissus leucopterus) and false chinch bugs (Nysius sp.). To make proper management decisions, knowing how to correctly identify these insects is critical.

Adults bugs - adult chinch bugs are less than ¼ inch long bugs with black bodies and white wings that are kept folded over their backs. Two dark, triangular markings are present near the center of the wings, creating a distinctive “X” mark (Figure 1).

Adult false chinch bugs are very similar in appearance, but smaller. Instead of having black bodies, false chinch bugs are brownish-gray with clear wings that lack a distinct “X” mark.

Immature chinch bugs are bright red after hatching, darkening to black as they go through a series of 5 molts. A distinct white band will be visible across the nymphs’ bodies until the wing buds become large enough to obscure it.

Immature false chinch bugs are grayish-brown, never bright red, and lack the white band across their bodies.

Damage by bugs - chinch bugs and false chinch bugs are true bugs in the order Hemiptera, which means they both have piercing-sucking mouthparts that they use to puncture plant tissue to feed on plant juices. However, the symptoms of feeding appear differently for these two bugs. When chinch bugs feed, digestive enzymes are injected into the plant tissue, causing it to break down and discolor. Reddish spots are often present at chinch bug feeding sites. Heavy chinch bug feeding can also cause stunting, wilting, and necrotic lesions on plants. False chinch bug feeding, on the other hand, usually has little effect on plants, but extreme numbers of the bugs on a plant can cause wilting and death.

Be proactive about chinch bug management - think about chinch bug management before wheat is harvested. Simply relying on rescue treatments for young sorghum fields is not recommended. If possible, avoid planting sorghum adjacent to wheat, particularly if the wheat stand is thin and stressed out. Wheat fields should be scouted for the presence of chinch bugs before harvest to provide an estimate of risk to newly planted sorghum fields. One adult chinch bug or 5 nymphs per foot of row will be a hazard to the borders of sorghum planted nearby. If chinch bug problems are expected, an early planted trap crop of sorghum can be utilized between the wheat and sorghum fields, and this trap crop can be sprayed if migrating chinch bugs become numerous. Follow-up sprays will likely be needed if the local chinch bug population is high; 5 chinch bugs per seedling would warrant action. Planting time insecticides and seed treatments can provide some early protection for young sorghum, but their effectiveness deteriorates beyond a few weeks. Additionally, scouting should be done weekly during the growing season. Plants that are a foot tall and all the way through flowering can be damaged by 50 chinch bugs per plant.

Additional details on life history and management recommendations for these two pests can be found in the following Kansas Crop Pest publications. · Chinch Bug: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3107.pdf · False Chinch bug: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3047.pdf

Information provided by Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomologist.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Chinch bug activity has been elevated in Kansas over the last couple of seasons. Now would be a good time to discuss the differences between chinch bugs (Blissus leucopterus) and false chinch bugs (Nysius sp.). To make proper management decisions, knowing how to correctly identify these insects is critical.Adults bugs - adult chinch bugs are less than ¼ inch long bugs with black bodies and white wings that are kept folded over their backs. Two dark, triangular markings are present near the center of the wings, creating a distinctive “X” mark (Figure 1).Adult false chinch bugs are very similar in appearance, but smaller. Instead of having black bodies, false chinch bugs are brownish-gray with clear wings that lack a distinct “X” mark.Immature chinch bugs are bright red after hatching, darkening to black as they go through a series of 5 molts. A distinct white band will be visible across the nymphs’ bodies until the wing buds become large enough to obscure it.Immature false chinch bugs are grayish-brown, never bright red, and lack the white band across their bodies.Damage by bugs - chinch bugs and false chinch bugs are true bugs in the order Hemiptera, which means they both have piercing-sucking mouthparts that they use to puncture plant tissue to feed on plant juices. However, the symptoms of feeding appear differently for these two bugs. When chinch bugs feed, digestive enzymes are injected into the plant tissue, causing it to break down and discolor. Reddish spots are often present at chinch bug feeding sites. Heavy chinch bug feeding can also cause stunting, wilting, and necrotic lesions on plants. False chinch bug feeding, on the other hand, usually has little effect on plants, but extreme numbers of the bugs on a plant can cause wilting and death.Be proactive about chinch bug management - think about chinch bug management before wheat is harvested. Simply relying on rescue treatments for young sorghum fields is not recommended. If possible, avoid planting sorghum adjacent to wheat, particularly if the wheat stand is thin and stressed out. Wheat fields should be scouted for the presence of chinch bugs before harvest to provide an estimate of risk to newly planted sorghum fields. One adult chinch bug or 5 nymphs per foot of row will be a hazard to the borders of sorghum planted nearby. If chinch bug problems are expected, an early planted trap crop of sorghum can be utilized between the wheat and sorghum fields, and this trap crop can be sprayed if migrating chinch bugs become numerous. Follow-up sprays will likely be needed if the local chinch bug population is high; 5 chinch bugs per seedling would warrant action. Planting time insecticides and seed treatments can provide some early protection for young sorghum, but their effectiveness deteriorates beyond a few weeks. Additionally, scouting should be done weekly during the growing season. Plants that are a foot tall and all the way through flowering can be damaged by 50 chinch bugs per plant.Additional details on life history and management recommendations for these two pests can be found in the following Kansas Crop Pest publications. · Chinch Bug: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3107.pdf · False Chinch bug: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3047.pdfInformation provided by Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomologist.

CAMPBELL: Distinguish chinch bugs from false chinch bugs

Changes to your eyesight are normal with age. You may be less able to see up close without reading glasses. It may take your eyes longer to adjust to changing light levels. These problems can usually be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or improved lighting. But some changes can be a sign of disease.

A condition called age-related macular degeneration, or AMD, is the leading cause of vision loss in older adults in the U.S. It’s caused by light-sensing tissue in the back of your eye, or retina, deteriorating. The deterioration happens in the center of the retina, called the macula. In advanced stages, AMD can make it hard to see things clearly when you look straight ahead. You may not be able to recognize faces, read, drive, or do certain household tasks independently.

You’re more likely to have AMD at age 55 and older. Smoking, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure increase your risk for AMD. So does having a family history of the disease.

There are two types of AMD. Dry AMD, also called atrophic AMD, is more common. This condition progresses through several stages. Early AMD has no symptoms. In intermediate AMD, you might notice mild blurriness or have trouble seeing in low light. Late AMD usually causes a blurry area or blank spots in or near the center of your vision. Colors may appear faded.

The other type is called neovascular, or wet, AMD. It can cause fast vision loss if not treated promptly. In wet AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow in the back of the eye. These can bleed and leak fluid that damages the macula. A telltale sign is when straight lines appear wavy or crooked. Dry AMD can also turn into wet AMD.

It can take years for AMD to progress. When you detect it early, you can take steps to delay its progress.

An eye doctor can detect AMD using a dilated eye exam. In the exam, they dilate (or widen) your pupils using special eye drops. This allows them to see inside your eyes. They may also take pictures of the inside of your eye using a technique called optical coherence tomography.

If you are diagnosed with AMD, there are several things you can do to slow its progression. “For those early and intermediate stages, it’s all about a healthy lifestyle,” says Dr. Tiarnán Keenan, an ophthalmologist at NIH. This includes eating a healthy diet, getting enough physical activity,

and not smoking. A healthy lifestyle may also lower your chances of getting AMD in the first place.

· Eat a healthy diet, including fruits and vegetables (especially dark leafy greens like spinach or kale) and fish high in omega-3 fatty acids (like salmon or tuna).

· Get regular physical activity. Experts recommend getting at least 150 minutes of moderate activity a week.

· Maintain healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

· Don’t smoke, or quit if you do. Get free help to quit smoking at smokefree.gov, 1-800-QUIT-NOW (1-800-784-8669), or by texting QUIT to 47848.

· Get regular eye exams. Your eye doctor can tell you how often you need an exam based on your age and other risk factors.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Changes to your eyesight are normal with age. You may be less able to see up close without reading glasses. It may take your eyes longer to adjust to changing light levels. These problems can usually be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or improved lighting. But some changes can be a sign of disease.A condition called age-related macular degeneration, or AMD, is the leading cause of vision loss in older adults in the U.S. It’s caused by light-sensing tissue in the back of your eye, or retina, deteriorating. The deterioration happens in the center of the retina, called the macula. In advanced stages, AMD can make it hard to see things clearly when you look straight ahead. You may not be able to recognize faces, read, drive, or do certain household tasks independently.You’re more likely to have AMD at age 55 and older. Smoking, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure increase your risk for AMD. So does having a family history of the disease.There are two types of AMD. Dry AMD, also called atrophic AMD, is more common. This condition progresses through several stages. Early AMD has no symptoms. In intermediate AMD, you might notice mild blurriness or have trouble seeing in low light. Late AMD usually causes a blurry area or blank spots in or near the center of your vision. Colors may appear faded.The other type is called neovascular, or wet, AMD. It can cause fast vision loss if not treated promptly. In wet AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow in the back of the eye. These can bleed and leak fluid that damages the macula. A telltale sign is when straight lines appear wavy or crooked. Dry AMD can also turn into wet AMD.It can take years for AMD to progress. When you detect it early, you can take steps to delay its progress.An eye doctor can detect AMD using a dilated eye exam. In the exam, they dilate (or widen) your pupils using special eye drops. This allows them to see inside your eyes. They may also take pictures of the inside of your eye using a technique called optical coherence tomography.If you are diagnosed with AMD, there are several things you can do to slow its progression. “For those early and intermediate stages, it’s all about a healthy lifestyle,” says Dr. Tiarnán Keenan, an ophthalmologist at NIH. This includes eating a healthy diet, getting enough physical activity,and not smoking. A healthy lifestyle may also lower your chances of getting AMD in the first place.Lower Your Risk of AMD· Eat a healthy diet, including fruits and vegetables (especially dark leafy greens like spinach or kale) and fish high in omega-3 fatty acids (like salmon or tuna).· Get regular physical activity. Experts recommend getting at least 150 minutes of moderate activity a week.· Maintain healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels.· Don’t smoke, or quit if you do. Get free help to quit smoking at smokefree.gov, 1-800-QUIT-NOW (1-800-784-8669), or by texting QUIT to 47848.· Get regular eye exams. Your eye doctor can tell you how often you need an exam based on your age and other risk factors.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Healthy lifestyle can protect eye health

Cattle incapable of relieving themselves of high temperatures experience heat stress. Humans alleviate overheating through sweating, but Kansas State University beef extension veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said cattle do not have that option.

“Heat stress coping behaviors is what we see when cattle are adapting to warmer temperatures,” he said. “Whenever we get hot, we sweat to maintain homeostasis. For livestock species, and especially cattle, that capability gets overwhelmed.”

Tarpoff added: “They dissipate heat in other ways like increasing their respiratory rate (breathing) by panting.”

Besides panting, producers identify heat stress by their increased standing, large groups of animals bunching up close to water tanks and crowding in shaded areas.

“They're trying to get increased airflow by standing, but they actually end up using each other as shade which is counter-productive,” Tarpoff said.

High temperatures and humidity, slow wind speeds and increased solar radiation comprise the four weather conditions contributing to heat stress.

“When we're comfortable, cattle might not be and vice versa. We really need to consider those four key parameters,” Tarpoff said. “We have an animal comfort index that uses the four of them to get a feel on how cattle are experiencing their environment.”

Monitor the animal comfort index in Kansas through the&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/">K-State Mesonet</a>.

Correctly managing heat stress has proven to be essential for maximizing animal wellbeing and performance, according to Tarpoff.

“It is one of those critical chores just as important as feeding or making sure the animals have water. Whether we are asking them to be good cows or an animal to produce beef in a feedlot, we need to put them in scenarios where they’re more comfortable because then they are more productive,” he said.

Tarpoff urges operations housing their cattle in dry lots to keep it simple when developing a plan to lessen the consequences of heat stress.

“Whenever it comes to heat stress, it's back to the basics: feed and water. Water intake can nearly double as temperatures rise from 70 to 90 degrees (Fahrenheit). We need more water access, flow and availability for those animals,” he said. He added: “We might be able to modify our feeding times to alleviate some of these stressors. Whenever we feed cattle, we feed the rumen microbes, and that comes at a cost called the heat of fermentation. We can feed later in the evening, so the digestion happens during the cooler nighttime hours.”

Producers often construct shades to cool off cattle in times of unrelenting heat. A recent&nbsp;study&nbsp;conducted by K-State researchers looking at effects of shade on heat stress revealed that shade structures can impact more than just animal temperature.

“They are a piece of infrastructure,” Tarpoff said. “That two-year trial showed added benefits of investing in shades. We saw increased feed efficiency, increased growth rate and increased average daily gain. We also saw reduced panting rates and water consumption needs by over a gallon per head per day.”

Additionally, bedding pens with straw can reduce the pen floor temperature by 25 degrees and fence-line sprinklers help lower ground temperatures and keep cattle cool if used in the overnight hours, according to Tarpoff.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Cattle incapable of relieving themselves of high temperatures experience heat stress. Humans alleviate overheating through sweating, but Kansas State University beef extension veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said cattle do not have that option.“Heat stress coping behaviors is what we see when cattle are adapting to warmer temperatures,” he said. “Whenever we get hot, we sweat to maintain homeostasis. For livestock species, and especially cattle, that capability gets overwhelmed.”Tarpoff added: “They dissipate heat in other ways like increasing their respiratory rate (breathing) by panting.”Besides panting, producers identify heat stress by their increased standing, large groups of animals bunching up close to water tanks and crowding in shaded areas.“They're trying to get increased airflow by standing, but they actually end up using each other as shade which is counter-productive,” Tarpoff said.High temperatures and humidity, slow wind speeds and increased solar radiation comprise the four weather conditions contributing to heat stress.“When we're comfortable, cattle might not be and vice versa. We really need to consider those four key parameters,” Tarpoff said. “We have an animal comfort index that uses the four of them to get a feel on how cattle are experiencing their environment.”Monitor the animal comfort index in Kansas through the&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/">K-State Mesonet</a>.Correctly managing heat stress has proven to be essential for maximizing animal wellbeing and performance, according to Tarpoff.“It is one of those critical chores just as important as feeding or making sure the animals have water. Whether we are asking them to be good cows or an animal to produce beef in a feedlot, we need to put them in scenarios where they’re more comfortable because then they are more productive,” he said.Tarpoff urges operations housing their cattle in dry lots to keep it simple when developing a plan to lessen the consequences of heat stress.“Whenever it comes to heat stress, it's back to the basics: feed and water. Water intake can nearly double as temperatures rise from 70 to 90 degrees (Fahrenheit). We need more water access, flow and availability for those animals,” he said. He added: “We might be able to modify our feeding times to alleviate some of these stressors. Whenever we feed cattle, we feed the rumen microbes, and that comes at a cost called the heat of fermentation. We can feed later in the evening, so the digestion happens during the cooler nighttime hours.”Producers often construct shades to cool off cattle in times of unrelenting heat. A recent&nbsp;study&nbsp;conducted by K-State researchers looking at effects of shade on heat stress revealed that shade structures can impact more than just animal temperature.“They are a piece of infrastructure,” Tarpoff said. “That two-year trial showed added benefits of investing in shades. We saw increased feed efficiency, increased growth rate and increased average daily gain. We also saw reduced panting rates and water consumption needs by over a gallon per head per day.”Additionally, bedding pens with straw can reduce the pen floor temperature by 25 degrees and fence-line sprinklers help lower ground temperatures and keep cattle cool if used in the overnight hours, according to Tarpoff.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Correctly managing heat stress for cattle 

By COLE REIF Great Bend Post

The filing deadline has passed in Barton County. Anyone interested in
running for office and wanted their name on the ballot for this upcoming local election
needed to file by 12 p.m. Monday, June 2. While there are a number
of positions where no one filed, there are also a handful of races
that will be contested.


Barton County Clerk and Elections Officer Bev Schmeidler said while the&nbsp;elections on odd-numbered years and non-presidential elections don’t receive as much
voter turnout, oftentimes these are the elections that deserve the biggest
participation.


"These are the people that touch are everyday lives," said Schmeidler. "They're the ones that make the decisions for what goes on in our cities, schools, what affects our children and all the things that we deal with."

There are three candidates vying to become the Hoisington Mayor, with E.D.
Bivens, Scott Fleming and Chris Kinman all running. Both Davis Jimenez and Alan
Moeder filed for Great Bend Mayor. The Barton Community College Board Trustees has seven candidates filed for three open positions.

Schmeidler said the majority of these non-partisan races will be sorted out in
the General Election in November. A certain number of candidates have to file
to warrant a Primary Election in August.


"Examples of the City of Great Bend and Hoisington where they have the wards for city council, there would have to be at least four people file for one of those wards before a primary was called for," said Schmeidler. "The ones that have at large voting, say they have five council positions, there would have to be 16 filed."

The Ward 2 Great Bend City Council seat has four names on the ballot.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;

View the list below of the candidate list from Barton County.

Great Bend &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: Alan Moeder, Davis Jimenez &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 1: Shelly Peacock, Deklyn Craven &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 2: Stephen Patton, Suresh Bahadur Maharjan, Charlie &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Dixon,&nbsp;Jay Luerman &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 3: Cody Harris, Shelly Arnberger &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 4: Rickee Maddox

Hoisington &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: Chris Kinman, E.D. Bivens, Scott Fleming &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 1: Becky Steiner &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 2: Darren Reinert &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 3: Mike Davis &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 4: Aaron Braddy

Ellinwood &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: Irlan Fullbright &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 2): Jon Prescott, Scott Tillotson

Claflin &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 3): Doug Hubbard, Robert Gunder, Dorian Hickel

Albert &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: N/A &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 5): N/A

Galatia &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: N/A &nbsp; &nbsp;Council: N/A

Olmitz &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 3): N/A

Pawnee Rock &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 3): Kerry Rose, Joyce Link, Caitlin Cross

Susank &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: N/A &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 5): N/A

Barton Community College Board of Trustees &nbsp; &nbsp;Trustee (vote 3): John Moshier, Will Rains, Kimberly Becker, Carl Helm, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Amber&nbsp;Smith, Billy Eldridge, Kyle Zoeller

USD 355 Ellinwood Board of Education &nbsp; &nbsp;Board (vote 3): Gary Zorn, Whitney Asher, Stephen Billinger

USD 428 Great Bend Board of Education &nbsp; &nbsp;Board (vote 3): Chad Burroughs, Sarah Schenek, Barbara Thoren, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Jacqueline Disque

USD 431 Hoisington Board of Education &nbsp; &nbsp;Board (vote 3): Neil Ochs, Traci Schneider, Derek David, Sara Tarlton

Ellinwood Hospital District &nbsp; &nbsp;Trustee (vote 2): Aaron Sauer, Austin Asher

Cottonwood Extension District &nbsp; &nbsp;Board (vote 2): Jenice Williams, Alexa Straub

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1748883874550.jpeg" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>By COLE REIF Great Bend PostThe filing deadline has passed in Barton County. Anyone interested in
running for office and wanted their name on the ballot for this upcoming local election
needed to file by 12 p.m. Monday, June 2. While there are a number
of positions where no one filed, there are also a handful of races
that will be contested.
Barton County Clerk and Elections Officer Bev Schmeidler said while the&nbsp;elections on odd-numbered years and non-presidential elections don’t receive as much
voter turnout, oftentimes these are the elections that deserve the biggest
participation.
"These are the people that touch are everyday lives," said Schmeidler. "They're the ones that make the decisions for what goes on in our cities, schools, what affects our children and all the things that we deal with."There are three candidates vying to become the Hoisington Mayor, with E.D.
Bivens, Scott Fleming and Chris Kinman all running. Both Davis Jimenez and Alan
Moeder filed for Great Bend Mayor. The Barton Community College Board Trustees has seven candidates filed for three open positions.Schmeidler said the majority of these non-partisan races will be sorted out in
the General Election in November. A certain number of candidates have to file
to warrant a Primary Election in August.
"Examples of the City of Great Bend and Hoisington where they have the wards for city council, there would have to be at least four people file for one of those wards before a primary was called for," said Schmeidler. "The ones that have at large voting, say they have five council positions, there would have to be 16 filed."The Ward 2 Great Bend City Council seat has four names on the ballot.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;View the list below of the candidate list from Barton County.Great Bend &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: Alan Moeder, Davis Jimenez &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 1: Shelly Peacock, Deklyn Craven &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 2: Stephen Patton, Suresh Bahadur Maharjan, Charlie &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Dixon,&nbsp;Jay Luerman &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 3: Cody Harris, Shelly Arnberger &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 4: Rickee MaddoxHoisington &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: Chris Kinman, E.D. Bivens, Scott Fleming &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 1: Becky Steiner &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 2: Darren Reinert &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 3: Mike Davis &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 4: Aaron BraddyEllinwood &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: Irlan Fullbright &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 2): Jon Prescott, Scott TillotsonClaflin &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 3): Doug Hubbard, Robert Gunder, Dorian HickelAlbert &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: N/A &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 5): N/AGalatia &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: N/A &nbsp; &nbsp;Council: N/AOlmitz &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 3): N/APawnee Rock &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 3): Kerry Rose, Joyce Link, Caitlin CrossSusank &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: N/A &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 5): N/ABarton Community College Board of Trustees &nbsp; &nbsp;Trustee (vote 3): John Moshier, Will Rains, Kimberly Becker, Carl Helm, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Amber&nbsp;Smith, Billy Eldridge, Kyle ZoellerUSD 355 Ellinwood Board of Education &nbsp; &nbsp;Board (vote 3): Gary Zorn, Whitney Asher, Stephen BillingerUSD 428 Great Bend Board of Education &nbsp; &nbsp;Board (vote 3): Chad Burroughs, Sarah Schenek, Barbara Thoren, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Jacqueline DisqueUSD 431 Hoisington Board of Education &nbsp; &nbsp;Board (vote 3): Neil Ochs, Traci Schneider, Derek David, Sara TarltonEllinwood Hospital District &nbsp; &nbsp;Trustee (vote 2): Aaron Sauer, Austin AsherCottonwood Extension District &nbsp; &nbsp;Board (vote 2): Jenice Williams, Alexa Straub

Candidate list of those that filed for Barton Co. elections

June is the time to fertilize warm-season lawn grasses such as bermudagrass, buffalograss, and zoysiagrass. These species all thrive in warmer summer weather, so this is the time they respond best to fertilization. The most important nutrient is nitrogen (N), and these three species need it in varying amounts.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Bermudagrass requires the most nitrogen. Bermudagrass used on athletic fields needs about 4 lbs. nitrogen per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season.&nbsp; High-quality home lawns are often given 3 pounds per 1000 square feet and low maintenance areas can get by on 2 lbs.. Apply this as separate applications, about 4 weeks apart consisting of 1 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. starting in early May for athletic fields.&nbsp; It is already too late for the May application, but the June application is just around the corner. The nitrogen can come from either a quick- or slow-release source. So any lawn fertilizer will work. Plan the last application for no later than August 15. This helps ensure the bermudagrass is not overstimulated, making it susceptible to winter-kill.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Zoysiagrass grows more slowly than bermudagrass and is prone to develop thatch.&nbsp; Consequently, it does not need as much nitrogen. In fact, too much is worse than too little. One and one-half to 2 pounds N per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season is sufficient. Split the total in two and apply once in early June and again around mid-July. Slow-release nitrogen is preferable but quick-release is acceptable. Slow-release nitrogen is sometimes listed as "slowly available" or "water insoluble."&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Buffalograss requires the least nitrogen of all lawn species commonly grown in Kansas. It will survive and persist with no supplemental nitrogen, but giving it one lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. will improve color and density. This application should be made in early June. For a little darker color, fertilize it as described for zoysiagrass in the previous paragraph, but do not apply more than a total of 2 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. in one season.&nbsp; As with zoysia, slow-release nitrogen is preferable, but fast-release is also OK. As for all turfgrasses, phosphorus and potassium are best applied according to soil test results because many soils already have adequate amounts of these nutrients for turfgrass growth. If you need to apply phosphorus or potassium, it is best to core aerate beforehand to ensure the nutrients reach the roots.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider.

Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>June is the time to fertilize warm-season lawn grasses such as bermudagrass, buffalograss, and zoysiagrass. These species all thrive in warmer summer weather, so this is the time they respond best to fertilization. The most important nutrient is nitrogen (N), and these three species need it in varying amounts.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bermudagrass requires the most nitrogen. Bermudagrass used on athletic fields needs about 4 lbs. nitrogen per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season.&nbsp; High-quality home lawns are often given 3 pounds per 1000 square feet and low maintenance areas can get by on 2 lbs.. Apply this as separate applications, about 4 weeks apart consisting of 1 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. starting in early May for athletic fields.&nbsp; It is already too late for the May application, but the June application is just around the corner. The nitrogen can come from either a quick- or slow-release source. So any lawn fertilizer will work. Plan the last application for no later than August 15. This helps ensure the bermudagrass is not overstimulated, making it susceptible to winter-kill.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Zoysiagrass grows more slowly than bermudagrass and is prone to develop thatch.&nbsp; Consequently, it does not need as much nitrogen. In fact, too much is worse than too little. One and one-half to 2 pounds N per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season is sufficient. Split the total in two and apply once in early June and again around mid-July. Slow-release nitrogen is preferable but quick-release is acceptable. Slow-release nitrogen is sometimes listed as "slowly available" or "water insoluble."&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Buffalograss requires the least nitrogen of all lawn species commonly grown in Kansas. It will survive and persist with no supplemental nitrogen, but giving it one lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. will improve color and density. This application should be made in early June. For a little darker color, fertilize it as described for zoysiagrass in the previous paragraph, but do not apply more than a total of 2 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. in one season.&nbsp; As with zoysia, slow-release nitrogen is preferable, but fast-release is also OK. As for all turfgrasses, phosphorus and potassium are best applied according to soil test results because many soils already have adequate amounts of these nutrients for turfgrass growth. If you need to apply phosphorus or potassium, it is best to core aerate beforehand to ensure the nutrients reach the roots.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Fertilize warm-season grasses

There are lots of ways for you to be involved in the Barton County Fair!

The theme for the 2025 Barton County Fair is Barnyard Mardi Gras and it will be happening June 25th-29th. Exhibits are due to the fairgrounds for most categories on Wednesday, June 25th. Our 4-H members must pre-enter their exhibits while Open Class entries can be entered online ahead of time or on-site on the 25th.

We have a couple of 4-H pre-fair judging events for Sewing &amp; Textiles, Shopping In Style, and Fiber Arts, as well as the 4-H Dog Show. However, these results will be on display in Expo II throughout the fair week.

Judging is handled a bit differently for 4-H and Open Class. Consultative judging is used to provide one-on-one feedback about project learning, and the exhibit, as an important part of the learning opportunity for the 4-H member and all members receive a ribbon on their entry. We use the Danish system for 4-H exhibits which defines a Purple as exemplary, a Blue as above average, a Red as average, and a White as having substantial deficiencies. For Open Class, the judge will evaluate the exhibit item and determine if it receives one of the top three placings awarded per class.

Each year, the Barton County Fair Association has several special award categories for Open Class which tie to the theme. Be on the lookout for the announcements about these and all Open Class opportunities. Open Class offers a youth (16 and younger), Adult (17-65), Senior (65 and better), and a Professional class for those who teach about or make a practice of selling their work.

Online entries aren’t open just yet for 4-H or Open Class but keep an eye on bartoncountyfair.com for updates, schedules, and entry information.

Come join us June 25th through 29th to watch the livestock shows, check out 4-H and Open Class exhibits, listen to a concert, share a meal with friends, and support all ages across our community as they showcase their interests from art to woodworking!

We look forward to seeing your entry for the Barnyard Mardi Gras!

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. " />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. </figcaption>
 </figure>There are lots of ways for you to be involved in the Barton County Fair!The theme for the 2025 Barton County Fair is Barnyard Mardi Gras and it will be happening June 25th-29th. Exhibits are due to the fairgrounds for most categories on Wednesday, June 25th. Our 4-H members must pre-enter their exhibits while Open Class entries can be entered online ahead of time or on-site on the 25th.We have a couple of 4-H pre-fair judging events for Sewing &amp; Textiles, Shopping In Style, and Fiber Arts, as well as the 4-H Dog Show. However, these results will be on display in Expo II throughout the fair week.Judging is handled a bit differently for 4-H and Open Class. Consultative judging is used to provide one-on-one feedback about project learning, and the exhibit, as an important part of the learning opportunity for the 4-H member and all members receive a ribbon on their entry. We use the Danish system for 4-H exhibits which defines a Purple as exemplary, a Blue as above average, a Red as average, and a White as having substantial deficiencies. For Open Class, the judge will evaluate the exhibit item and determine if it receives one of the top three placings awarded per class.Each year, the Barton County Fair Association has several special award categories for Open Class which tie to the theme. Be on the lookout for the announcements about these and all Open Class opportunities. Open Class offers a youth (16 and younger), Adult (17-65), Senior (65 and better), and a Professional class for those who teach about or make a practice of selling their work.Online entries aren’t open just yet for 4-H or Open Class but keep an eye on bartoncountyfair.com for updates, schedules, and entry information.Come join us June 25th through 29th to watch the livestock shows, check out 4-H and Open Class exhibits, listen to a concert, share a meal with friends, and support all ages across our community as they showcase their interests from art to woodworking!We look forward to seeing your entry for the Barnyard Mardi Gras!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: 4-H members must pre-enter exhibits for Barton Co. Fair

With irrigation systems running across Kansas fields, a simple adjustment could make a big difference in conserving water and boosting crop performance —slowing down the speed of center pivot systems. Kansas State University water resource engineer Jonathan Aguilar said “when a pivot moves too quickly, much of the water applied doesn’t have time to soak into the soil. Slowing down the pivot gives the soil more time to absorb moisture, improving irrigation effectiveness.”

Aguilar’s research focuses on practical solutions that farmers can implement immediately without needing costly upgrades. He outlined several strategies to improve irrigation efficiency this season:

· Monitor soil moisture before irrigating. Aguilar advises using soil moisture sensors or simply checking soil conditions in the field. If the soil surface is still saturated or water is pooling, it’s a clear sign that you can wait before irrigating again. Slowing the system without causing runoff ensures water reaches the root zone rather than being lost in evaporation.

· Match application rates to crop needs. Overwatering early in the season is a common mistake that wastes water and can harm crop development. Aguilar recommends adjusting irrigation schedules based on crop growth stages, weather patterns, and evapotranspiration data. Monitoring forecasts and rainfall can also help avoid unnecessary irrigation. Much of the water savings are easily gained early and late in the cropping season, and during rain events.

· Irrigate during cooler parts of the day. High temperatures and strong winds during the afternoon hours contribute to significant water loss through evaporation. Aguilar recommends scheduling irrigation for early morning or late evening hours to minimize evaporation losses, when feasible. Research shows that irrigating during the hottest part of the day can lead to 10-25% more water loss through evaporation.

· Ensure uniform water application. Regularly inspect pivot nozzles to ensure they operate correctly and provide even coverage across the field. Malfunctioning nozzles can result in overwatering some areas and underwatering others, reducing overall efficiency and possibly yield.

While new technologies can improve irrigation systems, adjusting pivot speed is a low-cost, high-impact change that can deliver immediate benefits.

“Farmers often believe that speeding up the pivot will help them stay ahead of the crop’s water demands,” Aguilar said. “But in reality, moving too fast often does more harm than good. Slowing the system allows for better infiltration and helps crops become more resilient during dry periods.”

With water resources becoming increasingly scarce and costly, Aguilar encourages producers to revisit their irrigation management plans and consider how simple changes can lead to better outcomes.

For more information on irrigation efficiency and water management strategies, visit ksre.ksu.edu or contact your local K-State Research and Extension office.

Information provided by Jonathan Aguilar and Kelsey Stremel, KSRE news.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266615291.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>With irrigation systems running across Kansas fields, a simple adjustment could make a big difference in conserving water and boosting crop performance —slowing down the speed of center pivot systems. Kansas State University water resource engineer Jonathan Aguilar said “when a pivot moves too quickly, much of the water applied doesn’t have time to soak into the soil. Slowing down the pivot gives the soil more time to absorb moisture, improving irrigation effectiveness.”Key Irrigation Strategies for 2025Aguilar’s research focuses on practical solutions that farmers can implement immediately without needing costly upgrades. He outlined several strategies to improve irrigation efficiency this season:· Monitor soil moisture before irrigating. Aguilar advises using soil moisture sensors or simply checking soil conditions in the field. If the soil surface is still saturated or water is pooling, it’s a clear sign that you can wait before irrigating again. Slowing the system without causing runoff ensures water reaches the root zone rather than being lost in evaporation.· Match application rates to crop needs. Overwatering early in the season is a common mistake that wastes water and can harm crop development. Aguilar recommends adjusting irrigation schedules based on crop growth stages, weather patterns, and evapotranspiration data. Monitoring forecasts and rainfall can also help avoid unnecessary irrigation. Much of the water savings are easily gained early and late in the cropping season, and during rain events.· Irrigate during cooler parts of the day. High temperatures and strong winds during the afternoon hours contribute to significant water loss through evaporation. Aguilar recommends scheduling irrigation for early morning or late evening hours to minimize evaporation losses, when feasible. Research shows that irrigating during the hottest part of the day can lead to 10-25% more water loss through evaporation.· Ensure uniform water application. Regularly inspect pivot nozzles to ensure they operate correctly and provide even coverage across the field. Malfunctioning nozzles can result in overwatering some areas and underwatering others, reducing overall efficiency and possibly yield.While new technologies can improve irrigation systems, adjusting pivot speed is a low-cost, high-impact change that can deliver immediate benefits.“Farmers often believe that speeding up the pivot will help them stay ahead of the crop’s water demands,” Aguilar said. “But in reality, moving too fast often does more harm than good. Slowing the system allows for better infiltration and helps crops become more resilient during dry periods.”With water resources becoming increasingly scarce and costly, Aguilar encourages producers to revisit their irrigation management plans and consider how simple changes can lead to better outcomes.For more information on irrigation efficiency and water management strategies, visit ksre.ksu.edu or contact your local K-State Research and Extension office.Information provided by Jonathan Aguilar and Kelsey Stremel, KSRE news.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Slowing down pivots can improve water efficiency and yields

<a href="mailto:melgares@ksu.edu" target="_blank">By Pat Melgares</a>, K-State Research and Extension news service&nbsp;&nbsp;

<a href="mailto:melgares@ksu.edu" target="_blank">By Pat Melgares</a>, K-State Research and Extension news service&nbsp;&nbsp;MANHATTAN, Kan. – A Kansas State University extension agent is hailing the success of a pair of programs that have helped to address a high rate of preterm births in the state.Monique Koerner, a family community wellness agent in K-State Research and Extension’s Cottonwood District, called the state’s preterm birth rate “concerning.”“The chronic conditions that many in our state face is concerning,” she said. “But there are a lot of ways that we can help improve the health of our maternal child health population.”In its 2024 Report Card highlighting the collective factors that contribute to maternal and infant mortality and morbidity in the United States, the March of Dimes called the nation’s preterm birth rate “alarmingly high.”The report notes that in 2023, more than 370,000 babies were born preterm, about 10.4% of all births. Kansas was one of 15 states that earned a ‘D’ on the report card, with 10.5% of all births considered preterm.The March of Dimes’ report notes that chronic health conditions caused by smoking, hypertension, unhealthy weight and diabetes contribute to high rates of preterm births in Kansas.Koerner has recently introduced a prenatal education program called&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kdhe.ks.gov/577/Becoming-a-Mom">Becoming a Mom</a>&nbsp;to help expectant mothers with support and guidance. The free classes are available in several of the state’s counties currently, and are supported by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Kansas Perinatal Community Collaboratives, and the March of Dimes.The six-week, prenatal education class – one session per week – is available to expectant mothers and their “support people,” according to Koerner.“We’ve had several dads come to our classes, as well,” she said. “Really, anybody that is there to support the mom is welcome, because we want them to get the education, too.”The classes cover such topics as an overview of pregnancy, health, nutrition, exercise, stress, labor and delivery, infant feeding, infant care (including safe sleep and car seats), family planning, mental health and more.“We also invite people from the local community to come in and talk with the participants,” Koerner said. “One of my goals for this class was to break down the barriers that might exist in the community. If people have names and faces and have met people, it will be easier to reach out to those resources when they need them.”Koerner also helped to establish an event called a Community Baby Shower in Ellis County in April, which drew 42 participants.“We’re going to have to have a bigger venue next year because I think this is just going to grow,” she said.The event provided education for infant care, and those who completed Safe Sleep instruction received a free portable crib, and other giveaways. Koerner said extension agents in other parts of the state are also hosting events similar to the Community Baby Shower.More information on these or similar programs to help expectant and young mothers is available at local extension offices in Kansas.