What is motivation? It can be what drives you to maintain or achieve goals. Or, you might say it is a form of desire. It is important to know where your motivation comes from. It could be external things that motivate you or internal desires that drive you.

External motivators are usually what you rely on when it comes to exercise. Think of a carrot and a stick. You lure yourself to exercise with the carrot — “You’ll lose weight!” — or you hit yourself with an invisible stick — “You’ll get fat if you don’t exercise!” With this type of motivation, you are not exercising because you like it. Rather, it will result in what you want sometime in the future.

Extrinsic motivation is not always bad, if it works. But what if it doesn’t give you what you want? What if you don’t have genetics to achieve a certain size or weight? What if you can’t exercise enough to get the bathing suit body you want? This is when motivation slides.

There is another type of motivation that is internal, something that is important to you now and not some future goal. Perhaps your motivation is that exercise feels good, it helps relieve stress, and as your body gets stronger you can do more than you did before.

Identify some things that you value most in your life and think about how sitting less and moving more can contribute to those values. Some examples: “I value being a productive employee and I know that taking a daily walk helps me feel less stressed and more focused at work. “I value time with my grandchildren. I know that stretching, doing strengthening exercises and walking will help me be more active with them.”

External motivators can be fleeting, but internal motivators have staying power. This week, focus on your values and what motivates you from within.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>What is motivation? It can be what drives you to maintain or achieve goals. Or, you might say it is a form of desire. It is important to know where your motivation comes from. It could be external things that motivate you or internal desires that drive you.External motivators are usually what you rely on when it comes to exercise. Think of a carrot and a stick. You lure yourself to exercise with the carrot — “You’ll lose weight!” — or you hit yourself with an invisible stick — “You’ll get fat if you don’t exercise!” With this type of motivation, you are not exercising because you like it. Rather, it will result in what you want sometime in the future.Extrinsic motivation is not always bad, if it works. But what if it doesn’t give you what you want? What if you don’t have genetics to achieve a certain size or weight? What if you can’t exercise enough to get the bathing suit body you want? This is when motivation slides.There is another type of motivation that is internal, something that is important to you now and not some future goal. Perhaps your motivation is that exercise feels good, it helps relieve stress, and as your body gets stronger you can do more than you did before.Identify some things that you value most in your life and think about how sitting less and moving more can contribute to those values. Some examples: “I value being a productive employee and I know that taking a daily walk helps me feel less stressed and more focused at work. “I value time with my grandchildren. I know that stretching, doing strengthening exercises and walking will help me be more active with them.”External motivators can be fleeting, but internal motivators have staying power. This week, focus on your values and what motivates you from within.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Motivation – internal or external?

Alfalfa weevil activity began early this year for our Oklahoma neighbors and it appears that degree day accumulation for Kansas alfalfa weevils is well ahead of normal for most locations in the state. Only northwest Kansas is at or slightly behind normal. There were reports of treatable infestations in south-central Kansas during the last week of March and getting towards the middle of April, fields are being treated, or close to being treated, in the central, southeast, and northeast regions of the state.

Alfalfa weevil degree days are a great way to estimate what might be going on in the field and serve as a useful tool to know when to time scouting. Alfalfa weevil eggs begin hatching after 300 degree days have accumulated (Table 2). Since we cannot determine if the eggs present were laid the previous fall or the current spring, in Kansas, scouting should start after 180 degree days have accumulated starting from January 1.

Be aware of insecticide resistance While warmer spring temperatures have allowed for faster alfalfa weevil development, at the same time in some areas dramatic temperature fluctuations have slowed down alfalfa growth making the plants unable to keep up with feeding damage. In shorter fields, between 3 and 7 inches tall, treatment may be warranted when feeding is evident on the top inch of growth and 1 to 2 larvae are present. If a field is treated, it is important to verify that the expected amount of control was achieved. In 2020, populations of alfalfa weevil resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin were verified in northwest and southwest Kansas as well as Oklahoma. While this resistance has not appeared to become a widespread problem for Kansas producers, Oklahoma continues to have resistance statewide and it appears resistance to zeta-cypermethrin is developing there. There are numerous products available for alfalfa weevil control in Kansas. When making management decisions it is important to rotate modes of action as this is an effective way to prevent the development of resistance.

For the most up-to-date alfalfa weevil degree day accumulations, visit the Kansas Mesonet Alfalfa Weevil Degree Day Calculator (https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/degreedays/). For a complete guide to alfalfa weevil management recommendations please refer to the 2023 Alfalfa Insect Pest Management Guide.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Alfalfa weevil activity began early this year for our Oklahoma neighbors and it appears that degree day accumulation for Kansas alfalfa weevils is well ahead of normal for most locations in the state. Only northwest Kansas is at or slightly behind normal. There were reports of treatable infestations in south-central Kansas during the last week of March and getting towards the middle of April, fields are being treated, or close to being treated, in the central, southeast, and northeast regions of the state.Alfalfa weevil degree days are a great way to estimate what might be going on in the field and serve as a useful tool to know when to time scouting. Alfalfa weevil eggs begin hatching after 300 degree days have accumulated (Table 2). Since we cannot determine if the eggs present were laid the previous fall or the current spring, in Kansas, scouting should start after 180 degree days have accumulated starting from January 1.Be aware of insecticide resistance While warmer spring temperatures have allowed for faster alfalfa weevil development, at the same time in some areas dramatic temperature fluctuations have slowed down alfalfa growth making the plants unable to keep up with feeding damage. In shorter fields, between 3 and 7 inches tall, treatment may be warranted when feeding is evident on the top inch of growth and 1 to 2 larvae are present. If a field is treated, it is important to verify that the expected amount of control was achieved. In 2020, populations of alfalfa weevil resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin were verified in northwest and southwest Kansas as well as Oklahoma. While this resistance has not appeared to become a widespread problem for Kansas producers, Oklahoma continues to have resistance statewide and it appears resistance to zeta-cypermethrin is developing there. There are numerous products available for alfalfa weevil control in Kansas. When making management decisions it is important to rotate modes of action as this is an effective way to prevent the development of resistance.For the most up-to-date alfalfa weevil degree day accumulations, visit the Kansas Mesonet Alfalfa Weevil Degree Day Calculator (https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/degreedays/). For a complete guide to alfalfa weevil management recommendations please refer to the 2023 Alfalfa Insect Pest Management Guide.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Monitor alfalfa weevils using degree days and scouting

Kansas State University veterinarian Gregg Hanzlicek is urging beef cattle producers to review their herd’s vaccination and parasite control program as summer approaches.&nbsp;&nbsp;

He said vaccinations should be given to protect the cows against all the major reproductive infectious diseases before breeding season, including IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis), BVD (bovine viral diarrhea), leptospirosis and campylobacter.&nbsp;&nbsp;

According to Hanzlicek, those vaccinations should be given 45-60 days before the bulls will be released with the cows. “This allows enough time for the cows to respond to the vaccine&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

and enough time for the cow to recover from any minor negative vaccine effects,” he said.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“Use the same vaccine (and) the same vaccine schedule for the bulls. Bulls are too often forgotten in vaccination programs.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

In addition, Hanzlicek recommends insecticidal ear tags to control for flies this summer, saying “tags still provide the best protection against heavy fly infestations.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

Hanzlicek urges producers to tag cows and bulls. “Two tags per animal are more effective than one,” he said.&nbsp;&nbsp;

It might also be necessary to tag the calves in times when fly populations are very large, but producers should start with the cows.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Hanzlicek said producers should rotate the fly tag’s chemistry to decrease the fly's ability to build resistance to the insecticide.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“If we continue to use products that have the same chemistry/insecticide, we breed for resistance,” he said. “Either a two or three year rotation is ideal, depending on the insecticides used.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

He adds: “It is also important to remember to remove the insecticide ear tags at the end of pasture season and dispose of them properly. Not doing this will build up insecticide resistance in the fly populations, and through time fly programs will become less and less effective.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Kansas State University veterinarian Gregg Hanzlicek is urging beef cattle producers to review their herd’s vaccination and parasite control program as summer approaches.&nbsp;&nbsp;He said vaccinations should be given to protect the cows against all the major reproductive infectious diseases before breeding season, including IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis), BVD (bovine viral diarrhea), leptospirosis and campylobacter.&nbsp;&nbsp;According to Hanzlicek, those vaccinations should be given 45-60 days before the bulls will be released with the cows. “This allows enough time for the cows to respond to the vaccine&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and enough time for the cow to recover from any minor negative vaccine effects,” he said.&nbsp;&nbsp;“Use the same vaccine (and) the same vaccine schedule for the bulls. Bulls are too often forgotten in vaccination programs.”&nbsp;&nbsp;In addition, Hanzlicek recommends insecticidal ear tags to control for flies this summer, saying “tags still provide the best protection against heavy fly infestations.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Hanzlicek urges producers to tag cows and bulls. “Two tags per animal are more effective than one,” he said.&nbsp;&nbsp;It might also be necessary to tag the calves in times when fly populations are very large, but producers should start with the cows.&nbsp;&nbsp;Hanzlicek said producers should rotate the fly tag’s chemistry to decrease the fly's ability to build resistance to the insecticide.&nbsp;&nbsp;“If we continue to use products that have the same chemistry/insecticide, we breed for resistance,” he said. “Either a two or three year rotation is ideal, depending on the insecticides used.”&nbsp;&nbsp;He adds: “It is also important to remember to remove the insecticide ear tags at the end of pasture season and dispose of them properly. Not doing this will build up insecticide resistance in the fly populations, and through time fly programs will become less and less effective.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Review herd's vaccination and parasite control

I am going to take a brief break today from our 4-H project highlights to focus on a crucial part of 4-H learning – our volunteers!

April 16 -22 is National Volunteer Week and it is one of many times that it is important to recognize and thank the many people who help Extension in providing learning opportunities for 4-H youth.

We have eight 4-H clubs across Barton County and eight in Ellis County and each of them have 2-3 registered volunteers who serve as club leaders. They are actively involved in shaping a young person’s experience in 4-H by teaching parliamentary procedure, demonstrating teamwork and communication, and sharing information.

Additionally, we have several volunteers who work with specific project areas to teach skills from the shooting sports project to foods and nutrition. Sharing their skills and expertise shows youth the importance of giving back to their community and how to share something they are interested in for a lifetime.

Leaders for 4-H Livestock, Junior Leaders, 4-H Ambassadors, and 4-H Council provide older youth with opportunities to expand their leadership and communication skills with guidance and experience.

Two other important groups of volunteers are definitely related to the county fair! Fair superintendents assist the judging process, display exhibits, answer questions, and provide a positive environment during the fair. Additionally, the Barton County Fair Association is a group of volunteers with a goal to provide a fun, family-oriented event to showcase 4-H and agriculture in our communities. They spend countless hours planning, repairing, and organizing so many details!

If you would like to know more about serving as a volunteer in any of these capacities, get in contact with me! Having a positive impact on the youth in our communities is challenging, enlightening, and FUN!

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910. Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>I am going to take a brief break today from our 4-H project highlights to focus on a crucial part of 4-H learning – our volunteers!April 16 -22 is National Volunteer Week and it is one of many times that it is important to recognize and thank the many people who help Extension in providing learning opportunities for 4-H youth.We have eight 4-H clubs across Barton County and eight in Ellis County and each of them have 2-3 registered volunteers who serve as club leaders. They are actively involved in shaping a young person’s experience in 4-H by teaching parliamentary procedure, demonstrating teamwork and communication, and sharing information.Additionally, we have several volunteers who work with specific project areas to teach skills from the shooting sports project to foods and nutrition. Sharing their skills and expertise shows youth the importance of giving back to their community and how to share something they are interested in for a lifetime.Leaders for 4-H Livestock, Junior Leaders, 4-H Ambassadors, and 4-H Council provide older youth with opportunities to expand their leadership and communication skills with guidance and experience.Two other important groups of volunteers are definitely related to the county fair! Fair superintendents assist the judging process, display exhibits, answer questions, and provide a positive environment during the fair. Additionally, the Barton County Fair Association is a group of volunteers with a goal to provide a fun, family-oriented event to showcase 4-H and agriculture in our communities. They spend countless hours planning, repairing, and organizing so many details!If you would like to know more about serving as a volunteer in any of these capacities, get in contact with me! Having a positive impact on the youth in our communities is challenging, enlightening, and FUN!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910. Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

BERAN: Shoutout to all 4-H volunteers

As the weather warms up, it is the perfect time to get outside and spend some time with your children or grandchildren. Time spent outside is good not only for your children’s ability to be physically active it is also valuable for their minds, as well. There are many benefits when adults spend time with children, and being outside makes the time even better. Shared experiences strengthen the bond between parents and children and improve the children’s emotional health which in turns encourages nurturing parent behaviors. There is something about the change in season and the fresh air that is good for everyone’s mental and physical health. Besides the environment, there is typically movement involved with being outdoors that is also good for physical and mental health.

So many things are happening outside this time of the year. Trees are growing, plants are no longer dormant, there are insects everywhere and other parts of the natural environment are starting to emerge. Getting outside is a really good opportunity to spend time with your family just having a good time. There can be so many good lessons in getting outside to explore nature and learn about science. Kids are instinctively attracted to nature study.

Outside play is usually less structured which allows for children to explore things they like to do as well as be creative. Unplanned activity gives your children an opportunity to lead the play. They are continually being told what to do and how to do it, so going outside opens up the possibilities for them to engage in self-directed play. Let them choose what they’re going to do. That’s really empowering for them. Following a child’s lead during play helps them respond better when you need to them to follow your directions.

Play is truly the work of early childhood. For children, they’re completely learning about their world through play. They are learning cause and effect – they are beginning to understand what happens if I do ‘this’, which builds their self-esteem. Children learn they can make things happen by exploring their world. It can be simple things, such as throwing rocks or drawing in the mud. Being outdoors is an easy way for children to learn they can make things happen. Parents can provide materials for play such as water, sand, chalk, outdoor paint, balls and bubbles.

Outdoor play provides an array of benefits for children’s development. Large motor skills are strengthened as well as coordination and balance. Having a regular outside time during the day teaches children about routines and can they learn to anticipate the enjoyment of outside time. Finally, when exploring the outdoors children can have an opportunity to strengthen their social skills and make new friends. Being outside usually makes everyone feel better after the long cold winter. The sun and wind feel good but at the end of the day everyone is tired which leads to a good night’s rest. Time spent outside benefits everyone physically and mentally and is good stress relief!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>As the weather warms up, it is the perfect time to get outside and spend some time with your children or grandchildren. Time spent outside is good not only for your children’s ability to be physically active it is also valuable for their minds, as well. There are many benefits when adults spend time with children, and being outside makes the time even better. Shared experiences strengthen the bond between parents and children and improve the children’s emotional health which in turns encourages nurturing parent behaviors. There is something about the change in season and the fresh air that is good for everyone’s mental and physical health. Besides the environment, there is typically movement involved with being outdoors that is also good for physical and mental health.So many things are happening outside this time of the year. Trees are growing, plants are no longer dormant, there are insects everywhere and other parts of the natural environment are starting to emerge. Getting outside is a really good opportunity to spend time with your family just having a good time. There can be so many good lessons in getting outside to explore nature and learn about science. Kids are instinctively attracted to nature study.Outside play is usually less structured which allows for children to explore things they like to do as well as be creative. Unplanned activity gives your children an opportunity to lead the play. They are continually being told what to do and how to do it, so going outside opens up the possibilities for them to engage in self-directed play. Let them choose what they’re going to do. That’s really empowering for them. Following a child’s lead during play helps them respond better when you need to them to follow your directions.Play is truly the work of early childhood. For children, they’re completely learning about their world through play. They are learning cause and effect – they are beginning to understand what happens if I do ‘this’, which builds their self-esteem. Children learn they can make things happen by exploring their world. It can be simple things, such as throwing rocks or drawing in the mud. Being outdoors is an easy way for children to learn they can make things happen. Parents can provide materials for play such as water, sand, chalk, outdoor paint, balls and bubbles.Outdoor play provides an array of benefits for children’s development. Large motor skills are strengthened as well as coordination and balance. Having a regular outside time during the day teaches children about routines and can they learn to anticipate the enjoyment of outside time. Finally, when exploring the outdoors children can have an opportunity to strengthen their social skills and make new friends. Being outside usually makes everyone feel better after the long cold winter. The sun and wind feel good but at the end of the day everyone is tired which leads to a good night’s rest. Time spent outside benefits everyone physically and mentally and is good stress relief!Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Get outside and play

In an effort to increase soybean yield potential, early planting dates have been promoted as a management practice that can increase soybean yield. Early planting of soybeans can be a relative term, meaning late April/early May for some soybean producers in Kansas, but this definition of early-planted soybeans is late March/early April. Theoretically, the earlier planting date could allow for more vegetative growth and light interception before blooming, increasing the yield potential. With the improvement of soybean seed treatments to protect seed when emergence is slowed due to cool and wet conditions, early planting may be a viable option. This article summarizes research conducted in northeast and north central Kansas to determine the effect of early planting dates, seed density, and maturity group on soybean yield. The planting dates were late March, mid-late April, and May.

Procedures - early soybean planting studies were conducted at three KSU Experiment Fields, Kansas River Valley (Topeka), North Central (Scandia), and the Southeast Research and Extension Center (Parsons) in 2022. The experimental fields at Topeka and Scandia were irrigated and the Parsons field was dryland. The Parsons location had a failed crop due to drought. The planting dates were late March, mid-late April, and May. Two varieties were planted at two seeding rates (100,000 and 150,000 seeds/acre) at each of the three planting dates in both locations.

Results - the first planting date at Topeka emerged by April 25. In spite of taking three weeks to emerge, there were no large gaps in the stand. The second planting date emerged 12-14 days after planting, and the third took 7 days. The first planting date emerged 99 Growing Degree Days (GDD) before the second planting date and 338 GDD before the third date.

Canopy closure with the April 4 planting date was 0.5 and 2.4 days earlier than the April 21 and May 9 planting dates at Topeka. The maturity dates of the three planting dates at Topeka were less than 2 days apart for all treatments. There were very low levels (&lt;5%) of sudden death (SDS) foliar symptoms visible at R6 on September 6, and there were no differences between treatments.

The highest yields were just over 80 bu/a for both varieties planted April 4 at 150,000 seeds/acre at Topeka, and the lowest yield was 76 bu/a planted May 9. There was no significant difference between yields of any of the variety/seeding rate/planting date combination yielding between the high and low-yielding treatments.

At Scandia, there was a significant yield response to the planting date. The fuller season variety yields ranged from 84 bu/a with the 1st planting date to 64 bu/a in the 3rd. The shorter season variety showed no response to the planting date with an average yield of 72.8 bu/a.

Summary -this is the second year this study has been conducted at Topeka and Scandia. Data from the first year of this study (2021) was reported in Kansas Field Research 2022, which had similar results. While caution should be used in making conclusions from this limited data set, it was shown that there can be a very positive yield response to planting soybeans in late March/early April for certain variety/seeding rate combinations. For most variety/seeding rate treatments, there was no major yield loss due to early planting. The last planting date in these studies is often before most producers historically start planting soybeans in the respective locations. Previous work reported in the Kansas Field Research publications had planting dates from early May to late June at Topeka, showing a yield increase with the earlier planting dates if steps were taken to reduce SDS. Further research is needed to determine if these trends for yield response are consistent. An additional question could be identifying varieties that respond with increased yield due to the early planting date more consistently than other varieties.

Information provided by several K-State Agronomist and graduate student involved in the study.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>In an effort to increase soybean yield potential, early planting dates have been promoted as a management practice that can increase soybean yield. Early planting of soybeans can be a relative term, meaning late April/early May for some soybean producers in Kansas, but this definition of early-planted soybeans is late March/early April. Theoretically, the earlier planting date could allow for more vegetative growth and light interception before blooming, increasing the yield potential. With the improvement of soybean seed treatments to protect seed when emergence is slowed due to cool and wet conditions, early planting may be a viable option. This article summarizes research conducted in northeast and north central Kansas to determine the effect of early planting dates, seed density, and maturity group on soybean yield. The planting dates were late March, mid-late April, and May.Procedures - early soybean planting studies were conducted at three KSU Experiment Fields, Kansas River Valley (Topeka), North Central (Scandia), and the Southeast Research and Extension Center (Parsons) in 2022. The experimental fields at Topeka and Scandia were irrigated and the Parsons field was dryland. The Parsons location had a failed crop due to drought. The planting dates were late March, mid-late April, and May. Two varieties were planted at two seeding rates (100,000 and 150,000 seeds/acre) at each of the three planting dates in both locations.Results - the first planting date at Topeka emerged by April 25. In spite of taking three weeks to emerge, there were no large gaps in the stand. The second planting date emerged 12-14 days after planting, and the third took 7 days. The first planting date emerged 99 Growing Degree Days (GDD) before the second planting date and 338 GDD before the third date.Canopy closure with the April 4 planting date was 0.5 and 2.4 days earlier than the April 21 and May 9 planting dates at Topeka. The maturity dates of the three planting dates at Topeka were less than 2 days apart for all treatments. There were very low levels (&lt;5%) of sudden death (SDS) foliar symptoms visible at R6 on September 6, and there were no differences between treatments.The highest yields were just over 80 bu/a for both varieties planted April 4 at 150,000 seeds/acre at Topeka, and the lowest yield was 76 bu/a planted May 9. There was no significant difference between yields of any of the variety/seeding rate/planting date combination yielding between the high and low-yielding treatments.At Scandia, there was a significant yield response to the planting date. The fuller season variety yields ranged from 84 bu/a with the 1st planting date to 64 bu/a in the 3rd. The shorter season variety showed no response to the planting date with an average yield of 72.8 bu/a.Summary -this is the second year this study has been conducted at Topeka and Scandia. Data from the first year of this study (2021) was reported in Kansas Field Research 2022, which had similar results. While caution should be used in making conclusions from this limited data set, it was shown that there can be a very positive yield response to planting soybeans in late March/early April for certain variety/seeding rate combinations. For most variety/seeding rate treatments, there was no major yield loss due to early planting. The last planting date in these studies is often before most producers historically start planting soybeans in the respective locations. Previous work reported in the Kansas Field Research publications had planting dates from early May to late June at Topeka, showing a yield increase with the earlier planting dates if steps were taken to reduce SDS. Further research is needed to determine if these trends for yield response are consistent. An additional question could be identifying varieties that respond with increased yield due to the early planting date more consistently than other varieties.Information provided by several K-State Agronomist and graduate student involved in the study.

CAMPBELL: Effect of early planting dates on soybean yield

The plant with the little purple flowers that have been showing up in home lawns is called henbit. If you are not sure this is what you have, check the stems. If they are square rather than round, you have henbit. A plant that also is low growing but has round stems and tiny white flowers is chickweed.&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Both these plants are winter annuals and start to grow in the fall. They spend the winter as small plants and so most people do not pay much attention to them until they start to flower in the spring. Trying to kill either one at this late stage with a herbicide usually is a waste of time and money. Though plants may be burned back, they will rarely be killed. So what should you do? Remember, these are winter annuals that will die as soon as the weather turns hot.&nbsp;&nbsp; Keep the lawn mowed until nature takes its course.&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; However, you can do something next fall that will help the following spring. There are two possible courses of action, as far as chemical controls go. The first is to apply a preemergence herbicide in early to mid-September.&nbsp; This will prevent henbit and other winter annuals from germinating. Preemergence herbicides labeled for both henbit and chickweed include prodiamine (Barricade), dithiopyr (Dimension),&nbsp; isoxaben (Gallery), pendimethalin (Halts and others), oryzalin (Surflan and Weed Impede) and XL. All but Surflan, Weed Impede and XL are also labeled for speedwell. The second course of action is to wait until late October or early November (after most henbit has germinated) and use a postemergence broadleaf herbicide, such as those mentioned above. With this approach, most of the henbit will be killed but, because small numbers of henbit continue to germinate through the late fall and winter, some plants will be missed. This approach works well because henbit is relatively easy to kill in the fall and many people want to treat for dandelions at that time (i.e., October) anyway. Just remember you will have to do some spot-spraying in the spring if you want to get all the henbit. As a final note, henbit will not be very competitive in dense, healthy lawns, so good cultural management will reduce the need for herbicides.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>The plant with the little purple flowers that have been showing up in home lawns is called henbit. If you are not sure this is what you have, check the stems. If they are square rather than round, you have henbit. A plant that also is low growing but has round stems and tiny white flowers is chickweed.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Both these plants are winter annuals and start to grow in the fall. They spend the winter as small plants and so most people do not pay much attention to them until they start to flower in the spring. Trying to kill either one at this late stage with a herbicide usually is a waste of time and money. Though plants may be burned back, they will rarely be killed. So what should you do? Remember, these are winter annuals that will die as soon as the weather turns hot.&nbsp;&nbsp; Keep the lawn mowed until nature takes its course.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; However, you can do something next fall that will help the following spring. There are two possible courses of action, as far as chemical controls go. The first is to apply a preemergence herbicide in early to mid-September.&nbsp; This will prevent henbit and other winter annuals from germinating. Preemergence herbicides labeled for both henbit and chickweed include prodiamine (Barricade), dithiopyr (Dimension),&nbsp; isoxaben (Gallery), pendimethalin (Halts and others), oryzalin (Surflan and Weed Impede) and XL. All but Surflan, Weed Impede and XL are also labeled for speedwell. The second course of action is to wait until late October or early November (after most henbit has germinated) and use a postemergence broadleaf herbicide, such as those mentioned above. With this approach, most of the henbit will be killed but, because small numbers of henbit continue to germinate through the late fall and winter, some plants will be missed. This approach works well because henbit is relatively easy to kill in the fall and many people want to treat for dandelions at that time (i.e., October) anyway. Just remember you will have to do some spot-spraying in the spring if you want to get all the henbit. As a final note, henbit will not be very competitive in dense, healthy lawns, so good cultural management will reduce the need for herbicides.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.&nbsp;

BOOR: Henbit and chickweed in lawns 

The good and bad processed foods are everywhere. The term “processed” applies to food that has been altered from a natural state in any way. Minimally processed foods can have a place in healthy diets. Examples include low-fat milk, precut fresh vegetables, frozen vegetables and fruit, roasted nuts, and whole-grain breads. Also, milk and juice that has been fortified with vitamin D and calcium, breakfast cereals with added fiber, canned vegetables, and canned fruits packed in water or natural juice can, and should be, part of a healthy diet, especially when fresh versions are not available or affordable.

Diets that are high in ultra-processed foods have been linked with higher risks of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, excess calorie intake, and weight gain. This is of great concern as nearly 60% of calories consumed in the U.S. are in the form of ultra-processed food.

Ultra-processed foods have gone through multiple processing, like heating, freezing, milling, dehydrating, and blanching. During these processes, the food’s structure is changed and often other ingredients are added. You will find ultra-processed foods in every food category and these are appealing because they are ready to eat, affordable, and tasty. Examples of ultra-processed foods include: packaged snacks, crackers, chips, cookies, pastries, candies, cakes, soda, packaged breads/rolls, sweetened cereals, boxed pasta and rice dishes, deli meats, hot dogs, sausage, instant soup mixes, and frozen ready-to-eat foods like pizza, entrees, side dishes, and desserts.

In today’s food environment, it is unrealistic to think you can avoid ultra-processed food entirely. Here are some helpful tips:

· Keep track of how much your diet is made up of these foods and then make a few healthier substitutions each week.

· When you go to the grocery store, shop the perimeter. The center isles are likely to contain ultra-processed foods.

· Prepare meals at home more often and use whole, unprocessed foods. Become an informed consumer and know what you are eating.

· Read the ingredient list on food labels and look for added sugar, fat, and salt; substances that are not typically found in a kitchen like hydrogenated oils, colors, emulsifiers, thickeners; and chemical-sounding names you can’t pronounce. These are good indicators that the item is probably ultra-processed.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>The good and bad processed foods are everywhere. The term “processed” applies to food that has been altered from a natural state in any way. Minimally processed foods can have a place in healthy diets. Examples include low-fat milk, precut fresh vegetables, frozen vegetables and fruit, roasted nuts, and whole-grain breads. Also, milk and juice that has been fortified with vitamin D and calcium, breakfast cereals with added fiber, canned vegetables, and canned fruits packed in water or natural juice can, and should be, part of a healthy diet, especially when fresh versions are not available or affordable.Diets that are high in ultra-processed foods have been linked with higher risks of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, excess calorie intake, and weight gain. This is of great concern as nearly 60% of calories consumed in the U.S. are in the form of ultra-processed food.Ultra-processed foods have gone through multiple processing, like heating, freezing, milling, dehydrating, and blanching. During these processes, the food’s structure is changed and often other ingredients are added. You will find ultra-processed foods in every food category and these are appealing because they are ready to eat, affordable, and tasty. Examples of ultra-processed foods include: packaged snacks, crackers, chips, cookies, pastries, candies, cakes, soda, packaged breads/rolls, sweetened cereals, boxed pasta and rice dishes, deli meats, hot dogs, sausage, instant soup mixes, and frozen ready-to-eat foods like pizza, entrees, side dishes, and desserts.In today’s food environment, it is unrealistic to think you can avoid ultra-processed food entirely. Here are some helpful tips:· Keep track of how much your diet is made up of these foods and then make a few healthier substitutions each week.· When you go to the grocery store, shop the perimeter. The center isles are likely to contain ultra-processed foods.· Prepare meals at home more often and use whole, unprocessed foods. Become an informed consumer and know what you are eating.· Read the ingredient list on food labels and look for added sugar, fat, and salt; substances that are not typically found in a kitchen like hydrogenated oils, colors, emulsifiers, thickeners; and chemical-sounding names you can’t pronounce. These are good indicators that the item is probably ultra-processed.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Good and bad processed foods

&nbsp;Crabgrass preventers are another name for preemergence herbicides that prevent crabgrass seeds from developing into mature plants. Many people have a somewhat foggy idea of how they work and assume they kill the weed seed.&nbsp; Such is not the case. They do not kill the seed or even keep the seed from germinating but rather kill the young plant after it germinates.&nbsp; Therefore, they do not prevent germination but prevent emergence.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Crabgrass preventers are just that – preventers. With few exceptions they have no effect on existing crabgrass plants, so they must be applied before germination. Additionally, preventers do not last forever once applied to the soil.&nbsp; Microorganisms and natural processes begin to gradually break them down soon after they are applied. If some products are applied too early, they may have lost much of their strength by the time they are needed. Most crabgrass preventers are fairly ineffective after about 60 days, but there is considerable variation among products.&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For most of Kansas, crabgrass typically begins to germinate around May 1 or a little later. April 15 is normally a good target date for applying preventer because it gives active ingredients time to evenly disperse in the soil before crabgrass germination starts.&nbsp; Even better, base timing on the bloom of ornamental plants. The Eastern Redbud tree is a good choice for this purpose. When the trees in your area approach full bloom, apply crabgrass preventer. A follow-up application will be needed about 8 weeks later unless you are using Dimension or Barricade.&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dimension and Barricade are the only two products that give season-long control of crabgrass from a single application. In fact, they can be applied earlier than April 15 and still have sufficient residual strength to last the season. Barricade can even be applied in late fall for crabgrass control the next season.&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dimension can be applied as early as March 1. Because of the added flexibility in timing, these products are favorites of lawn care companies who have many customers to service in the spring. Though Dimension is usually not applied as early as Barricade, it is the herbicide of choice if it must be applied later than recommended. It is the exception to the rule that preemergence herbicides do not kill existing weeds. Dimension can kill crabgrass as long as it is young (two- to three-leaf stage). Dimension is also the best choice if treating a lawn that was planted late last fall. Normally a preemergence herbicide is not recommended unless the lawn has been mowed two to four times. But Dimension is kind to young tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass seedlings and some formulations can be applied as early as two weeks after the first sign of germination. However, read the label of the specific product you wish to use to ensure that this use is allowed. Lawns established in the fall can be safely treated with Dimension the following spring even if they have not been mowed.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

K-State Research and Extension is a short name for the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, a program designed to generate and distribute useful knowledge for the well-being of Kansans. Supported by county, state, federal and private funds, the program has county Extension offices, experiment fields, area Extension offices and regional research centers statewide. Its headquarters is on the K-State campus in Manhattan.&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>&nbsp;Crabgrass preventers are another name for preemergence herbicides that prevent crabgrass seeds from developing into mature plants. Many people have a somewhat foggy idea of how they work and assume they kill the weed seed.&nbsp; Such is not the case. They do not kill the seed or even keep the seed from germinating but rather kill the young plant after it germinates.&nbsp; Therefore, they do not prevent germination but prevent emergence.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Crabgrass preventers are just that – preventers. With few exceptions they have no effect on existing crabgrass plants, so they must be applied before germination. Additionally, preventers do not last forever once applied to the soil.&nbsp; Microorganisms and natural processes begin to gradually break them down soon after they are applied. If some products are applied too early, they may have lost much of their strength by the time they are needed. Most crabgrass preventers are fairly ineffective after about 60 days, but there is considerable variation among products.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For most of Kansas, crabgrass typically begins to germinate around May 1 or a little later. April 15 is normally a good target date for applying preventer because it gives active ingredients time to evenly disperse in the soil before crabgrass germination starts.&nbsp; Even better, base timing on the bloom of ornamental plants. The Eastern Redbud tree is a good choice for this purpose. When the trees in your area approach full bloom, apply crabgrass preventer. A follow-up application will be needed about 8 weeks later unless you are using Dimension or Barricade.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dimension and Barricade are the only two products that give season-long control of crabgrass from a single application. In fact, they can be applied earlier than April 15 and still have sufficient residual strength to last the season. Barricade can even be applied in late fall for crabgrass control the next season.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dimension can be applied as early as March 1. Because of the added flexibility in timing, these products are favorites of lawn care companies who have many customers to service in the spring. Though Dimension is usually not applied as early as Barricade, it is the herbicide of choice if it must be applied later than recommended. It is the exception to the rule that preemergence herbicides do not kill existing weeds. Dimension can kill crabgrass as long as it is young (two- to three-leaf stage). Dimension is also the best choice if treating a lawn that was planted late last fall. Normally a preemergence herbicide is not recommended unless the lawn has been mowed two to four times. But Dimension is kind to young tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass seedlings and some formulations can be applied as early as two weeks after the first sign of germination. However, read the label of the specific product you wish to use to ensure that this use is allowed. Lawns established in the fall can be safely treated with Dimension the following spring even if they have not been mowed.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is a short name for the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, a program designed to generate and distribute useful knowledge for the well-being of Kansans. Supported by county, state, federal and private funds, the program has county Extension offices, experiment fields, area Extension offices and regional research centers statewide. Its headquarters is on the K-State campus in Manhattan.&nbsp;&nbsp;

BOOR: Crabgrass preventers

Season five of the popular War Against Weeds podcast is well underway. In response to recent questions from farmers, the two newest episodes take a closer look at the emphasis the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is putting on the Endangered Species Act (ESA) with respect to pesticide use. This 2-part series on the ESA offers good information and discussions on the potential changes and impacts the new ESA emphasis will have on pesticide users. In Part 1, the Indiana pesticide administrator, Dave Scott, discusses how the ESA’s new emphasis will affect state regulators and farmers. Part 2 is led by recently retired EPA weed scientist and biologist Bill Chism. He discusses some of the history of the ESA and what impacts the new emphasis may present.

Another new episode for 2023 features information on different weed identification mobile apps that can be useful for agricultural agents and others.

This podcast began in January 2021 and is a collaborative outreach effort from Sarah Lancaster, K-State Extension Weed Science Specialist, Mandy Bish, Extension Weed Scientist at the University of Missouri, and Joe Ikely, Extension Weed Scientist at North Dakota State.

There are currently about 90 full-length episodes available. Season five officially started in January 2023. Topics covered so far in 2023 include herbicide-resistant ryegrass, new challenges with kochia control, metribuzin use in soybeans, cover crops for weed control, weed mapping and imaging, and more!

Episodes are approximately 30 minutes long and free to access. They are posted at https://waragainstweeds.libsyn.com/ in addition to being available on Spotify, iTunes, and Google Podcasts.

If you have any suggestions for future episodes, please let us know!

Several K-State Research and Extension publications related to insect management in Kansas were recently updated and are available to the public.

These publications were prepared to help producers manage insect populations with the best available methods proven practical under Kansas conditions. They are updated every year and intended for use during the current calendar year. The user should know that pesticide label directions and restrictions are subject to change, and some may have changed since the date of publication.

Full versions of each fact sheet are available online, i.e. you can type into your internet search box—alfalfa insect management, ksu and it should come up.

Alfalfa Insect Pest Management, Corn Insect Pest Management, Cotton Insect Pest Management, Sorghum Insect Pest Management, Soybean Insect Pest Management, Sunflower Insect Pest Management, and Wheat Insect Pest Management.

The economics of control should be considered in any pest management decision. Because costs vary greatly over time and are influenced by factors beyond the scope of this publication, product cost is not a consideration for including or omitting specific insecticide products in these recommendations. Growers should compare product price, safety, and availability when making treatment decisions. Growers also need to consider the impacts of insecticides on non-target organisms like pollinators and natural enemies. Rotating insecticide groups can help combat insecticide resistance issues by leveraging different modes of action. The user bears ultimate responsibility for correct pesticide use. For proper use, always read label directions carefully before applying pesticides. Remember, using a pesticide in a manner inconsistent with the label is illegal.

More information on pests covered in these publications is available at: www.entomology.k-state.edu/extension/insect-information/crop-pests/.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1578070283981.png" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Season five of the popular War Against Weeds podcast is well underway. In response to recent questions from farmers, the two newest episodes take a closer look at the emphasis the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is putting on the Endangered Species Act (ESA) with respect to pesticide use. This 2-part series on the ESA offers good information and discussions on the potential changes and impacts the new ESA emphasis will have on pesticide users. In Part 1, the Indiana pesticide administrator, Dave Scott, discusses how the ESA’s new emphasis will affect state regulators and farmers. Part 2 is led by recently retired EPA weed scientist and biologist Bill Chism. He discusses some of the history of the ESA and what impacts the new emphasis may present.Another new episode for 2023 features information on different weed identification mobile apps that can be useful for agricultural agents and others.This podcast began in January 2021 and is a collaborative outreach effort from Sarah Lancaster, K-State Extension Weed Science Specialist, Mandy Bish, Extension Weed Scientist at the University of Missouri, and Joe Ikely, Extension Weed Scientist at North Dakota State.There are currently about 90 full-length episodes available. Season five officially started in January 2023. Topics covered so far in 2023 include herbicide-resistant ryegrass, new challenges with kochia control, metribuzin use in soybeans, cover crops for weed control, weed mapping and imaging, and more!Episodes are approximately 30 minutes long and free to access. They are posted at https://waragainstweeds.libsyn.com/ in addition to being available on Spotify, iTunes, and Google Podcasts.If you have any suggestions for future episodes, please let us know!Several K-State Research and Extension publications related to insect management in Kansas were recently updated and are available to the public.These publications were prepared to help producers manage insect populations with the best available methods proven practical under Kansas conditions. They are updated every year and intended for use during the current calendar year. The user should know that pesticide label directions and restrictions are subject to change, and some may have changed since the date of publication.Full versions of each fact sheet are available online, i.e. you can type into your internet search box—alfalfa insect management, ksu and it should come up.Alfalfa Insect Pest Management, Corn Insect Pest Management, Cotton Insect Pest Management, Sorghum Insect Pest Management, Soybean Insect Pest Management, Sunflower Insect Pest Management, and Wheat Insect Pest Management.The economics of control should be considered in any pest management decision. Because costs vary greatly over time and are influenced by factors beyond the scope of this publication, product cost is not a consideration for including or omitting specific insecticide products in these recommendations. Growers should compare product price, safety, and availability when making treatment decisions. Growers also need to consider the impacts of insecticides on non-target organisms like pollinators and natural enemies. Rotating insecticide groups can help combat insecticide resistance issues by leveraging different modes of action. The user bears ultimate responsibility for correct pesticide use. For proper use, always read label directions carefully before applying pesticides. Remember, using a pesticide in a manner inconsistent with the label is illegal.More information on pests covered in these publications is available at: www.entomology.k-state.edu/extension/insect-information/crop-pests/.

CAMPBELL: War Against Weeds podcast & insect management guides

If you have been following me for the last few weeks, I have been highlighting some of the forty 4-H projects that are available in Kansas! This week’s project highlights Horticulture, Fiber Arts, and Geology which are all good reasons to get outside and explore!

The Horticulture project seems like it would be just be about gardening but the curriculum starts with when, where, and what to plant and continues through selling produce, studying pollination, and food industry careers. Along the way, youth learn about cool versus warm season vegetables, plant parts, and garden tools. Youth also explore seed varieties and preventative pest control. More and more families are interested in growing their own fruit and vegetables and Horticulture is a great project for families to work together!

I love to see the continued activity in our Fiber Arts projects. These include knitting, crochet, quilting, macramé, cross-stitch and other needle work, rug-making, and spinning and weaving. During a day camp last summer at Dilly &amp; Doc, youth used a stick from the yard to make the start of a macramé plant hanger which combined Fiber Arts and Horticulture! Learning about different fibers can provide opportunities to explore how a variety of yarns are made and dyed. More advanced 4-H members may purchase wool and dye it themselves before turning it into an item as part of this project.

For youth who love to explore outdoors and always have a pocket full of treasures, the Geology project may be a great fit for them! 4-H Youth learn about rocks, minerals, and fossils. This begins in the local area and expands across Kansas and other regions as the project develops. In addition to collecting a variety of specimens, youth practice record-keeping as they log the location and type of each sample found. They also learn about geological formations as well as types and impacts of erosion. A state 4-H geology trip is scheduled each year in a different part of Kansas providing hands-on learning!

If you are interested in learning more about these or other 4-H projects, check out kansas4-h.org in the Projects section! All projects include communications skills, record keeping, career connections, and opportunities for leadership and community service!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>If you have been following me for the last few weeks, I have been highlighting some of the forty 4-H projects that are available in Kansas! This week’s project highlights Horticulture, Fiber Arts, and Geology which are all good reasons to get outside and explore!The Horticulture project seems like it would be just be about gardening but the curriculum starts with when, where, and what to plant and continues through selling produce, studying pollination, and food industry careers. Along the way, youth learn about cool versus warm season vegetables, plant parts, and garden tools. Youth also explore seed varieties and preventative pest control. More and more families are interested in growing their own fruit and vegetables and Horticulture is a great project for families to work together!I love to see the continued activity in our Fiber Arts projects. These include knitting, crochet, quilting, macramé, cross-stitch and other needle work, rug-making, and spinning and weaving. During a day camp last summer at Dilly &amp; Doc, youth used a stick from the yard to make the start of a macramé plant hanger which combined Fiber Arts and Horticulture! Learning about different fibers can provide opportunities to explore how a variety of yarns are made and dyed. More advanced 4-H members may purchase wool and dye it themselves before turning it into an item as part of this project.For youth who love to explore outdoors and always have a pocket full of treasures, the Geology project may be a great fit for them! 4-H Youth learn about rocks, minerals, and fossils. This begins in the local area and expands across Kansas and other regions as the project develops. In addition to collecting a variety of specimens, youth practice record-keeping as they log the location and type of each sample found. They also learn about geological formations as well as types and impacts of erosion. A state 4-H geology trip is scheduled each year in a different part of Kansas providing hands-on learning!If you are interested in learning more about these or other 4-H projects, check out kansas4-h.org in the Projects section! All projects include communications skills, record keeping, career connections, and opportunities for leadership and community service!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910. Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

BERAN: 4-H project highlights

Exercise is often referred to as a “miracle drug,” and some physicians have been known to write “exercise prescriptions” for their patients. The physical and mental health benefits of moving more are astounding. These range from having more energy, a better outlook on life, and getting better sleep to preventing and managing many types of chronic disease, like diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, stroke, osteoporosis, and up to eight types of cancer. Exercise is good for physical and mental health.

Often, inactivity is more to blame than age when older people lose the ability to do things on their own. Lack of physical activity also can lead to more visits to the doctor, more hospitalizations, more uses of medicines for a variety of illnesses, and more of your hard-earned dollars spent on health care. The old saying, “if you don’t use it, you lose it,” is so true when it comes to moving our bodies.

You are probably aware of these benefits, and the consequences for not being active, and yet this knowledge alone may not be enough to get you moving. Why is that?

If you approach physical activity only as a tool for improving health and losing weight, as we are socialized to do, it feels like another chore to add to your already overloaded to-do list. If you are relatively young and healthy, the threat of developing a chronic illness may be too far off to be relevant right now.

So, what is relevant at this moment? What benefits can you enjoy immediately? Are you feeling stressed and need a better way to manage? Could you benefit from time to think and clear your head? Do you feel sluggish and want more energy? Could you benefit from better sleep? How about your mood – would you like to be more positive around your family, friends and co-workers?

When you view physical activity as a means of enhancing your daily well-being, it becomes part of your life that has purpose and meaning. It becomes something you want to do, rather than a chore. It becomes a gift and something to look forward to. Not something you have to do, but rather something you get to do. Take note of how you feel after exercising. Do you feel more energized, strong, happy? Remember those feelings when it comes time to exercise and sometimes that can be the motivation to exercise again!

You also know yourself the best so finding something you enjoy doing is key. There is no one best activity for everyone, rather it is finding something you enjoy doing. Some people need to be around others to motivate them. Other people want to exercise on their own. Life will inevitably get in the way so just like everything else, perseverance can be important.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Exercise is often referred to as a “miracle drug,” and some physicians have been known to write “exercise prescriptions” for their patients. The physical and mental health benefits of moving more are astounding. These range from having more energy, a better outlook on life, and getting better sleep to preventing and managing many types of chronic disease, like diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, stroke, osteoporosis, and up to eight types of cancer. Exercise is good for physical and mental health.Often, inactivity is more to blame than age when older people lose the ability to do things on their own. Lack of physical activity also can lead to more visits to the doctor, more hospitalizations, more uses of medicines for a variety of illnesses, and more of your hard-earned dollars spent on health care. The old saying, “if you don’t use it, you lose it,” is so true when it comes to moving our bodies.You are probably aware of these benefits, and the consequences for not being active, and yet this knowledge alone may not be enough to get you moving. Why is that?If you approach physical activity only as a tool for improving health and losing weight, as we are socialized to do, it feels like another chore to add to your already overloaded to-do list. If you are relatively young and healthy, the threat of developing a chronic illness may be too far off to be relevant right now.So, what is relevant at this moment? What benefits can you enjoy immediately? Are you feeling stressed and need a better way to manage? Could you benefit from time to think and clear your head? Do you feel sluggish and want more energy? Could you benefit from better sleep? How about your mood – would you like to be more positive around your family, friends and co-workers?When you view physical activity as a means of enhancing your daily well-being, it becomes part of your life that has purpose and meaning. It becomes something you want to do, rather than a chore. It becomes a gift and something to look forward to. Not something you have to do, but rather something you get to do. Take note of how you feel after exercising. Do you feel more energized, strong, happy? Remember those feelings when it comes time to exercise and sometimes that can be the motivation to exercise again!You also know yourself the best so finding something you enjoy doing is key. There is no one best activity for everyone, rather it is finding something you enjoy doing. Some people need to be around others to motivate them. Other people want to exercise on their own. Life will inevitably get in the way so just like everything else, perseverance can be important.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Finding your why

Kansas State University Western Kansas Research and Extension Centers will host a webinar on April 4 from noon to 1 p.m. CT on decision-making for grass turnout in Western Kansas.&nbsp;

In many areas of the state, grass growth was very limited last year and continuing dry conditions in recent months raise questions about how livestock producers should plan for the coming growing season.&nbsp;

“Throughout much of 2022 and early 2023, producers have downsized herds but also shopped for forage resources from broader areas to retain as much of their herds as possible,” says Sandy Johnson, K-State extension beef specialist. “As normal grass turnout time arrives, producers are evaluating the supply of harvested forages in relationship to forage demand and when grazing will become an option again.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

Jason Warner, K-State extension beef cow-calf specialist, adds “When and how grass turnout occurs is a big decision this year as we are attempting to mitigate high prices for hay and other feeds while avoiding further damage to already stressed pastures.&nbsp; Information presented will be applicable to producers all across Kansas and surrounding areas.”&nbsp;

Keith Harmoney, K-State range scientist at Hays, has studied historical data from range research at the experiment station including droughts in the 1930s and 1950s as well as more recent droughts and will use all of this to share his thoughts on planning and decision-making for this spring.&nbsp;

The webinar is free; however, registration is required. The webinar will be recorded and available online at&nbsp;KSUBeef.org&nbsp;soon after the meeting. Register at&nbsp;<a href="https://tinyurl.com/KSUturnout" target="_blank">https://tinyurl.com/KSUturnout</a>.

<a target="_blank" href="https://tinyurl.com/KSUturnout"></a>Keith Harmoney, K-State Range Scientist at the Agricultural Research Center in Hays, has studied historical data from range research at the experiment station including droughts in the 1930’s and 1950’s as well as more recent droughts, and will use all of this to share his thoughts on planning and decision making for this spring.tinyurl.com.

More information is available from Sandy Johnson at 785-462-6281 or&nbsp;sandyj@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Kansas State University Western Kansas Research and Extension Centers will host a webinar on April 4 from noon to 1 p.m. CT on decision-making for grass turnout in Western Kansas.&nbsp;In many areas of the state, grass growth was very limited last year and continuing dry conditions in recent months raise questions about how livestock producers should plan for the coming growing season.&nbsp;“Throughout much of 2022 and early 2023, producers have downsized herds but also shopped for forage resources from broader areas to retain as much of their herds as possible,” says Sandy Johnson, K-State extension beef specialist. “As normal grass turnout time arrives, producers are evaluating the supply of harvested forages in relationship to forage demand and when grazing will become an option again.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Jason Warner, K-State extension beef cow-calf specialist, adds “When and how grass turnout occurs is a big decision this year as we are attempting to mitigate high prices for hay and other feeds while avoiding further damage to already stressed pastures.&nbsp; Information presented will be applicable to producers all across Kansas and surrounding areas.”&nbsp;Keith Harmoney, K-State range scientist at Hays, has studied historical data from range research at the experiment station including droughts in the 1930s and 1950s as well as more recent droughts and will use all of this to share his thoughts on planning and decision-making for this spring.&nbsp;The webinar is free; however, registration is required. The webinar will be recorded and available online at&nbsp;KSUBeef.org&nbsp;soon after the meeting. Register at&nbsp;<a href="https://tinyurl.com/KSUturnout" target="_blank">https://tinyurl.com/KSUturnout</a>.<a target="_blank" href="https://tinyurl.com/KSUturnout"></a>Keith Harmoney, K-State Range Scientist at the Agricultural Research Center in Hays, has studied historical data from range research at the experiment station including droughts in the 1930’s and 1950’s as well as more recent droughts, and will use all of this to share his thoughts on planning and decision making for this spring.tinyurl.com.More information is available from Sandy Johnson at 785-462-6281 or&nbsp;sandyj@ksu.edu.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.&nbsp;

BOOR: Webinar on decision making for grass turnout

Kansans that are new to vegetable gardening often don't know how much of each crop to plant. K-State Research and Extension has a publication that can help. The "Vegetable Garden Planting Guide" gives information on the size of planting needed per person and the average crop expected per 10 feet. Also included is a garden calendar highlighting suggested planting dates and expected harvest dates. Crop specific information is detailed including days to germinate, plants or seeds needed per 10 feet of row, depth of planting, spacing within the row and spacing between rows. You can find the publication at your local county extension office or online at: http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/mf315.pdf

Another, more in-depth publication titled the "Kansas Garden Guide" is also available. Newly updated, this 202-page publication has sections on planning a garden, composting, improving soil, seeding and planting, garden care, watering, planting gardens for fall production, insect and disease control, container gardening, season extension and harvesting and storing. This is followed by an extensive section on how to grow specific vegetables and herbs. You may access a free PDF copy of this publication at http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/Item.aspx?catId=534&amp;pubId=8219 . A "for pay" print copy will be provided soon at your local County or District Extension Office. These publications can also be useful for experienced gardeners as well.

Cut Back Ornamental Grasses March is a good time to remove dead foliage from ornamental grasses. Grasses green up earlier if foliage is removed and are more attractive without a mixture of dead and live leaves. A number of tools can be used including hand clippers, weed whips (if the foliage is of a small enough diameter), weed whips with a circular blade, or even a chain saw. Use the top of the chainsaw bar to cut so the saw doesn't pull in debris and clog.

Also, it is often helpful to tie foliage together before cutting so it doesn't interfere and is easier to dispose of. Burning is another option — but only if it is safe and legal to do so. Note that these grasses may not burn long, but they burn extremely hot. Even so, the crown of the plant is not damaged and new growth appears relatively quickly.

If the center of the clump shows little growth, the plant would benefit from division. Dig up the entire clump and separate. Then replant the vigorous growth found on the outer edge of the clump.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574181994278.png" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Kansans that are new to vegetable gardening often don't know how much of each crop to plant. K-State Research and Extension has a publication that can help. The "Vegetable Garden Planting Guide" gives information on the size of planting needed per person and the average crop expected per 10 feet. Also included is a garden calendar highlighting suggested planting dates and expected harvest dates. Crop specific information is detailed including days to germinate, plants or seeds needed per 10 feet of row, depth of planting, spacing within the row and spacing between rows. You can find the publication at your local county extension office or online at: http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/mf315.pdfAnother, more in-depth publication titled the "Kansas Garden Guide" is also available. Newly updated, this 202-page publication has sections on planning a garden, composting, improving soil, seeding and planting, garden care, watering, planting gardens for fall production, insect and disease control, container gardening, season extension and harvesting and storing. This is followed by an extensive section on how to grow specific vegetables and herbs. You may access a free PDF copy of this publication at http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/Item.aspx?catId=534&amp;pubId=8219 . A "for pay" print copy will be provided soon at your local County or District Extension Office. These publications can also be useful for experienced gardeners as well.Cut Back Ornamental Grasses March is a good time to remove dead foliage from ornamental grasses. Grasses green up earlier if foliage is removed and are more attractive without a mixture of dead and live leaves. A number of tools can be used including hand clippers, weed whips (if the foliage is of a small enough diameter), weed whips with a circular blade, or even a chain saw. Use the top of the chainsaw bar to cut so the saw doesn't pull in debris and clog.Also, it is often helpful to tie foliage together before cutting so it doesn't interfere and is easier to dispose of. Burning is another option — but only if it is safe and legal to do so. Note that these grasses may not burn long, but they burn extremely hot. Even so, the crown of the plant is not damaged and new growth appears relatively quickly.If the center of the clump shows little growth, the plant would benefit from division. Dig up the entire clump and separate. Then replant the vigorous growth found on the outer edge of the clump.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Help for Vegetable Gardeners

Tractor safety classes offered by Midway Extension District, Cottonwood Extension District, Post Rock Extension District, River Valley Extension District &amp; Central Kansas Extension District,&nbsp;

– This summer, thousands of Kansas teenagers will begin their first job working for a farmer or rancher. For those that are ages 14 or 15, they must complete a tractor safety course in order to be legally employed. A thirteen-year-old may enroll in the training if turning 14 before the next year’s class is offered, but the certificate will not be issued until their fourteenth birthday.&nbsp;

To help prepare some of those youth for the upcoming work season. The Midway and Cottonwood Extension Districts, will be hosting an in-person tractor safety class on April 22nd starting at 8:15 am at the Russell 4-H building 702 Fairway Dr, Russell, KS.&nbsp;

This course will meet the requirements of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Hazardous Occupations Order for Agriculture (HOOA). The HOOA regulations state that youth 14 and 15 years of age who wish to work as a hired employee for someone other than a parent or legal guardian and operate a farm tractor that is 20 HP or greater must successfully pass a tractor safety training program.&nbsp;

The course will be held on Saturday, April 22nd, starting at 8:15 am. The cost of the program is 15 dollars to cover the cost of materials for the course. Those wanting to enroll should visit and complete the “Tractor Safety Registration Form.” https://bit.ly/2023TractorSafety Enrollment is due by Friday, April 14th, for the Russell location.&nbsp;

Other tractor safety courses will be held.&nbsp;

April 29, Beloit, KS, at Carrico Implement&nbsp;

May 25, Salina, KS, at Great Plains Manufacturing&nbsp;

Prospective students can check availability and ask questions prior to registering by calling or emailing Russell Craig Dinkel cadinkel@ksu.edu, Clinton Laflin cllaflin@ksu.edu, phone at 785-472-4442 Alicia Boor aboor@ksu.edu phone 620-793-1910 Beloit Blair Todd: blairet@ksu.edu phone 785-738-3597 Kaitlyn Hildebrand: khildebrand@ksu.edu phone 785-243-8185 Salina Justine Henderson jwh04@ksu.edu, phone 785-392-2147 Jay Wisbey jwisbey@ksu.edu Phone 785-309-5850&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Tractor safety classes offered by Midway Extension District, Cottonwood Extension District, Post Rock Extension District, River Valley Extension District &amp; Central Kansas Extension District,&nbsp;– This summer, thousands of Kansas teenagers will begin their first job working for a farmer or rancher. For those that are ages 14 or 15, they must complete a tractor safety course in order to be legally employed. A thirteen-year-old may enroll in the training if turning 14 before the next year’s class is offered, but the certificate will not be issued until their fourteenth birthday.&nbsp;To help prepare some of those youth for the upcoming work season. The Midway and Cottonwood Extension Districts, will be hosting an in-person tractor safety class on April 22nd starting at 8:15 am at the Russell 4-H building 702 Fairway Dr, Russell, KS.&nbsp;This course will meet the requirements of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Hazardous Occupations Order for Agriculture (HOOA). The HOOA regulations state that youth 14 and 15 years of age who wish to work as a hired employee for someone other than a parent or legal guardian and operate a farm tractor that is 20 HP or greater must successfully pass a tractor safety training program.&nbsp;The course will be held on Saturday, April 22nd, starting at 8:15 am. The cost of the program is 15 dollars to cover the cost of materials for the course. Those wanting to enroll should visit and complete the “Tractor Safety Registration Form.” https://bit.ly/2023TractorSafety Enrollment is due by Friday, April 14th, for the Russell location.&nbsp;Other tractor safety courses will be held.&nbsp;April 29, Beloit, KS, at Carrico Implement&nbsp;May 25, Salina, KS, at Great Plains Manufacturing&nbsp;Prospective students can check availability and ask questions prior to registering by calling or emailing Russell Craig Dinkel cadinkel@ksu.edu, Clinton Laflin cllaflin@ksu.edu, phone at 785-472-4442 Alicia Boor aboor@ksu.edu phone 620-793-1910 Beloit Blair Todd: blairet@ksu.edu phone 785-738-3597 Kaitlyn Hildebrand: khildebrand@ksu.edu phone 785-243-8185 Salina Justine Henderson jwh04@ksu.edu, phone 785-392-2147 Jay Wisbey jwisbey@ksu.edu Phone 785-309-5850&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Tractor safety

On this episode of the Post Podcast, Cottonwood Extension district agent Stacy Campbell discusses upcoming tractor safety courses.

<div><iframe title="Area extension districts plans tractor safety courses for youth" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?i=ymm9n-13c4e01-pb&from=pb6admin&square=1&share=1&download=1&rtl=0&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=3267a3&size=300" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>On this episode of the Post Podcast, Cottonwood Extension district agent Stacy Campbell discusses upcoming tractor safety courses.

🎙 Post Podcast: Area Extension districts plans tractor safety courses for youth

The National Sorghum Yield Contest embraces four objectives:

· Improve sorghum yields across the country,

· Identify top sorghum producers in each state,

· Recognize growers for their outstanding yields.

This article contains information from the KSRE publication MF3615 National Sorghum Yield Contest: A Summary for Kansas. The full publication is available online at: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3615.pdf

Results - five years of data were summarized (2013-2017) from the National Sorghum Yield Contest with a focus on Kansas entries. The data analyzed comprised a total of 175 observations from 38 counties. Most entries were for dryland fields (63%) with an average yield of 139 bushels per acre. For irrigated fields, the average water application was 8 inches, with a yield of 161 bushels per acre. Data entries were split in three groups (high, medium, and low) according to their yield values.

· The high-yielding group included values from 175 to 230 bushels per acre, with an average of 190 bushels per acre.

· The medium-yielding group included values from 125 to 175 bushels per acre, with an average value of 150 bushels per acre.

· The low-yielding values ranged from 60 to 125 bushels per acre, with an average yield of 110 bushels per acre.

Grain yield reported by the National Agricultural Statistics Service from USDA for the sorghum yield from the same period (2013-2017) ranged from 59 to 91 bushels per acre. Thus, the data from the yield contest is roughly two-fold above the state average.

Conventional tillage presented similar frequencies across yield groups. The high-yielding group presented a large proportion of fields with reduced-till; yet this factor was not significant to explain the yield variations. Irrigated fields prevailed in the high-yielding group 72%; diminishing their frequency within the medium- and low-yielding groups (34 and 19%, respectively).

Crop Management -management practices explained close to 80% of the yield variation. Irrigation was the factor accounting for a large proportion of the yield variation (21%), followed by nitrogen fertilization (18%), and changes in planting date (11%). Row spacing did not vary among yield groups. Most entries (88%) presented a row spacing of 30 inches. The remaining 12% had other variations with narrower rows (10 to 20 inches). No significant yield differences were observed relating to row spacing. High-yielding planting dates ranged from May 1 to June 1. A greater proportion of late-planting dates (after June 1) were found in medium- to low-yielding groups. No distinctive pattern was found regarding plant density among yield groups Irrigated fields had higher seeding rates. Observations with nitrogen fertilization of less than 200 pounds per acre were the most frequent. These low nitrogen fertilization rates were less frequent in the high-yielding group, with the high-yielding group presenting a high frequency of high phosphorus rates (P&gt;25 pounds per acre) and lowest proportion of no phosphorus fertilization.

Summary - the reported management practices implemented by farmers in the five years (2013-2017) analyzed from the National Sorghum Yield Contest impacted the sorghum yields in different magnitudes. The result of the study indicated that the use of irrigation and adequate nitrogen fertilization is critical to maximize sorghum grain yields in Kansas. In addition, planting before June was shown to be a relevant strategy to maximize sorghum yields across the different production regions.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574181994278.png" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>The National Sorghum Yield Contest embraces four objectives:· Improve sorghum yields across the country,· Transfer knowledge between growers,· Identify top sorghum producers in each state,· Recognize growers for their outstanding yields.This article contains information from the KSRE publication MF3615 National Sorghum Yield Contest: A Summary for Kansas. The full publication is available online at: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3615.pdfResults - five years of data were summarized (2013-2017) from the National Sorghum Yield Contest with a focus on Kansas entries. The data analyzed comprised a total of 175 observations from 38 counties. Most entries were for dryland fields (63%) with an average yield of 139 bushels per acre. For irrigated fields, the average water application was 8 inches, with a yield of 161 bushels per acre. Data entries were split in three groups (high, medium, and low) according to their yield values.· The high-yielding group included values from 175 to 230 bushels per acre, with an average of 190 bushels per acre.· The medium-yielding group included values from 125 to 175 bushels per acre, with an average value of 150 bushels per acre.· The low-yielding values ranged from 60 to 125 bushels per acre, with an average yield of 110 bushels per acre.Grain yield reported by the National Agricultural Statistics Service from USDA for the sorghum yield from the same period (2013-2017) ranged from 59 to 91 bushels per acre. Thus, the data from the yield contest is roughly two-fold above the state average.Conventional tillage presented similar frequencies across yield groups. The high-yielding group presented a large proportion of fields with reduced-till; yet this factor was not significant to explain the yield variations. Irrigated fields prevailed in the high-yielding group 72%; diminishing their frequency within the medium- and low-yielding groups (34 and 19%, respectively).Crop Management -management practices explained close to 80% of the yield variation. Irrigation was the factor accounting for a large proportion of the yield variation (21%), followed by nitrogen fertilization (18%), and changes in planting date (11%). Row spacing did not vary among yield groups. Most entries (88%) presented a row spacing of 30 inches. The remaining 12% had other variations with narrower rows (10 to 20 inches). No significant yield differences were observed relating to row spacing. High-yielding planting dates ranged from May 1 to June 1. A greater proportion of late-planting dates (after June 1) were found in medium- to low-yielding groups. No distinctive pattern was found regarding plant density among yield groups Irrigated fields had higher seeding rates. Observations with nitrogen fertilization of less than 200 pounds per acre were the most frequent. These low nitrogen fertilization rates were less frequent in the high-yielding group, with the high-yielding group presenting a high frequency of high phosphorus rates (P&gt;25 pounds per acre) and lowest proportion of no phosphorus fertilization.Summary - the reported management practices implemented by farmers in the five years (2013-2017) analyzed from the National Sorghum Yield Contest impacted the sorghum yields in different magnitudes. The result of the study indicated that the use of irrigation and adequate nitrogen fertilization is critical to maximize sorghum grain yields in Kansas. In addition, planting before June was shown to be a relevant strategy to maximize sorghum yields across the different production regions.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: National Sorghum Yield Contest - A summary for Kansas

Eating healthy can be a challenge with busy lifestyles, but small changes can benefit your overall health. Kansas State University food scientist Karen Blakeslee encourages daily physical activity and replacing some foods with more nutritious options.

“The concept of nutrition includes choosing healthful foods, then after consumption, the body breaks the foods down into the nutrients that provide fuel for our bodies. So, for example, a fresh orange would be more nutritious than a can of orange soda,” Blakeslee said.

Blakeslee suggests keeping fruits and vegetables easily accessible, selecting whole grain products, drinking water or unsweetened beverages and replacing salt with spices and herbs.

Improving health at home, school or work can look like setting reminders to get up and move every hour, if possible, or using the stairs at work to add more movement, Blakeslee said.

“Every little bit counts. Try a new fruit or vegetable each week as a family,” Blakeslee said.

Blakeslee offers tips to improve nutritional decisions at home such as:

· Make a grocery list to match that plan and stick with the list.

· Eat a variety of foods from all food groups.

· If fresh produce is not available, canned, frozen or dried can be a great choice.

· Avoid meal plans that specify restricting certain foods or food groups.

· Learn to cook at home and make it a family activity. When kids actively help prepare meals, they are more likely to eat what they make.

“Remember that food and eating nutritious food should be a happy occasion to create memories and traditions,” Blakeslee said.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Eating healthy can be a challenge with busy lifestyles, but small changes can benefit your overall health. Kansas State University food scientist Karen Blakeslee encourages daily physical activity and replacing some foods with more nutritious options.“The concept of nutrition includes choosing healthful foods, then after consumption, the body breaks the foods down into the nutrients that provide fuel for our bodies. So, for example, a fresh orange would be more nutritious than a can of orange soda,” Blakeslee said.Blakeslee suggests keeping fruits and vegetables easily accessible, selecting whole grain products, drinking water or unsweetened beverages and replacing salt with spices and herbs.Improving health at home, school or work can look like setting reminders to get up and move every hour, if possible, or using the stairs at work to add more movement, Blakeslee said.“Every little bit counts. Try a new fruit or vegetable each week as a family,” Blakeslee said.Blakeslee offers tips to improve nutritional decisions at home such as:· Plan meals and snacks.· Make a grocery list to match that plan and stick with the list.· Eat a variety of foods from all food groups.· If fresh produce is not available, canned, frozen or dried can be a great choice.· Avoid meal plans that specify restricting certain foods or food groups.· Learn to cook at home and make it a family activity. When kids actively help prepare meals, they are more likely to eat what they make.“Remember that food and eating nutritious food should be a happy occasion to create memories and traditions,” Blakeslee said.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: March is National Nutrition Month

This week’s 4-H project highlight is Everything STEM! Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math cross over to so many day-to-day areas!

When we think of STEM, we usually think of robotics or Unmanned Aerial Systems but 4-H STEM project learning includes AG Mechanics (welding), Architectural Block Construction (ABC), Computer Science, Electricity/Electronics, Renewable Energy, Rocketry/Aerospace, and Small Engines!

Ag mechanics, small engines, electricity, and ABC all have the potential for pursuing jobs in welding, mechanic work, electricians, drafting, and construction! Additionally, those same interests can lead youth to pursue careers in vo-ag/vo-tech education, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, architecture or architectural engineering.

The rocketry part of the STEM project has been around the longest and helps youth explore all the pieces of aerospace.

You never know what youth with an interest in renewable energy or unmanned aerial systems will develop the next technology to solve issues for all of us! An important part of the STEM project areas is to develop with scientific skills of hypothesis, experimentation, recording of results and the always important, patience and perseverance.

When I think of the wealth of STEM-related jobs in our area, I am amazed at the opportunities. Many manufacturing jobs require STEM skills or understanding to progress. Crop and livestock companies are increasingly using unmanned aerial systems to check watersheds, irrigation systems, and pest or weed management issues without needing to disturb the soil. There is always a need for good electricians and builders!

In particular, the Ag Mechanics/Welding area has really grown in the last year and I’m excited to continue to see that growth. ABC continues to challenge youth to think spatially and sets them up for construction work, architecture, or construction science. Rocketry will continue to be one of our bigger STEM project areas as it includes the fun of building and then launching your creation!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>This week’s 4-H project highlight is Everything STEM! Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math cross over to so many day-to-day areas!When we think of STEM, we usually think of robotics or Unmanned Aerial Systems but 4-H STEM project learning includes AG Mechanics (welding), Architectural Block Construction (ABC), Computer Science, Electricity/Electronics, Renewable Energy, Rocketry/Aerospace, and Small Engines!Ag mechanics, small engines, electricity, and ABC all have the potential for pursuing jobs in welding, mechanic work, electricians, drafting, and construction! Additionally, those same interests can lead youth to pursue careers in vo-ag/vo-tech education, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, architecture or architectural engineering.The rocketry part of the STEM project has been around the longest and helps youth explore all the pieces of aerospace.You never know what youth with an interest in renewable energy or unmanned aerial systems will develop the next technology to solve issues for all of us! An important part of the STEM project areas is to develop with scientific skills of hypothesis, experimentation, recording of results and the always important, patience and perseverance.When I think of the wealth of STEM-related jobs in our area, I am amazed at the opportunities. Many manufacturing jobs require STEM skills or understanding to progress. Crop and livestock companies are increasingly using unmanned aerial systems to check watersheds, irrigation systems, and pest or weed management issues without needing to disturb the soil. There is always a need for good electricians and builders!In particular, the Ag Mechanics/Welding area has really grown in the last year and I’m excited to continue to see that growth. ABC continues to challenge youth to think spatially and sets them up for construction work, architecture, or construction science. Rocketry will continue to be one of our bigger STEM project areas as it includes the fun of building and then launching your creation!If you are interested in learning more about these or other 4-H projects, check out kansas4-h.org in the Projects section! All projects include communications skills, record keeping, career connections, and opportunities for leadership and community service!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910. Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

BERAN: 4-H project highlight - Everything STEM

As our weather warms, alfalfa producers are reminded to eliminate weeds in their fields before plants break dormancy. Herbicides for controlling winter annual weeds such as pennycress, mustards and shepherd's purse should be applied before alfalfa regrowth reaches 2 inches of height. If alfalfa shoots are green when sprayed, its growth may be set back a couple weeks.

Broadleaf weeds can lower yields, reduce hay quality and slow first-cutting alfalfa dry-down. Grassy weeds such as downy brome, cheatgrass and bromegrass can have even higher impact on lowering hay quality.

If your alfalfa variety is Roundup Ready, then glyphosate can be applied to the alfalfa almost any time without harming the fields. Fortunately, if you treat your alfalfa soon, you can have cleaner, healthier alfalfa at first cutting.

Before spraying these weeds, be sure they are causing economic damage to your crop. Spraying will provide a purer alfalfa stand but may reduce your overall total tonnage.

Our new 2023 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, Rangeland, and Noncropland guide, lists herbicides labelled to control weeds in alfalfa. To be most successful, apply herbicides before alfalfa shoots green up this spring to avoid alfalfa injury. If it does get late, use either Raptor or Pursuit, because they tend to cause less injury to your alfalfa.

Get ready to control unwanted weeds now before alfalfa plants break dormancy. Spray timing is critical.

Eggs will hatch after about 300 growing degree days, a physiological measurement of temperature. That puts the newly hatched weevils in farmer’s field roughly in late March. It soon will be time to start scouting your alfalfa fields.

Alfalfa weevils leave behind tiny holes – about the size of a pin prick – in the leaves of alfalfa plants.

It is recommended that producers wait until there is a 30-50% infestation of alfalfa weevils in a field before deciding to spray. To test the infestation level, pick stems and then vigorously shake them into a white bucket to count the number of larvae that fall off.

If a producer shakes 10 stems but only counts 2 larvae, then there is a 20% infestation level and should be checked within the next 4-5 days, depending on temperatures. Ideally it is recommended to do this sampling in at least 2 to 3 different areas or spots in the field to get a better estimation.

“Don’t go out there and spray too early,” advises Jeff Whitworth, Extension Entomologist. “These insecticides only last 10-14 days.”

He recommends checking the weather forecast before treating for weevils. “Anytime the temperature gets down into the mid-20s, the young larvae will be killed.”

If rain is forecast in the coming 3-4 days, Whitworth suggests holding off on spraying.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574181994278.png" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>As our weather warms, alfalfa producers are reminded to eliminate weeds in their fields before plants break dormancy. Herbicides for controlling winter annual weeds such as pennycress, mustards and shepherd's purse should be applied before alfalfa regrowth reaches 2 inches of height. If alfalfa shoots are green when sprayed, its growth may be set back a couple weeks.Broadleaf weeds can lower yields, reduce hay quality and slow first-cutting alfalfa dry-down. Grassy weeds such as downy brome, cheatgrass and bromegrass can have even higher impact on lowering hay quality.If your alfalfa variety is Roundup Ready, then glyphosate can be applied to the alfalfa almost any time without harming the fields. Fortunately, if you treat your alfalfa soon, you can have cleaner, healthier alfalfa at first cutting.Before spraying these weeds, be sure they are causing economic damage to your crop. Spraying will provide a purer alfalfa stand but may reduce your overall total tonnage.Our new 2023 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, Rangeland, and Noncropland guide, lists herbicides labelled to control weeds in alfalfa. To be most successful, apply herbicides before alfalfa shoots green up this spring to avoid alfalfa injury. If it does get late, use either Raptor or Pursuit, because they tend to cause less injury to your alfalfa.Get ready to control unwanted weeds now before alfalfa plants break dormancy. Spray timing is critical.Alfalfa weevils start scouting soonEggs will hatch after about 300 growing degree days, a physiological measurement of temperature. That puts the newly hatched weevils in farmer’s field roughly in late March. It soon will be time to start scouting your alfalfa fields.Alfalfa weevils leave behind tiny holes – about the size of a pin prick – in the leaves of alfalfa plants.It is recommended that producers wait until there is a 30-50% infestation of alfalfa weevils in a field before deciding to spray. To test the infestation level, pick stems and then vigorously shake them into a white bucket to count the number of larvae that fall off.If a producer shakes 10 stems but only counts 2 larvae, then there is a 20% infestation level and should be checked within the next 4-5 days, depending on temperatures. Ideally it is recommended to do this sampling in at least 2 to 3 different areas or spots in the field to get a better estimation.“Don’t go out there and spray too early,” advises Jeff Whitworth, Extension Entomologist. “These insecticides only last 10-14 days.”He recommends checking the weather forecast before treating for weevils. “Anytime the temperature gets down into the mid-20s, the young larvae will be killed.”If rain is forecast in the coming 3-4 days, Whitworth suggests holding off on spraying.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Dormant spraying alfalfa weeds

Walk Kansas is an eight-week challenge focusing on physical activity and healthy eating. Walking or running or biking more than 400 miles across the state of Kansas over the next eight weeks would seem a bit intimidating to most folks.

Yet, an estimated 5,000 people in Kansas and beyond are gearing up to do just that as part of a popular program that kicks off on March 26.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Walk Kansas is an eight-week challenge focusing on physical activity and healthy eating. Walking or running or biking more than 400 miles across the state of Kansas over the next eight weeks would seem a bit intimidating to most folks.Yet, an estimated 5,000 people in Kansas and beyond are gearing up to do just that as part of a popular program that kicks off on March 26.Walk Kansas, a team-based challenge that encourages teams of six to exercise and live more healthfully while working toward a common goal, will run through May 20. Registration is available online through the end of March. The cost is $10 per person.“When we created Walk Kansas in 2001, we were looking at the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, which recommend a minimum 150 minutes of activity per week,” said Sharolyn Jackson, a K-State Research and Extension northeast area specialist and the state leader for Walk Kansas for more than two decades.“So we determined that if six people would collectively meet the minimum guidelines of physical activity, they could virtually walk across the state of Kansas, which is 423 miles, in about eight weeks.”Jackson said many forms of activity count toward “miles” accumulated. She said miles are calculated based on minutes of activity, with adjustments for moderate or vigorous forms of activity. To reach 150 minutes a week, she urges participants to make a goal to exercise 20-30 minutes per day.“We count any type of activity that gets your heart beating a little bit faster, or exerting energy to where you can carry on a conversation just barely, but you can’t sing; that’s the moderate intensity level,” she said. “And vigorous activity also gives real benefits, such as short bursts of 30 seconds to a minute while you’re walking; you can kind of gauge vigorous exercise by whether you can say a few words but not really carry on a conversation.”This year’s program offers four Walk Kansas routes:· Route 1 is 435 miles past Eight Wonders of Kansas. An online map shows team members some of the sights they’ll pass as they work toward their goal. Teams can reach this goal by meeting the minimum guideline of 150 minutes per week for each team member.· Route 2 is new this year – and actually begins in New Mexico. The distance covered is 640 miles and requires 200 minutes per week for each team member.· Route 3 challenges teams to cover 764 miles, beginning in the northeast corner of Kansas and finishing in the southwest corner. It requires about 240 minutes of exercise per week for each team member.· Route 4 is called the Little Balkans route, beginning in southeast Kansas to Nicodemus, with numerous turns. Those teams ambitious enough to take on this challenge will cover 1,200 miles – or six hours of exercise per week, per person.There is also a solo trail for those who don’t have a team, or just prefer to take on the challenge themselves. Participants do not have to live in Kansas to be on a team or to do the solo challenge.In addition to tracking their minutes of activity, participants are asked to report the number of cups of fruits and vegetables and, optionally, water they consume weekly. Participants are also encouraged to add in some type of strength exercise at least two days per week.From April 2 through May 14 – Weeks 2 through 7 of Walk Kansas – Jackson said organizers will offer a weekly webinar on healthy eating, focusing on the Mediterranean eating style. The course is called Med Instead of Meds,’ to reflect the goal to help participants learn ways to potentially replace medications with healthy eating.Please call or email if you have questions!Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.