There has been an increase of insect infestations this growing season around the state. Two of the more widespread pests have been lepidoptera larvae (worms): the fall armyworm and the armyworm. These pests could become problematic for our fall planted wheat and alfalfa.

Fall armyworm (FAW) - adults are a light brown/dark brown mottled color and are typical of the noctuid moths, which mainly hide during the day and fly around depositing eggs at night. Adults cause no problems other than depositing the eggs from which the voracious feeding larvae hatch. These larvae feed on just about anything green and have been a problem this year, mainly in brome fields and other grassy areas in Eastern KS. Larvae can be identified by the 4 dark spots, in the form of a square, on the top of the 8th abdominal segment.

In our area there are significant populations of FAW feeding in sorghum heads and as wheat planting approaches, fall armyworm problems are possible. However, reportedly, FAWs do not overwinter in Kansas. Thus, we may have one more generation of FAWs, but hopefully, most adults have emerged by the middle of September and migrate to overwintering sites without causing any damage to wheat, says Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomologist.

Armyworms (ARW) - adults are mostly light brown with a white spot on each forewing. Larvae are darker with several conspicuous light-colored stripes on both sides of their bodies, and they present a somewhat different problem than the FAW, because they do overwinter in Kansas. Therefore, the larvae may be around when the 2025 planted crop germinates. Thus, planting as late as possible is important, as is destroying all volunteer wheat well before wheat planting begins. This is also important because it is the female moth that initiates the infestation by where she deposits her eggs, and she won't deposit any eggs unless she detects some greenery for a potential food source for the developing larvae. From past experience with armyworm infestations, they may continue to feed until temperatures dip into the mid-20s °F for a couple of hours. Armyworms seem to overwinter mostly as mature larvae, but it has been reported that they can also overwinter as pupae and/or adults. Thus, fall armyworms should not be a problem for the fall-planted wheat crop, but armyworms might be, especially in early-planted fields, says Whitworth.

Army cutworms - one other worm to consider is the Army cutworm. These moths migrate back into Kansas in the fall, looking for any greenery on which to deposit their eggs. So, they will not be the same problem as armyworms, as their feeding will be ending this fall, but the army cutworms will just be starting their feeding and culminate in the common "Miller moths" in the spring.

The best ways to help mitigate an infestation in fall-planted wheat from any of these worms are to plant as late as possible and destroy all volunteer wheat well before any wheat is planted in your area.

Information provided by Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomology Specialist.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>There has been an increase of insect infestations this growing season around the state. Two of the more widespread pests have been lepidoptera larvae (worms): the fall armyworm and the armyworm. These pests could become problematic for our fall planted wheat and alfalfa.Fall armyworm (FAW) - adults are a light brown/dark brown mottled color and are typical of the noctuid moths, which mainly hide during the day and fly around depositing eggs at night. Adults cause no problems other than depositing the eggs from which the voracious feeding larvae hatch. These larvae feed on just about anything green and have been a problem this year, mainly in brome fields and other grassy areas in Eastern KS. Larvae can be identified by the 4 dark spots, in the form of a square, on the top of the 8th abdominal segment.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/9/1757047440663.jpeg" alt="Fall armyworm" />
 <figcaption>Fall armyworm</figcaption>
 </figure>In our area there are significant populations of FAW feeding in sorghum heads and as wheat planting approaches, fall armyworm problems are possible. However, reportedly, FAWs do not overwinter in Kansas. Thus, we may have one more generation of FAWs, but hopefully, most adults have emerged by the middle of September and migrate to overwintering sites without causing any damage to wheat, says Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomologist.Armyworms (ARW) - adults are mostly light brown with a white spot on each forewing. Larvae are darker with several conspicuous light-colored stripes on both sides of their bodies, and they present a somewhat different problem than the FAW, because they do overwinter in Kansas. Therefore, the larvae may be around when the 2025 planted crop germinates. Thus, planting as late as possible is important, as is destroying all volunteer wheat well before wheat planting begins. This is also important because it is the female moth that initiates the infestation by where she deposits her eggs, and she won't deposit any eggs unless she detects some greenery for a potential food source for the developing larvae. From past experience with armyworm infestations, they may continue to feed until temperatures dip into the mid-20s °F for a couple of hours. Armyworms seem to overwinter mostly as mature larvae, but it has been reported that they can also overwinter as pupae and/or adults. Thus, fall armyworms should not be a problem for the fall-planted wheat crop, but armyworms might be, especially in early-planted fields, says Whitworth.Army cutworms - one other worm to consider is the Army cutworm. These moths migrate back into Kansas in the fall, looking for any greenery on which to deposit their eggs. So, they will not be the same problem as armyworms, as their feeding will be ending this fall, but the army cutworms will just be starting their feeding and culminate in the common "Miller moths" in the spring.The best ways to help mitigate an infestation in fall-planted wheat from any of these worms are to plant as late as possible and destroy all volunteer wheat well before any wheat is planted in your area.Information provided by Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomology Specialist.

CAMPBELL: Worrisome worms for wheat producers

Navigating the unknown for the stocker operator and fueling performance from the inside out are among topics planned for the 2025 Kansas State University Beef Stocker Field Day on Thursday, Sept. 25. 

The conference will take place at the K-State Beef Stocker Unit. Registration is $25 and due Sept. 11. Walk-in registration is available for $35. To register, go to asi.ksu.edu/stockerfieldday. For more information, contact Katie Smith at 785-532-1267 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:katiesmith@ksu.edu">katiesmith@ksu.edu</a>.

“The 26th&nbsp;annual K-State Beef Stocker Field Day is geared towards providing the most updated information to beef producers as possible,” said Dale Blasi, K-State professor of animal sciences and industry, and beef cattle extension specialist. “The morning session will dive deep into the current beef market and what might be coming down the road. Attendees will learn more about K-State’s work devoted to growing beef cattle and beef x dairy calves.”

The day will start with a welcome at 10:30 a.m. and will conclude around 5 p.m. This year’s event is sponsored by Kemin.

Topics for this year’s agenda include: &nbsp; ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Navigating the Unknown for the Stocker Operator. ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fueling Performance from the Inside Out: Gut Integrity and Micronutrients Support. ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Making Treatment Choices for Reducing BRD and Death Loss.·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Theileria, the Anaplasmosis of Stocker Cattle. ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Managing Growth in the Dry Lot – the K-State Program Feeding Approach. ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Beef x Dairy Growing Strategies.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Navigating the unknown for the stocker operator and fueling performance from the inside out are among topics planned for the 2025 Kansas State University Beef Stocker Field Day on Thursday, Sept. 25. The conference will take place at the K-State Beef Stocker Unit. Registration is $25 and due Sept. 11. Walk-in registration is available for $35. To register, go to asi.ksu.edu/stockerfieldday. For more information, contact Katie Smith at 785-532-1267 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:katiesmith@ksu.edu">katiesmith@ksu.edu</a>.“The 26th&nbsp;annual K-State Beef Stocker Field Day is geared towards providing the most updated information to beef producers as possible,” said Dale Blasi, K-State professor of animal sciences and industry, and beef cattle extension specialist. “The morning session will dive deep into the current beef market and what might be coming down the road. Attendees will learn more about K-State’s work devoted to growing beef cattle and beef x dairy calves.”The day will start with a welcome at 10:30 a.m. and will conclude around 5 p.m. This year’s event is sponsored by Kemin.Topics for this year’s agenda include: &nbsp; ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Navigating the Unknown for the Stocker Operator. ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fueling Performance from the Inside Out: Gut Integrity and Micronutrients Support. ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Making Treatment Choices for Reducing BRD and Death Loss.·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Theileria, the Anaplasmosis of Stocker Cattle. ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Managing Growth in the Dry Lot – the K-State Program Feeding Approach. ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Beef x Dairy Growing Strategies.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: K-State Beef Stocker Field Day scheduled for Sept. 25

Changes in income, increased expenses, and other financial stresses can be overwhelming.

We have several publications available that can help identify opportunities and provide insight into coping with and handling tough financial times.

One of these, “When Your Income Drops: Coping With Stress,” was just updated in August and includes some ways to understand and help in addressing financial situations. None of us handle finances or financial stress in the exact same way. This can create additional stress within a household when all are not on the same page. This publication is part of a series which include additional topics such as “Making Ends Meet”, “Don’t Panic; Take Control”, and “Sharpening Survival Skills”.

Another publication that can be useful for any household is “How Are You Doing? A Financial Checkup”. It notes that a financial checkup is just as important as a physical checkup and can help identify problems, chart progress, and outline action steps to achieve goals. It is a great tool for helping with a household discussion about priorities and financial management. It covers great information highlighting a tax checkup, credit checkup, insurance checkup, a retirement checkup, and an investment checkup.

We don’t have any workshops planned for the immediate future on financial planning or budgeting so let us know if we can provide a resource or guide to help in navigating financial stresses.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Changes in income, increased expenses, and other financial stresses can be overwhelming.We have several publications available that can help identify opportunities and provide insight into coping with and handling tough financial times.One of these, “When Your Income Drops: Coping With Stress,” was just updated in August and includes some ways to understand and help in addressing financial situations. None of us handle finances or financial stress in the exact same way. This can create additional stress within a household when all are not on the same page. This publication is part of a series which include additional topics such as “Making Ends Meet”, “Don’t Panic; Take Control”, and “Sharpening Survival Skills”.Another publication that can be useful for any household is “How Are You Doing? A Financial Checkup”. It notes that a financial checkup is just as important as a physical checkup and can help identify problems, chart progress, and outline action steps to achieve goals. It is a great tool for helping with a household discussion about priorities and financial management. It covers great information highlighting a tax checkup, credit checkup, insurance checkup, a retirement checkup, and an investment checkup.We don’t have any workshops planned for the immediate future on financial planning or budgeting so let us know if we can provide a resource or guide to help in navigating financial stresses.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: K-State Extension offers several materials to help with financial stress

As crops are actively growing, it is critical to regularly monitor fields. For example, most of the Kansas corn crops are in the tasseling (VT) to grain filling (R1-R4) stages right now, which are the critical stages for determining final yield. During the transitional phase from vegetative to reproductive development (VT), any possible stresses such as drought, flooding, disease, pests, and nutrient deficiencies during this window may lead to fewer kernels per ear, lighter test weight, and ultimately lower crop yield. Therefore, proper monitoring during this phase can help with early stress detection and crop yield estimation.

Thanks to modern precision agriculture technologies such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly called ‘drones’, fields can be monitored more rapidly, frequently, and more precisely compared to traditional visual inspection by walking the field. Drones can detect the pattern and uniformity of crop growth and identify the problem areas more quickly and precisely.

What is drone-based remote sensing? Drone-based remote sensing involves using a drone equipped with a sensor (camera) to collect images and information by flying over your farm or field without touching the crop or ground. The camera senses light color reflectance from below across a range of wavelengths, both visible and invisible to human eyes. Visible light includes red, green, and blue light. However, it is near infrared (NIR) light, which is not visible, that can be used to detect plant growth and vigor. When the plant is green and healthy, it reflects more NIR light and absorbs red light for photosynthesis. However, when a plant is stressed or less green, the reflection pattern of NIR is just the opposite, as it reflects less NIR light. Such light reflectance values from plant canopies are also used in various equations to calculate vegetation indices (VIs) to assess plant health, greenness, biomass, etc.

Using these thresholds, crop growth can be monitored, and areas of the field that need specific attention can be identified to support decision-making. However, one issue with NDVI maps at the later growth stage of the crop is ‘NDVI Saturation’. This is the crop growth stage at which NDVI reaches the peak level, and it remains the same even when chlorophyll content changes. In this case, Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE) indices can be more reliable, as it is more sensitive than NDVI to small changes in chlorophyll content.

Conclusion -visual inspections by walking around the field are quite challenging as they are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and potentially less precise/accurate when limited to a small area of the field. Moreover, such visual inspection or scouting is even more impossible for crops like corn, as they are tall, dense, and have a closed canopy when they reach tasseling and begin grain filling. Therefore, drone-collected imagery at the later growth stage of the crop can help to understand the temporal and spatial variability in crop growth and vigor and yield estimation. Information provided by Deepak Joshi, Precision Ag Extension Specialist.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>As crops are actively growing, it is critical to regularly monitor fields. For example, most of the Kansas corn crops are in the tasseling (VT) to grain filling (R1-R4) stages right now, which are the critical stages for determining final yield. During the transitional phase from vegetative to reproductive development (VT), any possible stresses such as drought, flooding, disease, pests, and nutrient deficiencies during this window may lead to fewer kernels per ear, lighter test weight, and ultimately lower crop yield. Therefore, proper monitoring during this phase can help with early stress detection and crop yield estimation.Thanks to modern precision agriculture technologies such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly called ‘drones’, fields can be monitored more rapidly, frequently, and more precisely compared to traditional visual inspection by walking the field. Drones can detect the pattern and uniformity of crop growth and identify the problem areas more quickly and precisely.What is drone-based remote sensing? Drone-based remote sensing involves using a drone equipped with a sensor (camera) to collect images and information by flying over your farm or field without touching the crop or ground. The camera senses light color reflectance from below across a range of wavelengths, both visible and invisible to human eyes. Visible light includes red, green, and blue light. However, it is near infrared (NIR) light, which is not visible, that can be used to detect plant growth and vigor. When the plant is green and healthy, it reflects more NIR light and absorbs red light for photosynthesis. However, when a plant is stressed or less green, the reflection pattern of NIR is just the opposite, as it reflects less NIR light. Such light reflectance values from plant canopies are also used in various equations to calculate vegetation indices (VIs) to assess plant health, greenness, biomass, etc.Using these thresholds, crop growth can be monitored, and areas of the field that need specific attention can be identified to support decision-making. However, one issue with NDVI maps at the later growth stage of the crop is ‘NDVI Saturation’. This is the crop growth stage at which NDVI reaches the peak level, and it remains the same even when chlorophyll content changes. In this case, Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE) indices can be more reliable, as it is more sensitive than NDVI to small changes in chlorophyll content.Conclusion -visual inspections by walking around the field are quite challenging as they are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and potentially less precise/accurate when limited to a small area of the field. Moreover, such visual inspection or scouting is even more impossible for crops like corn, as they are tall, dense, and have a closed canopy when they reach tasseling and begin grain filling. Therefore, drone-collected imagery at the later growth stage of the crop can help to understand the temporal and spatial variability in crop growth and vigor and yield estimation. Information provided by Deepak Joshi, Precision Ag Extension Specialist.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Crop monitoring with drone-based remote sensing technology

September is the best time to give cool-season grasses in Kansas a boost, but homeowners should take note of an important fact before choosing which variety to plant.

Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini urges homeowners to read the label on the bag of seed before re-seeding the lawn.

“Depending on the seed quality,” she said, “you could be planting weeds along with the desired grass.”

She adds: “Check the percentage of weed seed listed. This will tell you how much weed you will be introducing if you plant this seed mix. For example, if this number is 0.5% weed seed, approximately 12-16 weeds will be planted per square foot.”

Domenghini suggests looking for seed that lists weed seed at less than 0.01%, but 0% is best.

“Check the listing for ‘Other Crop’ on the label, as well, and choose a grass seed with a low percentage,” Domenghini said, noting that ‘Other Crop’ includes any species grown intentionally such as turf and pasture grasses.

Some species of grassy weeds qualify as ‘Other Crop’ and legally do not have to be named if they constitute less than 5% of the contents. ‘Other Crop’ can also include more desirable species that won’t impact the lawn.

“But,” Domenghini notes, “without knowing what is included, it’s best to choose a seed where this number is as close to zero as possible. Quality seed typically has 0.01% ‘Other Crop’ or less.”

Domenghini shared more tips for seeding fall lawns:

· Use recommended seeding rates and distribute well. Seeding at a rate higher than recommended can cause issues with disease and environmental stress.

· Good seed to soil contact is critical. Aeration prior to seeding is one way to promote this. Topdressing and raking to cover seed are other good methods.

· Light, frequent irrigation is necessary the first few weeks after planting and may be required several times daily. Soil should remain moist, but not waterlogged.

· Minimize traffic on the area until seedlings are ready to be mowed. Begin mowing once seedlings reach 3-4 inches tall.

· Prior to planting, mow the area low (1 to 1 ½ inches) to reduce competition with seedlings and help improve seed contact with soil.

· Water light, but often, keeping soil moist but not waterlogged.

· Use a quick-release source of nitrogen.

· Apply 1 to 1 ½ pounds of actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet.

· Soil should be moist, but not saturated.

· Holes should be 2-3 inches apart and 2 ½ to 3 inches deep.

· Cores can be left on surface and will break down naturally.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>September is the best time to give cool-season grasses in Kansas a boost, but homeowners should take note of an important fact before choosing which variety to plant.Not all grass seed is created equal.Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini urges homeowners to read the label on the bag of seed before re-seeding the lawn.“Depending on the seed quality,” she said, “you could be planting weeds along with the desired grass.”She adds: “Check the percentage of weed seed listed. This will tell you how much weed you will be introducing if you plant this seed mix. For example, if this number is 0.5% weed seed, approximately 12-16 weeds will be planted per square foot.”Domenghini suggests looking for seed that lists weed seed at less than 0.01%, but 0% is best.“Check the listing for ‘Other Crop’ on the label, as well, and choose a grass seed with a low percentage,” Domenghini said, noting that ‘Other Crop’ includes any species grown intentionally such as turf and pasture grasses.Some species of grassy weeds qualify as ‘Other Crop’ and legally do not have to be named if they constitute less than 5% of the contents. ‘Other Crop’ can also include more desirable species that won’t impact the lawn.“But,” Domenghini notes, “without knowing what is included, it’s best to choose a seed where this number is as close to zero as possible. Quality seed typically has 0.01% ‘Other Crop’ or less.”Domenghini shared more tips for seeding fall lawns:Seeding new lawns· Use recommended seeding rates and distribute well. Seeding at a rate higher than recommended can cause issues with disease and environmental stress.· Good seed to soil contact is critical. Aeration prior to seeding is one way to promote this. Topdressing and raking to cover seed are other good methods.· Light, frequent irrigation is necessary the first few weeks after planting and may be required several times daily. Soil should remain moist, but not waterlogged.· Minimize traffic on the area until seedlings are ready to be mowed. Begin mowing once seedlings reach 3-4 inches tall.Overseeding an existing lawn· Prior to planting, mow the area low (1 to 1 ½ inches) to reduce competition with seedlings and help improve seed contact with soil.· Water light, but often, keeping soil moist but not waterlogged.Fertilize cool-season grasses· Use a quick-release source of nitrogen.· Apply 1 to 1 ½ pounds of actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet.Core-aerating· Soil should be moist, but not saturated.· Holes should be 2-3 inches apart and 2 ½ to 3 inches deep.· Cores can be left on surface and will break down naturally.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: September an important month when it comes to your yard

As work-life balance becomes a central concern for employees across industries, family-friendly workplace policies are gaining ground. More employers are recognizing that supporting workers in their roles as parents and caregivers leads to higher productivity, lower turnover, and stronger workplace morale.

In recent years, the demand for family-friendly benefits has surged, driven largely by the changing demographics of the workforce. The rise of dual-income households increased remote work, and shifting expectations among younger employees have all contributed to a growing call for more flexible and accommodating work environments.

Family-friendly workplaces typically offer a range of supportive policies, including flexible scheduling, breastfeeding support, paid parental leave, childcare assistance, bring infants to work program and hybrid or remote work options. Some companies have gone further, adding on-site childcare centers, eldercare support, and expanded mental health services tailored to family needs.

These changes are not limited to large corporations. Small and mid-sized businesses, as well as public sector organizations, are changing their policies. Many are finding that even incremental improvements—such as allowing for staggered shifts, job-sharing arrangements, or part-time options—can make a meaningful difference for employees managing family responsibilities.

One of the most common and impactful changes has been the normalization of flexible work hours. By allowing employees to adjust their schedules to fit caregiving duties, employers are reducing burnout and absenteeism while improving engagement. Remote and hybrid work arrangements have also become standard in many industries, enabling parents to better manage daily routines without compromising their professional responsibilities.

Paid parental leave is another area of focus. More companies are now offering extended leave periods for both mothers and fathers, moving beyond the minimum requirements set by law.

In addition to supporting employees during major life events like childbirth or adoption, many employers are also addressing everyday challenges families face. Subsidized childcare, backup care options, and dependent care flexible spending accounts are helping working parents manage rising care costs.

The shift toward family-friendly workplaces has demonstrated clear business benefits. Companies that offer robust support for families often see improved employee retention and increased loyalty. Workers who feel their needs are recognized and accommodated tend to be more engaged and committed to their roles, contributing to overall organizational performance.

Despite the progress, some challenges remain. Implementing family-focused policies can be difficult in industries that rely on fixed shifts or in-person operations. Budget constraints also limit what some small businesses can offer. However, many organizations are finding that creative solutions and a culture of flexibility can still deliver meaningful support without requiring large investments.

As expectations around work continue to evolve, family-friendly policies are becoming not just a competitive advantage, but a workplace standard. Employers who adapt to these changes are positioning themselves to attract and retain a more diverse, satisfied, and resilient workforce. Click the links for more information about Family Friendly Workplaces at All in For Kansas Kids or Kansas Children’s Service League.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu

K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>As work-life balance becomes a central concern for employees across industries, family-friendly workplace policies are gaining ground. More employers are recognizing that supporting workers in their roles as parents and caregivers leads to higher productivity, lower turnover, and stronger workplace morale.In recent years, the demand for family-friendly benefits has surged, driven largely by the changing demographics of the workforce. The rise of dual-income households increased remote work, and shifting expectations among younger employees have all contributed to a growing call for more flexible and accommodating work environments.Family-friendly workplaces typically offer a range of supportive policies, including flexible scheduling, breastfeeding support, paid parental leave, childcare assistance, bring infants to work program and hybrid or remote work options. Some companies have gone further, adding on-site childcare centers, eldercare support, and expanded mental health services tailored to family needs.These changes are not limited to large corporations. Small and mid-sized businesses, as well as public sector organizations, are changing their policies. Many are finding that even incremental improvements—such as allowing for staggered shifts, job-sharing arrangements, or part-time options—can make a meaningful difference for employees managing family responsibilities.One of the most common and impactful changes has been the normalization of flexible work hours. By allowing employees to adjust their schedules to fit caregiving duties, employers are reducing burnout and absenteeism while improving engagement. Remote and hybrid work arrangements have also become standard in many industries, enabling parents to better manage daily routines without compromising their professional responsibilities.Paid parental leave is another area of focus. More companies are now offering extended leave periods for both mothers and fathers, moving beyond the minimum requirements set by law.In addition to supporting employees during major life events like childbirth or adoption, many employers are also addressing everyday challenges families face. Subsidized childcare, backup care options, and dependent care flexible spending accounts are helping working parents manage rising care costs.The shift toward family-friendly workplaces has demonstrated clear business benefits. Companies that offer robust support for families often see improved employee retention and increased loyalty. Workers who feel their needs are recognized and accommodated tend to be more engaged and committed to their roles, contributing to overall organizational performance.Despite the progress, some challenges remain. Implementing family-focused policies can be difficult in industries that rely on fixed shifts or in-person operations. Budget constraints also limit what some small businesses can offer. However, many organizations are finding that creative solutions and a culture of flexibility can still deliver meaningful support without requiring large investments.As expectations around work continue to evolve, family-friendly policies are becoming not just a competitive advantage, but a workplace standard. Employers who adapt to these changes are positioning themselves to attract and retain a more diverse, satisfied, and resilient workforce. Click the links for more information about Family Friendly Workplaces at All in For Kansas Kids or Kansas Children’s Service League.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.eduK-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Family-friendly workplaces gaining ground

Cereal rye can provide excellent weed suppression as a cover crop; however, it should be handled carefully. Cereal rye can be introduced into a wheat field by contamination of harvest or seed conditioning equipment, dry fertilizer spreaders, or drills. Seeds and pollen can also be moved by wind or other natural means.

Cereal rye is very similar to wheat in terms of life cycle, growth requirements, and appearance. There are a few features that distinguish rye from wheat:

· Plant height: Cereal rye is generally taller than winter wheat.

· Seed heads: Rye seed heads are usually longer and thinner.

· Ligule: The ligule of cereal rye lacks the fringe of hairs that winter wheat has.

· Auricles: Cereal rye does not have prominent auricles, unlike winter wheat.

· Seed characteristics: Rye seeds are longer than wheat seeds and typically have a yellow or greenish shade, rather than red.

These differences can help with identifying cereal rye in the field.

Chemical control of cereal rye in wheat is limited to herbicide-tolerant varieties (discussed later in this article). Because there are few herbicide options in crops, preventing the introduction of cereal rye into wheat fields is critical. Cleaning equipment and planting weed-free seed are two important measures. Hand rouging has long been used to remove cereal rye from wheat prior to harvest. Crop rotation is also important for controlling cereal rye and other winter annual grass weeds. Cereal rye emerging during a fallow phase of the rotation can be controlled with glyphosate. If cereal rye is present in wheat stubble, atrazine can be used if the following crop will be corn or sorghum.

Herbicide-tolerant wheat varieties Clearfield wheat varieties allow the use of Beyond (imazamox). Imazamox is more effective on other cool-season grass weeds and only provides suppression of cereal rye. If you choose a Clearfield variety, be sure to spray before rye tillers and use a nitrogen fertilizer (up to 50% of the spray solution). Two applications (4 fl oz in the fall and 4 fl oz in the spring) will provide better control than a single application. If a single application is used, apply Beyond at the maximum single-use rate of 6 fl oz. However, it is important to note that imazamox resistance has been confirmed in cereal rye from Colorado.

CoAXium wheat varieties allow the use of Aggressor (quizalofop). Quizalofop provides excellent control of cereal rye. In studies at Great Bend, control was 94% or greater with 10 or 12 fl oz of Aggressor applied with either NIS or MSO in fall or spring. Quizalofop is a Group 1 herbicide that only controls grasses.

In both systems, cereal rye control will be reduced if applications are made when temperatures are below 40°F during the week following application.

For more detailed information, see the “2025 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland” guide available online at https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/CHEMWEEDGUIDE.pdf or check with your local K-State Research and Extension office for a paper copy.

The use of trade names is for clarity to readers and does not imply endorsement of a particular product, nor does exclusion imply non-approval. Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements. Users should read and follow all label directions.

Information provided by Extension Weed Science Specialists.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Cereal rye can provide excellent weed suppression as a cover crop; however, it should be handled carefully. Cereal rye can be introduced into a wheat field by contamination of harvest or seed conditioning equipment, dry fertilizer spreaders, or drills. Seeds and pollen can also be moved by wind or other natural means.Cereal rye is very similar to wheat in terms of life cycle, growth requirements, and appearance. There are a few features that distinguish rye from wheat:· Plant height: Cereal rye is generally taller than winter wheat.· Seed heads: Rye seed heads are usually longer and thinner.· Ligule: The ligule of cereal rye lacks the fringe of hairs that winter wheat has.· Auricles: Cereal rye does not have prominent auricles, unlike winter wheat.· Seed characteristics: Rye seeds are longer than wheat seeds and typically have a yellow or greenish shade, rather than red.These differences can help with identifying cereal rye in the field.Chemical control of cereal rye in wheat is limited to herbicide-tolerant varieties (discussed later in this article). Because there are few herbicide options in crops, preventing the introduction of cereal rye into wheat fields is critical. Cleaning equipment and planting weed-free seed are two important measures. Hand rouging has long been used to remove cereal rye from wheat prior to harvest. Crop rotation is also important for controlling cereal rye and other winter annual grass weeds. Cereal rye emerging during a fallow phase of the rotation can be controlled with glyphosate. If cereal rye is present in wheat stubble, atrazine can be used if the following crop will be corn or sorghum.Herbicide-tolerant wheat varieties Clearfield wheat varieties allow the use of Beyond (imazamox). Imazamox is more effective on other cool-season grass weeds and only provides suppression of cereal rye. If you choose a Clearfield variety, be sure to spray before rye tillers and use a nitrogen fertilizer (up to 50% of the spray solution). Two applications (4 fl oz in the fall and 4 fl oz in the spring) will provide better control than a single application. If a single application is used, apply Beyond at the maximum single-use rate of 6 fl oz. However, it is important to note that imazamox resistance has been confirmed in cereal rye from Colorado.CoAXium wheat varieties allow the use of Aggressor (quizalofop). Quizalofop provides excellent control of cereal rye. In studies at Great Bend, control was 94% or greater with 10 or 12 fl oz of Aggressor applied with either NIS or MSO in fall or spring. Quizalofop is a Group 1 herbicide that only controls grasses.In both systems, cereal rye control will be reduced if applications are made when temperatures are below 40°F during the week following application.For more detailed information, see the “2025 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland” guide available online at https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/CHEMWEEDGUIDE.pdf or check with your local K-State Research and Extension office for a paper copy.The use of trade names is for clarity to readers and does not imply endorsement of a particular product, nor does exclusion imply non-approval. Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements. Users should read and follow all label directions.Information provided by Extension Weed Science Specialists.

CAMPBELL: Cereal rye control in wheat should be handled carefully

As we move into the latter part of the growing season, it is time to consider late summer and fall pests as well as your plans for next year. Both stable and horn fly populations tend to decline over the dry, hot part of summer but can resurge in late summer into fall if sufficient rainfall occurs. 

Horn flies are found on the back and belly of the animals and stay constantly associated with the cattle host making topical insecticides (pour-ons, sprays and ear tags) effective control methods, with appropriate rotation. Stable flies in contrast feed preferentially on the legs of the animal for a short period of time (2-4 minutes), 1-2 times a day. This low contact time with the host makes chemical control difficult to achieve. Decaying hay and plant material are a primary breeding for stable flies, pay special attention to hay bale and feed wastage and surrounding crop fields.

House fly populations will continue to increase through the summer and can be a significant problem for feedlots and dairies. Minimize feed wastage spilled over bunkers and keep pens well scraped, paying special attention to areas around feed bunkers, water stations and under fence lines. Baits and traps can be useful against house flies, make sure the traps are placed away from buildings such as offices as they will attract flies to the location. 

Fall can also see face flies trying to enter barns and buildings for a place to overwinter. Sealing off cracks and crevices can remove these overwintering spots. If a second fall fly population boom occurs, any early season on-animal interventions applied are unlikely to still be effective this late in the season. If reapplying products within the same season, do not change insecticide group.

Larvae of the cattle grub should be treated in fall or early winter using oral medications or pour-ons. Treatment should not be carried out in January or February due to the potential for severe reactions. Lice populations also tend to thrive in cooler weather, watch out for patches of hair loss and rubbing, indicative of lice problems. Part the hair, especially along the neck and back of the animal and look for small cream insects about 1/16th of an inch. If large numbers of lice are observed, pour-on treatments can effectively treat lice infestation. Treatment must be repeated after two weeks to target any nits that were not killed after the first treatment.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>As we move into the latter part of the growing season, it is time to consider late summer and fall pests as well as your plans for next year. Both stable and horn fly populations tend to decline over the dry, hot part of summer but can resurge in late summer into fall if sufficient rainfall occurs. Horn flies are found on the back and belly of the animals and stay constantly associated with the cattle host making topical insecticides (pour-ons, sprays and ear tags) effective control methods, with appropriate rotation. Stable flies in contrast feed preferentially on the legs of the animal for a short period of time (2-4 minutes), 1-2 times a day. This low contact time with the host makes chemical control difficult to achieve. Decaying hay and plant material are a primary breeding for stable flies, pay special attention to hay bale and feed wastage and surrounding crop fields.House fly populations will continue to increase through the summer and can be a significant problem for feedlots and dairies. Minimize feed wastage spilled over bunkers and keep pens well scraped, paying special attention to areas around feed bunkers, water stations and under fence lines. Baits and traps can be useful against house flies, make sure the traps are placed away from buildings such as offices as they will attract flies to the location. Fall can also see face flies trying to enter barns and buildings for a place to overwinter. Sealing off cracks and crevices can remove these overwintering spots. If a second fall fly population boom occurs, any early season on-animal interventions applied are unlikely to still be effective this late in the season. If reapplying products within the same season, do not change insecticide group.Larvae of the cattle grub should be treated in fall or early winter using oral medications or pour-ons. Treatment should not be carried out in January or February due to the potential for severe reactions. Lice populations also tend to thrive in cooler weather, watch out for patches of hair loss and rubbing, indicative of lice problems. Part the hair, especially along the neck and back of the animal and look for small cream insects about 1/16th of an inch. If large numbers of lice are observed, pour-on treatments can effectively treat lice infestation. Treatment must be repeated after two weeks to target any nits that were not killed after the first treatment.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Now is the time to think about late summer, fall pests

Lean financial times are hard and it can be harder to break a cycle of financial stress. I lived this as a college student who had to take several semesters off to work full-time to keep a roof over my head. As a young farm couple, my husband and I often had to make tough decisions about how and where we were spending and it sure didn’t take much to stretch things too far.

K-State Extension family resource management specialist, Elizabeth Kiss, offers some suggestions to assist in planning ahead of an emergency to help ease the burden of unexpected expenses. She shares the following tips to help families survive tough times.

Before an emergency: Build a fund “If you don’t have an emergency fund, now is the time to start,” Kiss said. “Even a small amount adds up over time.”

Kiss said it has taken her 10 years, but saving $40 a month, she now has an emergency fund to cover about six months of essential expenses.

“The more cash you have, the less you will have to put on credit, which you’ll have to pay back with interest,” she said. “Ideally, you should save enough money to cover six months of expenses, based on what you spend in a typical month.”

Kiss also suggests reviewing your homeowner’s and health insurance coverage to make sure you have the coverage you’re expecting, and communicate with your family about your insurance policies.

“It’s also important to keep your important records safe,” Kiss said. “That should be part of your emergency plan. If you have to grab something quickly and go, you’ll have that information in a place where you can get to it.”

During an emergency: Use what you’ve prepared “Use the cash you’ve saved if you need to purchase essentials, and contact your credit card companies and lenders if you anticipate a break in yourpayments,” Kiss said. “Or, you may want to request an increase in your credit availability.”

I f the financial emergency is caused by loss of a job, Kiss suggests filing for unemployment benefits, "even if you aren't sure if you'll qualify." Your community may also have physical and mental health resources.

“There’s often more help available then people realize,” Kiss said. “Food banks, housing assistance, even childcare and transportation services may be able to help. The amount of help may vary from community to community.”

After an emergency: Rebuild and re-evaluate “If it’s a natural disaster and you’ve had property damage, you need to start making your insurance claims,” said Kiss, who cautioned homeowners to be careful of scammers trying to take advantage of those in unfortunate circumstances.

Afterwards, she adds, “prioritize how you spend the money that you have. You want to cover your basic needs – including housing, food and transportation – and think about how far your emergency fund can take you.”

If the home is affected, call the utility companies to turn off services during the time that you don’t need them.

Once you’ve spent down your emergency fund and are on the road to recovery, “start building that fund back up again for the next time, because there probably will be a next time,” Kiss said.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Lean financial times are hard and it can be harder to break a cycle of financial stress. I lived this as a college student who had to take several semesters off to work full-time to keep a roof over my head. As a young farm couple, my husband and I often had to make tough decisions about how and where we were spending and it sure didn’t take much to stretch things too far.K-State Extension family resource management specialist, Elizabeth Kiss, offers some suggestions to assist in planning ahead of an emergency to help ease the burden of unexpected expenses. She shares the following tips to help families survive tough times.Before an emergency: Build a fund “If you don’t have an emergency fund, now is the time to start,” Kiss said. “Even a small amount adds up over time.”Kiss said it has taken her 10 years, but saving $40 a month, she now has an emergency fund to cover about six months of essential expenses.“The more cash you have, the less you will have to put on credit, which you’ll have to pay back with interest,” she said. “Ideally, you should save enough money to cover six months of expenses, based on what you spend in a typical month.”Kiss also suggests reviewing your homeowner’s and health insurance coverage to make sure you have the coverage you’re expecting, and communicate with your family about your insurance policies.“It’s also important to keep your important records safe,” Kiss said. “That should be part of your emergency plan. If you have to grab something quickly and go, you’ll have that information in a place where you can get to it.”During an emergency: Use what you’ve prepared “Use the cash you’ve saved if you need to purchase essentials, and contact your credit card companies and lenders if you anticipate a break in yourpayments,” Kiss said. “Or, you may want to request an increase in your credit availability.”I f the financial emergency is caused by loss of a job, Kiss suggests filing for unemployment benefits, "even if you aren't sure if you'll qualify." Your community may also have physical and mental health resources.“There’s often more help available then people realize,” Kiss said. “Food banks, housing assistance, even childcare and transportation services may be able to help. The amount of help may vary from community to community.”After an emergency: Rebuild and re-evaluate “If it’s a natural disaster and you’ve had property damage, you need to start making your insurance claims,” said Kiss, who cautioned homeowners to be careful of scammers trying to take advantage of those in unfortunate circumstances.Afterwards, she adds, “prioritize how you spend the money that you have. You want to cover your basic needs – including housing, food and transportation – and think about how far your emergency fund can take you.”If the home is affected, call the utility companies to turn off services during the time that you don’t need them.Once you’ve spent down your emergency fund and are on the road to recovery, “start building that fund back up again for the next time, because there probably will be a next time,” Kiss said.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: Before an emergency, build a fund

Doulas are trained professionals who provide continuous emotional, physical, and informational support to individuals during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. Distinct from midwives and obstetricians, doulas focus on non-medical care, offering comfort measures, advocacy, and personalized guidance to enhance the birthing experience.

Types of Doulas · Birth Doulas: Offer support during labor and delivery, assisting with pain management techniques, positioning, and emotional reassurance.

· Postpartum Doulas: Provide assistance after childbirth, including newborn care, breastfeeding support, and helping families adjust to life with a new baby.

· Antepartum Doulas: Support individuals experiencing high-risk pregnancies, offering education and emotional care.

· Community-Based Doulas: Often from the same communities they serve, these doulas focus on providing culturally relevant care and support to underserved populations.

· Pregnancy Loss Doula: trained professional who provides emotional, physical, and information support to individuals and families experiencing pregnancy loss.

The Growing Role of Doulas in Kansas In Kansas, doulas are increasingly recognized for their positive impact on maternal and infant health. Research indicates that doula support can lead to shorter labors, reduced need for pain medication, and decreased rates of cesarean deliveries.

To facilitate access to doula care, Kansas Medicaid (KanCare) began covering doula services in July 2024. This policy change allows Medicaid beneficiaries to receive support from certified doulas during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period. However, some doulas have expressed concerns about reimbursement rates and the need for more providers to meet the growing demand.

Accessing Doula Services in Kansas Individuals interested in hiring a doula can utilize resources such as the Kansas Doula Directory, which connects families with certified doulas across the state. The Kansas Doula Alliance, part of the Kansas Birth Justice Society, also offers training and certification programs to expand the doula workforce and ensure equitable access to care.

Conclusion Doulas provide invaluable support to expectant families, enhancing the childbirth experience and contributing to better health outcomes. In Kansas, efforts to integrate doula services into Medicaid and expand training opportunities are steps toward ensuring that all individuals have access to compassionate and comprehensive care during one of life’s most significant events.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Doulas are trained professionals who provide continuous emotional, physical, and informational support to individuals during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. Distinct from midwives and obstetricians, doulas focus on non-medical care, offering comfort measures, advocacy, and personalized guidance to enhance the birthing experience.Types of Doulas · Birth Doulas: Offer support during labor and delivery, assisting with pain management techniques, positioning, and emotional reassurance.· Postpartum Doulas: Provide assistance after childbirth, including newborn care, breastfeeding support, and helping families adjust to life with a new baby.· Antepartum Doulas: Support individuals experiencing high-risk pregnancies, offering education and emotional care.· Community-Based Doulas: Often from the same communities they serve, these doulas focus on providing culturally relevant care and support to underserved populations.· Pregnancy Loss Doula: trained professional who provides emotional, physical, and information support to individuals and families experiencing pregnancy loss.The Growing Role of Doulas in Kansas In Kansas, doulas are increasingly recognized for their positive impact on maternal and infant health. Research indicates that doula support can lead to shorter labors, reduced need for pain medication, and decreased rates of cesarean deliveries.To facilitate access to doula care, Kansas Medicaid (KanCare) began covering doula services in July 2024. This policy change allows Medicaid beneficiaries to receive support from certified doulas during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period. However, some doulas have expressed concerns about reimbursement rates and the need for more providers to meet the growing demand.Accessing Doula Services in Kansas Individuals interested in hiring a doula can utilize resources such as the Kansas Doula Directory, which connects families with certified doulas across the state. The Kansas Doula Alliance, part of the Kansas Birth Justice Society, also offers training and certification programs to expand the doula workforce and ensure equitable access to care.Conclusion Doulas provide invaluable support to expectant families, enhancing the childbirth experience and contributing to better health outcomes. In Kansas, efforts to integrate doula services into Medicaid and expand training opportunities are steps toward ensuring that all individuals have access to compassionate and comprehensive care during one of life’s most significant events.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.eduK-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Understanding the role of doulas and their impact in Kansas

For many years, taking 24-inch soil profile-N samples in the fall has been a recommended practice for making an N recommendation for winter wheat. However, due to the mobility of nitrate-N in the soil, soil test values observed in the fall may differ from those observed in the spring, particularly on soils prone to leaching. Because many producers wait until spring green-up to make their N application, does soil sampling in the fall for nitrate really provide useful information for N management in wheat? That is a legitimate question.

What Research Shows In K-State trials where no N fertilizer was applied, there was a strong positive relationship between fall nitrate-N levels and final wheat yield (Figure 1)

When fall nitrate-N levels were low, wheat yields responded well to fertilizer. When nitrate-N levels exceeded 80–100 lb/acre, additional spring-applied N rarely increased yield. In short, fall nitrate-N levels are a reliable predictor of whether or not a crop will benefit from additional N fertilizer. This makes soil sampling in the fall an important tool for maximizing yield and efficiency.

When soil sampling for N is not done, the K-State fertilizer recommendation formula defaults to a standard value of 30 lb/acre available N. In this particular dataset, the average profile N level was 39 lb N/acre. However, the N level at individual sites ranged from 11 to 197 lbs N/acre. Most recommendation systems default to a standardized set of N recommendations based on the yield goal and/or the cost of N.

In Summary Without soil sampling or some other method of estimating available N, such as crop sensing, N recommendations will be inaccurate. Failure to account for the N present in the soil wastes a valuable resource. It can result in excess foliage, increased plant disease, inefficient use of soil water, and reduced yield.

Fall soil profile testing for nitrate-N continues to play a valuable role in efficient N management for winter wheat in Kansas. It’s a cost-effective way to fine-tune your fertilizer program, avoid unnecessary inputs, and protect both yield and the environment.

While on the subject of wheat, I hope you can join us next Wednesday, August 20th for a “Pre-plant Wheat School” in Great Bend at the Event Center, 3111 10th Street. Registration and supper begin at 5:30 p.m. To ensure a meal pre-registration is requested by calling 785-628-9430 email me scampbel@ksu.edu or scan the QR code.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>For many years, taking 24-inch soil profile-N samples in the fall has been a recommended practice for making an N recommendation for winter wheat. However, due to the mobility of nitrate-N in the soil, soil test values observed in the fall may differ from those observed in the spring, particularly on soils prone to leaching. Because many producers wait until spring green-up to make their N application, does soil sampling in the fall for nitrate really provide useful information for N management in wheat? That is a legitimate question.What Research Shows In K-State trials where no N fertilizer was applied, there was a strong positive relationship between fall nitrate-N levels and final wheat yield (Figure 1)<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/8/1755054783513.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>When fall nitrate-N levels were low, wheat yields responded well to fertilizer. When nitrate-N levels exceeded 80–100 lb/acre, additional spring-applied N rarely increased yield. In short, fall nitrate-N levels are a reliable predictor of whether or not a crop will benefit from additional N fertilizer. This makes soil sampling in the fall an important tool for maximizing yield and efficiency.When soil sampling for N is not done, the K-State fertilizer recommendation formula defaults to a standard value of 30 lb/acre available N. In this particular dataset, the average profile N level was 39 lb N/acre. However, the N level at individual sites ranged from 11 to 197 lbs N/acre. Most recommendation systems default to a standardized set of N recommendations based on the yield goal and/or the cost of N.In Summary Without soil sampling or some other method of estimating available N, such as crop sensing, N recommendations will be inaccurate. Failure to account for the N present in the soil wastes a valuable resource. It can result in excess foliage, increased plant disease, inefficient use of soil water, and reduced yield.Fall soil profile testing for nitrate-N continues to play a valuable role in efficient N management for winter wheat in Kansas. It’s a cost-effective way to fine-tune your fertilizer program, avoid unnecessary inputs, and protect both yield and the environment.While on the subject of wheat, I hope you can join us next Wednesday, August 20th for a “Pre-plant Wheat School” in Great Bend at the Event Center, 3111 10th Street. Registration and supper begin at 5:30 p.m. To ensure a meal pre-registration is requested by calling 785-628-9430 email me scampbel@ksu.edu or scan the QR code.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: The relationship between fall soil profile nitrate-N levels and wheat yields

SEDGWICK COUNTY —A man accused in the murder of a woman whose body was found in a Wichita park has admitted to killing 30-year-old Mariana Christian.

On Monday, 31-year-old Kyle Bearden entered a plea of guilty during an evidentiary hearing before Judge Jeffrey Goering, according to the Sedgwick County District Attorney's office.

The plea agreement calls for the parties to jointly recommend a prison sentence of life with parole eligibility after 25 years, to be followed by an additional 15 years of imprisonment if parole is granted.

Around 10:30 a.m. on July 21, a friend of Mariana Christian filed a missing person report. The friend said Ms. Christian had a history of mental health challenges and often relied on them for transportation to work. That morning, Christian was not at her home in the 1200 block of S. Paige when the friend arrived to pick her up.

At the residence, the friend encountered an unidentified man later identified as Kyle Bearden who said he didn’t know Ms. Christian’s whereabouts.

He claimed Mariana Christian had left the apartment on Friday, July 18, in a truck with an unknown man and woman and hadn’t returned. He also expressed concern for her safety. Although not listed on the lease, the man appeared to be living in the apartment.

Although Ms. Christian was last seen on Friday, July 18, she wasn’t reported missing until Monday, July 21. After multiple failed attempts to reach her and finding her absence unusual, the friend contacted police. Officers issued an attempt-to-locate alert, and investigators took over the case.

WPD investigators identified Bearden as a person of interest. They followed leads to locate Ms. Christian, discovering evidence of her death and where her remains were left in Cottonwood Park near Armor and Bayley in Wichita.

Wichita Police officers responded to the area and located human remains. Investigators believe Bearden shot Ms. Christian.

Crime scene investigators processed Ms. Christian’s apartment and found evidence of foul play.

On the morning of July 31, the Sedgwick County Regional Forensic Science Center positively identified the remains as those of Mariana Christian.

Kyle Bearden was arrested on July 30 and booked into the Sedgwick County Jail.&nbsp; &nbsp;His sentencing is scheduled for October 20.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/7/1753958410010.png" alt="Bearden photo Sedgwick County" />
 <figcaption>Bearden photo Sedgwick County</figcaption>
 </figure>SEDGWICK COUNTY —A man accused in the murder of a woman whose body was found in a Wichita park has admitted to killing 30-year-old Mariana Christian.On Monday, 31-year-old Kyle Bearden entered a plea of guilty during an evidentiary hearing before Judge Jeffrey Goering, according to the Sedgwick County District Attorney's office.The plea agreement calls for the parties to jointly recommend a prison sentence of life with parole eligibility after 25 years, to be followed by an additional 15 years of imprisonment if parole is granted.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/8/1754062859608.png" alt="Police issued a missing person alert for Mariana Christian on July 27" />
 <figcaption>Police issued a missing person alert for Mariana Christian on July 27</figcaption>
 </figure>Around 10:30 a.m. on July 21, a friend of Mariana Christian filed a missing person report. The friend said Ms. Christian had a history of mental health challenges and often relied on them for transportation to work. That morning, Christian was not at her home in the 1200 block of S. Paige when the friend arrived to pick her up.At the residence, the friend encountered an unidentified man later identified as Kyle Bearden who said he didn’t know Ms. Christian’s whereabouts.He claimed Mariana Christian had left the apartment on Friday, July 18, in a truck with an unknown man and woman and hadn’t returned. He also expressed concern for her safety. Although not listed on the lease, the man appeared to be living in the apartment.Although Ms. Christian was last seen on Friday, July 18, she wasn’t reported missing until Monday, July 21. After multiple failed attempts to reach her and finding her absence unusual, the friend contacted police. Officers issued an attempt-to-locate alert, and investigators took over the case.WPD investigators identified Bearden as a person of interest. They followed leads to locate Ms. Christian, discovering evidence of her death and where her remains were left in Cottonwood Park near Armor and Bayley in Wichita.Wichita Police officers responded to the area and located human remains. Investigators believe Bearden shot Ms. Christian.Crime scene investigators processed Ms. Christian’s apartment and found evidence of foul play.On the morning of July 31, the Sedgwick County Regional Forensic Science Center positively identified the remains as those of Mariana Christian.Kyle Bearden was arrested on July 30 and booked into the Sedgwick County Jail.&nbsp; &nbsp;His sentencing is scheduled for October 20.

Man found at missing Kan. woman's home admits killing her

Homeowners who are looking for ways to promote healthy, growing trees in their yard are well-advised to remember this axiom: A ring is a tree’s best friend.

Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini said a mulch ring is a circular border surrounding the base of a tree. When planting a new tree, she recommends including a mulch ring that covers the soil beneath the tree canopy.

“One benefit of using a mulch ring around trees in a lawn area is to prevent maintenance equipment from coming too close and damaging the trunk,” she said. “Also, plants grown directly beneath the tree canopy compete for water and nutrients, so a mulch ring keeps that soil covered without creating competition for the tree.”

Domenghini suggests using organic mulch, “for the same reasons it is selected for planter beds,” she said. Those reasons include conserving and extending available water, protecting from soil erosion, and reducing competition by suppressing weeds.

“The mulch ring around trees in a lawn should be at least 3-6 feet in diameter depending on the overall size of the tree,” Domenghini said. “Ideally, the mulch ring should extend to the drip line of the tree, which means the ground beneath the entire canopy of the tree should be covered.”

The mulch ring should include a 4-6 inch diameter circle of bare soil at the center so that mulch is not right up next to the trunk, to prevent rotting. The mulch should be 2-4 inches deep and re-applied annually.

“If mulch is applied too deep (more than four inches), the mulch can actually restrict oxygen from the soil and negatively affect the tree’s root development,” Domenghini said.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Homeowners who are looking for ways to promote healthy, growing trees in their yard are well-advised to remember this axiom: A ring is a tree’s best friend.Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini said a mulch ring is a circular border surrounding the base of a tree. When planting a new tree, she recommends including a mulch ring that covers the soil beneath the tree canopy.“One benefit of using a mulch ring around trees in a lawn area is to prevent maintenance equipment from coming too close and damaging the trunk,” she said. “Also, plants grown directly beneath the tree canopy compete for water and nutrients, so a mulch ring keeps that soil covered without creating competition for the tree.”Domenghini suggests using organic mulch, “for the same reasons it is selected for planter beds,” she said. Those reasons include conserving and extending available water, protecting from soil erosion, and reducing competition by suppressing weeds.“The mulch ring around trees in a lawn should be at least 3-6 feet in diameter depending on the overall size of the tree,” Domenghini said. “Ideally, the mulch ring should extend to the drip line of the tree, which means the ground beneath the entire canopy of the tree should be covered.”The mulch ring should include a 4-6 inch diameter circle of bare soil at the center so that mulch is not right up next to the trunk, to prevent rotting. The mulch should be 2-4 inches deep and re-applied annually.“If mulch is applied too deep (more than four inches), the mulch can actually restrict oxygen from the soil and negatively affect the tree’s root development,” Domenghini said.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Several benefits to using mulch around trees

Variety selection is one of the most important decisions that a grower can make to ensure success on their farm. Now is the time when wheat producers across Kansas are reviewing yield data and making decisions about the varieties they will plant in the fall. Although yield is always a top priority, disease, and insect resistance, along with appropriate agronomic traits, can buffer against crop losses. In addition, genetic resistance to diseases and insect pests can be the most effective, economical, and environmentally sound method for control.

The Kansas Wheat Variety Guide 2025 from K-State Extension, will soon be released. Agronomic characteristics, disease, and pest resistance information are included, as well as profiles that highlight some more common or new varieties for the state of Kansas.

Ratings in this publication represent results from field and greenhouse evaluations by public and private wheat breeders and researchers at multiple locations over multiple years.

A few other resources available to assist farmers with wheat variety selection is the Kansas Wheat Variety Performance Tests that are conducted around the state at K-State Experiment Stations and in other locations. These variety performance tests are replicated, each variety is randomly planted in four different locations in the field to increase accuracy of the yield data. That information along with all the other resources referenced in this article can be accessed from our Cottonwood Extension District web site at www.cottonwood.ksu.edu click onto the Crops and Livestock tab and look under Hot Topics for any of these resources.

The Wheat Trials Database decision tool provides complete access to variety information and data from university variety trials in Colorado and several other Great Plains states including Kansas. The database also includes private company trial data (Limagrain Cereal Seeds, Syngenta-Agripro). The database may be used to find up-to-date wheat variety information, display data from individual trial locations, generate summaries across multiple trial locations and years, and generate head-to-head comparisons for varieties of interest. It is an easy tool to use and very helpful!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Variety selection is one of the most important decisions that a grower can make to ensure success on their farm. Now is the time when wheat producers across Kansas are reviewing yield data and making decisions about the varieties they will plant in the fall. Although yield is always a top priority, disease, and insect resistance, along with appropriate agronomic traits, can buffer against crop losses. In addition, genetic resistance to diseases and insect pests can be the most effective, economical, and environmentally sound method for control.The Kansas Wheat Variety Guide 2025 from K-State Extension, will soon be released. Agronomic characteristics, disease, and pest resistance information are included, as well as profiles that highlight some more common or new varieties for the state of Kansas.Ratings in this publication represent results from field and greenhouse evaluations by public and private wheat breeders and researchers at multiple locations over multiple years.A few other resources available to assist farmers with wheat variety selection is the Kansas Wheat Variety Performance Tests that are conducted around the state at K-State Experiment Stations and in other locations. These variety performance tests are replicated, each variety is randomly planted in four different locations in the field to increase accuracy of the yield data. That information along with all the other resources referenced in this article can be accessed from our Cottonwood Extension District web site at www.cottonwood.ksu.edu click onto the Crops and Livestock tab and look under Hot Topics for any of these resources.The Wheat Trials Database decision tool provides complete access to variety information and data from university variety trials in Colorado and several other Great Plains states including Kansas. The database also includes private company trial data (Limagrain Cereal Seeds, Syngenta-Agripro). The database may be used to find up-to-date wheat variety information, display data from individual trial locations, generate summaries across multiple trial locations and years, and generate head-to-head comparisons for varieties of interest. It is an easy tool to use and very helpful!Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Kansas Wheat Variety Guide and Selection

By MIKE COURSON Great Bend Post

With the recent rainfall across Central Kansas, the mosquitoes are stealing most of the headlines. But a quieter pest is gaining strength beneath your feet. Alicia Boor, agriculture and natural resources agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Extension, said past and current weather conditions have contributed to healthy weeds.

"If you've had thinner lawns due to the drought from the previous years, it's really allowing the weeds that are coming up to take hold and get ahead of what your regular lawn would look like," she said. "That's just because they take advantage of sparser areas or lawns that are not really thick and healthy."

Weeds can always be pulled but more general control of the plants may be difficult right now.

"A lot of the weeds we're seeing right now are almost too big and strong to try and control," Boor said. "You'd either want to notice where they are, know what they are, and put down pre-emergents in the spring, or spot treat them when they're smaller next year."

Knowing which weeds need controlled is important as not all plants are treated the same. Boor said homeowners can snap a clear photo of a weed and email it to aboor@ksu.edu. Extension staff can provide instructions on how and when to control that particular weed. Extension can also mail or email a publication on weed identification and control.

As with many situations, prevention also goes a long way. Boor said that starts with a thick and healthy lawn. Knowing when to fertilize is crucial.

"Coming up in September is the best time to fertilize your cool-season lawns, which would be your fescue and bluegrass. If you have Bermuda, it's getting to be too late. You may be able to get one last application on, but it's almost too late. You want to fertilize when it's actively growing."

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/8/1754611494453.jpeg" alt="Marshelder has turned up in many Central Kansas yards. The weed has an annual and perennial variety. The annual can be controlled with 2-4D, but the perennial is harder to control." />
 <figcaption>Marshelder has turned up in many Central Kansas yards. The weed has an annual and perennial variety. The annual can be controlled with 2-4D, but the perennial is harder to control.</figcaption>
 </figure>By MIKE COURSON Great Bend PostWith the recent rainfall across Central Kansas, the mosquitoes are stealing most of the headlines. But a quieter pest is gaining strength beneath your feet. Alicia Boor, agriculture and natural resources agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Extension, said past and current weather conditions have contributed to healthy weeds."If you've had thinner lawns due to the drought from the previous years, it's really allowing the weeds that are coming up to take hold and get ahead of what your regular lawn would look like," she said. "That's just because they take advantage of sparser areas or lawns that are not really thick and healthy."Weeds can always be pulled but more general control of the plants may be difficult right now."A lot of the weeds we're seeing right now are almost too big and strong to try and control," Boor said. "You'd either want to notice where they are, know what they are, and put down pre-emergents in the spring, or spot treat them when they're smaller next year."Knowing which weeds need controlled is important as not all plants are treated the same. Boor said homeowners can snap a clear photo of a weed and email it to aboor@ksu.edu. Extension staff can provide instructions on how and when to control that particular weed. Extension can also mail or email a publication on weed identification and control.As with many situations, prevention also goes a long way. Boor said that starts with a thick and healthy lawn. Knowing when to fertilize is crucial."Coming up in September is the best time to fertilize your cool-season lawns, which would be your fescue and bluegrass. If you have Bermuda, it's getting to be too late. You may be able to get one last application on, but it's almost too late. You want to fertilize when it's actively growing."

Central Kansas rains leading to strong and healthy weed populations

Blue-green algae blooms are an issue that usually occurs during the spring and summer. Calm, sunny, dry, and hot days of summer create ideal conditions for blue-green algae to thrive in our livestock ponds. Blue-green algae occurrence is sporadic making its threat unpredictable. Despite its name, these blooms are not algae, but a cyanobacteria. Some of these cyanobacteria can produce and release dangerous toxins that are of major concern for our livestock.

These “cyanotoxins” typically show up as either neurotoxins, or hepatotoxins which means they can damage the nervous system or the liver function of animals. Typically, the first clinical sign noticed in pasture cattle that have consumed neurotoxins are dead cattle. If found early enough, cattle may have muscle tremors, difficulty breathing, seizures, slobbering, and diarrhea. Hepatotoxins can cause an acute death similar to neurotoxins or lead to delayed issues with liver failure. An example of this would be weight loss and photosensitization, which can be recognized by severe sun burns on areas of the body not covered with hair. Since there are several causes of acute death in pasture cattle, contact your local veterinarian for diagnosis. Unfortunately, there are no known antidotes to these cyanotoxins. So, understanding what to look for, and avoiding livestock exposure is important.

Blue-green algae blooms float at or just below the surface of the water. The appearance almost looks like paint in the water. Once the cyanobacteria die, it turns a blue color. The color can also vary to a grey to almost a red or brown color as well. Toxin concentrations in affected water can vary drastically. The wind can move these blooms and concentrate them in certain areas along the shorelines of ponds. These concentrations increase the lethality of the toxic blooms.

Preventing exposure to blue-green algae toxins is very important during the summer months. There are some options for livestock producers if blue-green algae is suspected or has been identified. Of course, fencing off natural water sources and providing alternative water sources is the best option (well water, hauled water), but is typically financially limiting. Fencing off certain areas of the ponds (downwind portion of ponds) may help limit exposure. Improved&nbsp;watering areas, such as pipe-fed waterers, may also limit exposure as long as the water inlet is located in a low-risk area of the pond. A submerged inlet in the center of the pond is an area where the cyanobacteria are unlikely to concentrate. Improved water sources like this will also help increase other water quality attributes. Controlled access and tank waterers decrease sediment, nutrients and fecal coliform bacteria from building up in the water source. 

Treatment of the water source with copper sulfate has historically been recommended. However, the copper accumulates in the pond, leading to other potential problems with plants and animals alike and is not recommended. Barley straw is also often discussed as a control measure. While the mechanism is unknown, barley straw may help reduce new blooms from forming but do not directly kill active blooms.

Monitoring of stock ponds during the summer months and having a plan in place to combat blue-green algae will help ensure the health and wellbeing of our herds. Water samples can be sent to the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Lab:

KSVDL Mosier D-117 1800 Dension Ave. Manhattan, KS 66506

K-State &nbsp;Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682229509.jpeg" alt="

written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>

written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Blue-green algae blooms are an issue that usually occurs during the spring and summer. Calm, sunny, dry, and hot days of summer create ideal conditions for blue-green algae to thrive in our livestock ponds. Blue-green algae occurrence is sporadic making its threat unpredictable. Despite its name, these blooms are not algae, but a cyanobacteria. Some of these cyanobacteria can produce and release dangerous toxins that are of major concern for our livestock.These “cyanotoxins” typically show up as either neurotoxins, or hepatotoxins which means they can damage the nervous system or the liver function of animals. Typically, the first clinical sign noticed in pasture cattle that have consumed neurotoxins are dead cattle. If found early enough, cattle may have muscle tremors, difficulty breathing, seizures, slobbering, and diarrhea. Hepatotoxins can cause an acute death similar to neurotoxins or lead to delayed issues with liver failure. An example of this would be weight loss and photosensitization, which can be recognized by severe sun burns on areas of the body not covered with hair. Since there are several causes of acute death in pasture cattle, contact your local veterinarian for diagnosis. Unfortunately, there are no known antidotes to these cyanotoxins. So, understanding what to look for, and avoiding livestock exposure is important.Blue-green algae blooms float at or just below the surface of the water. The appearance almost looks like paint in the water. Once the cyanobacteria die, it turns a blue color. The color can also vary to a grey to almost a red or brown color as well. Toxin concentrations in affected water can vary drastically. The wind can move these blooms and concentrate them in certain areas along the shorelines of ponds. These concentrations increase the lethality of the toxic blooms.Preventing exposure to blue-green algae toxins is very important during the summer months. There are some options for livestock producers if blue-green algae is suspected or has been identified. Of course, fencing off natural water sources and providing alternative water sources is the best option (well water, hauled water), but is typically financially limiting. Fencing off certain areas of the ponds (downwind portion of ponds) may help limit exposure. Improved&nbsp;watering areas, such as pipe-fed waterers, may also limit exposure as long as the water inlet is located in a low-risk area of the pond. A submerged inlet in the center of the pond is an area where the cyanobacteria are unlikely to concentrate. Improved water sources like this will also help increase other water quality attributes. Controlled access and tank waterers decrease sediment, nutrients and fecal coliform bacteria from building up in the water source. Treatment of the water source with copper sulfate has historically been recommended. However, the copper accumulates in the pond, leading to other potential problems with plants and animals alike and is not recommended. Barley straw is also often discussed as a control measure. While the mechanism is unknown, barley straw may help reduce new blooms from forming but do not directly kill active blooms.Monitoring of stock ponds during the summer months and having a plan in place to combat blue-green algae will help ensure the health and wellbeing of our herds. Water samples can be sent to the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Lab:KSVDL Mosier D-117 1800 Dension Ave. Manhattan, KS 66506Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State &nbsp;Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Spring and summer the time for dangerous blue-green algae blooms

As we continue to recognize August as National Breastfeeding Month, I wanted to share more articles focused on breastfeeding and highlight some of the key topics and challenges commonly discussed in the field of lactation. From access to lactation support to the social and cultural perceptions of breastfeeding, there’s a wide range of important conversations happening. By exploring these issues, we hope to raise awareness, provide support, and empower families in their infant feeding journeys.

In today’s modern parenting culture, breastfeeding beyond infancy often sparks debate—drawing praise, curiosity, and criticism in equal measure. Known as full-term breastfeeding or natural-term breastfeeding, this practice refers to nursing a child beyond the first year of life, often continuing until the child weans naturally, sometimes at age three, four, or even older. While it may seem unconventional in some societies, anthropology and biology tell a different story—one that suggests full-term breastfeeding is deeply rooted in human history and may offer real benefits worth reconsidering.

What Anthropology Reveals Anthropologists studying primate behavior and traditional human societies offer valuable insights into what constitutes a "biologically normal" duration of breastfeeding. By comparing nursing habits of closely related primates and examining skeletal development and immune markers in human infants, experts have estimated that the natural weaning age for humans may fall anywhere between 2.5 and 7 years of age.

Katherine Dettwyler, a biological anthropologist known for her research on breastfeeding, has famously argued that full-term breastfeeding is the evolutionary norm for humans. In her studies of various cultures around the world, breastfeeding into toddlerhood and beyond is not only common but expected. It’s only in more industrialized nations—particularly the U.S.—that early weaning has become the norm, largely due to social pressures, marketing of formula, and a lack of public breastfeeding support.

Benefits of Breastfeeding Beyond Infancy From a health perspective, the benefits of breastfeeding do not expire at 12 months. Breast milk continues to provide vital nutrients, antibodies, and immune support for as long as a child nurses. In fact, research shows that the composition of breast milk changes over time to meet the evolving needs of a growing child.

Breastfeeding beyond infancy also offers emotional and psychological benefits. It provides comfort, security, and a continued attachment between parent and child. Having a primary attachment figure is essential for social emotional development. For toddlers and preschoolers, nursing can be a source of calm during emotional stress, illness, or developmental transitions.

Additionally, mothers who breastfeed for longer durations benefit from reduced risks of breast and ovarian cancers, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. These protective effects are dose specific which means the protective effect increases the longer a woman breastfeeds.

Challenging Social Stigma Despite its natural roots and health advantages, full-term breastfeeding is often misunderstood in Western society. Mothers who choose to breastfeed older children may face ridicule or concern, even though major health organizations like the World Health Organization and the American Academy of Pediatrics support breastfeeding for two years or more, as long as it is mutually desired.

Much of the stigma arises from cultural discomfort with bodies and boundaries of the breast. But when viewed through an anthropological lens, full-term breastfeeding is not an act of indulgence or eccentricity—it is a return to a biologically and historically normal practice.

Why Consider It? Choosing to breastfeed past infancy is deeply personal. But for parents exploring their options, full-term breastfeeding deserves serious consideration. Its roots in human evolution, documented health benefits, and emotional support for both child and mother make it a powerful, if often misunderstood, parenting choice. If you are looking for support for breastfeeding please reach out to the local La Leche League Group. La Leche League of the Western Plains offers a variety of services to support your breastfeeding journey. Find them on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064626344476

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>As we continue to recognize August as National Breastfeeding Month, I wanted to share more articles focused on breastfeeding and highlight some of the key topics and challenges commonly discussed in the field of lactation. From access to lactation support to the social and cultural perceptions of breastfeeding, there’s a wide range of important conversations happening. By exploring these issues, we hope to raise awareness, provide support, and empower families in their infant feeding journeys.In today’s modern parenting culture, breastfeeding beyond infancy often sparks debate—drawing praise, curiosity, and criticism in equal measure. Known as full-term breastfeeding or natural-term breastfeeding, this practice refers to nursing a child beyond the first year of life, often continuing until the child weans naturally, sometimes at age three, four, or even older. While it may seem unconventional in some societies, anthropology and biology tell a different story—one that suggests full-term breastfeeding is deeply rooted in human history and may offer real benefits worth reconsidering.What Anthropology Reveals Anthropologists studying primate behavior and traditional human societies offer valuable insights into what constitutes a "biologically normal" duration of breastfeeding. By comparing nursing habits of closely related primates and examining skeletal development and immune markers in human infants, experts have estimated that the natural weaning age for humans may fall anywhere between 2.5 and 7 years of age.Katherine Dettwyler, a biological anthropologist known for her research on breastfeeding, has famously argued that full-term breastfeeding is the evolutionary norm for humans. In her studies of various cultures around the world, breastfeeding into toddlerhood and beyond is not only common but expected. It’s only in more industrialized nations—particularly the U.S.—that early weaning has become the norm, largely due to social pressures, marketing of formula, and a lack of public breastfeeding support.Benefits of Breastfeeding Beyond Infancy From a health perspective, the benefits of breastfeeding do not expire at 12 months. Breast milk continues to provide vital nutrients, antibodies, and immune support for as long as a child nurses. In fact, research shows that the composition of breast milk changes over time to meet the evolving needs of a growing child.Breastfeeding beyond infancy also offers emotional and psychological benefits. It provides comfort, security, and a continued attachment between parent and child. Having a primary attachment figure is essential for social emotional development. For toddlers and preschoolers, nursing can be a source of calm during emotional stress, illness, or developmental transitions.Additionally, mothers who breastfeed for longer durations benefit from reduced risks of breast and ovarian cancers, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. These protective effects are dose specific which means the protective effect increases the longer a woman breastfeeds.Challenging Social Stigma Despite its natural roots and health advantages, full-term breastfeeding is often misunderstood in Western society. Mothers who choose to breastfeed older children may face ridicule or concern, even though major health organizations like the World Health Organization and the American Academy of Pediatrics support breastfeeding for two years or more, as long as it is mutually desired.Much of the stigma arises from cultural discomfort with bodies and boundaries of the breast. But when viewed through an anthropological lens, full-term breastfeeding is not an act of indulgence or eccentricity—it is a return to a biologically and historically normal practice.Why Consider It? Choosing to breastfeed past infancy is deeply personal. But for parents exploring their options, full-term breastfeeding deserves serious consideration. Its roots in human evolution, documented health benefits, and emotional support for both child and mother make it a powerful, if often misunderstood, parenting choice. If you are looking for support for breastfeeding please reach out to the local La Leche League Group. La Leche League of the Western Plains offers a variety of services to support your breastfeeding journey. Find them on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064626344476Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.eduK-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Full-term breastfeeding an ancient practice worth reconsidering

Summers are often a time of busyness with sports, different schedules, county fair, and maybe a little vacation time!

When our kids were small, transitioning back from long days of farm life to the much more structured pace of school was often a challenge. While they certainly had early mornings and a multitude of responsibilities for the farm, it was much different getting up and ready for the school bus every day.

I usually tried to start a few weeks ahead of time with slowly adjusting bedtime schedules. As an off-the-farm working mom, it was often stressful and I regularly worried that I had everything prepared!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Summers are often a time of busyness with sports, different schedules, county fair, and maybe a little vacation time!When our kids were small, transitioning back from long days of farm life to the much more structured pace of school was often a challenge. While they certainly had early mornings and a multitude of responsibilities for the farm, it was much different getting up and ready for the school bus every day.I usually tried to start a few weeks ahead of time with slowly adjusting bedtime schedules. As an off-the-farm working mom, it was often stressful and I regularly worried that I had everything prepared!Things that helped us were a white-board calendar the size of the freezer door. Each family member had their own color of dry erase marker and it made schedules a little more manageable. We also kept a grocery list on the refrigerator door and every family member was expected to add items they needed for every day or wanted for lunches.Speaking of lunches, we had one pretty picky eater and our plan was that the kids had to check the next day’s lunch menu and had to eat at least three items on the menu including the main dish or they had to pack their lunch! Yes, I checked their lunch to make sure it wasn’t just cookies and chips! They usually did a pretty good job of packing a mostly balanced meal that they would actually eat.I was never very good about laying out clothes the night before – I can’t manage that for myself as an adult! While I do appreciate that this habit can definitely make mornings smoother, I am still a work in progress. Keeping up on laundry was always a challenge, especially with farm dirt and working full-time, so we tried to have a schedule of washing a load every day. It sure helped when the kids were old enough to help which meant 7 or 8 was helping to fold and definitely putting their own things away. By 10 or 12, they helped with hanging things up or putting them in the dryer.Both kids are good cooks and those skills started at an early age. Knowing the basics of food preparation allowed them to get ingredients together or begin thawing meat for a meal by the time they were in middle school.All of those things didn’t guarantee smooth evenings especially with homework. Their normal homework station was in the kitchen so we could talk about assignments and their day while I made dinner. It was a good way to practice conversation and have a small window into their fun, frustrations, and feelings. These days, I miss those moments but our daughter often calls on her way home from work in Kansas City and we still chat while I start dinner!None of these ideas are rocket science but I hope you will look for ways to connect with your kids in the car or in the kitchen.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.