This article is the second in a multi-week series on wheat streak mosaic complex management to address the 2025 outbreak.

Last week, was the recommendation for wheat-free windows. These windows include periods 30 days prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting window by zone in Kansas. As the wheat curl mite is a community pest, coordinated breaks in volunteer wheat and other cereals will have the highest likelihood of lowering local and statewide mite levels moving into our 2025 optimal winter wheat planting date periods. This week, we address the role of other crops in the landscape.

Revisiting the role of other crops and weeds in the landscape The question about the role of alternative crops and grasses in the landscape is frequently raised. The general risk of species as reservoirs for the mite and virus complex depends on several factors, including:

1. How well the curl mite reproduces on a given host,

2. How susceptible the host is to the virus,

3. The presence of the host during critical periods over the summer,

4. How those periods overlap with the wheat crop, and

5. How much of the host is present in the landscape during those critical summer months (host density)?

That information was taken together to develop the relative risk of host species to harbor wheat curl mites over the summer (Figure 2). You’ll notice that the list includes cereal crops, weeds, and pasture grasses. In all, over 90 species have been shown to harbor the mites or virus to some level. Legumes are not known hosts for the curl mite or viruses.

Volunteer wheat left over the summer is the highest risk host because it checks all the boxes for risk. The curl mites will reproduce rapidly on volunteer wheat, it is usually present right after harvest, may be left through fall planting, it is susceptible to the viruses, and it can build to high levels in the landscape. This is why the first line of defense against wheat streak will always be volunteer wheat management (ideally during wheat-free windows).

Volunteer wheat can also “hide” in summer crops planted after wheat harvest as well as cover crops, complicating the ability to determine the risk of other crops in the landscape. For example, if wheat that is harvested in June and grain sorghum (or corn and soybean) is planted into that same field after wheat harvest, secondary flushes of volunteer wheat will be difficult to control.

Winter cereals planted early (during the wheat-free windows) for grazing or cover cropping may pose a risk for harboring curl mites. Species like barley, oats, rye, and triticale have all been shown to host both the mites and the virus at fairly high levels. When at all possible, early planting of these crops near fields that will be established with a fall wheat crop should be avoided. Including these crops in a summer cover crop mix can also be risky for bridging the curl mites and viruses to the fall wheat crop.

To a lesser extent, corn and sorghum can also host the mite and virus complex. These crops are generally considered of low concern for epidemics in Kansas. Most of the research that we’ve reviewed has demonstrated that these crops are most conducive to curl mite survival during early growth stages. So, for example, corn/sorghum at a young stage when wheat is drying down would be at higher risk for curl mites than late-planted corn. It appears that curl mites are limited to corn husks later in the season and can result in symptoms of kernel red streak through feeding damage. Kernel red streak is generally considered a cosmetic issue in corn, but can serve as a sign that curl mites were present. Most commercial corn hybrids are resistant to wheat streak mosaic virus and High Plains wheat mosaic virus and will not experience yield losses to those viruses. Importantly, it appears that curl mite populations rapidly decline in the corn crop after the crop reaches black layer.

Weedy grass hosts (detailed in Figure 2) are generally a lower concern, unless they are allowed to build to high levels and remain established through the summer months. Their role in epidemics is dictated by their abundance and the time they are allowed to persist in the landscape.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266615291.jpeg" alt="

written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>

written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>This article is the second in a multi-week series on wheat streak mosaic complex management to address the 2025 outbreak. Last week, was the recommendation for wheat-free windows. These windows include periods 30 days prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting window by zone in Kansas. As the wheat curl mite is a community pest, coordinated breaks in volunteer wheat and other cereals will have the highest likelihood of lowering local and statewide mite levels moving into our 2025 optimal winter wheat planting date periods. This week, we address the role of other crops in the landscape.Revisiting the role of other crops and weeds in the landscape The question about the role of alternative crops and grasses in the landscape is frequently raised. The general risk of species as reservoirs for the mite and virus complex depends on several factors, including:1. How well the curl mite reproduces on a given host,2. How susceptible the host is to the virus,3. The presence of the host during critical periods over the summer,4. How those periods overlap with the wheat crop, and5. How much of the host is present in the landscape during those critical summer months (host density)?That information was taken together to develop the relative risk of host species to harbor wheat curl mites over the summer (Figure 2). You’ll notice that the list includes cereal crops, weeds, and pasture grasses. In all, over 90 species have been shown to harbor the mites or virus to some level. Legumes are not known hosts for the curl mite or viruses.Volunteer wheat left over the summer is the highest risk host because it checks all the boxes for risk. The curl mites will reproduce rapidly on volunteer wheat, it is usually present right after harvest, may be left through fall planting, it is susceptible to the viruses, and it can build to high levels in the landscape. This is why the first line of defense against wheat streak will always be volunteer wheat management (ideally during wheat-free windows).Volunteer wheat can also “hide” in summer crops planted after wheat harvest as well as cover crops, complicating the ability to determine the risk of other crops in the landscape. For example, if wheat that is harvested in June and grain sorghum (or corn and soybean) is planted into that same field after wheat harvest, secondary flushes of volunteer wheat will be difficult to control.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/7/1753237965952.png" alt="Figure 2. From K-State Research and Extension Publication MF3383: Wheat Streak Mosaic. These graphs show the relative risk of various crops, grassy weeds, and pasture grasses to serve as hosts for the wheat streak mosaic virus and the wheat curl mite.  &nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Figure 2. From K-State Research and Extension Publication MF3383: Wheat Streak Mosaic. These graphs show the relative risk of various crops, grassy weeds, and pasture grasses to serve as hosts for the wheat streak mosaic virus and the wheat curl mite.  &nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Winter cereals planted early (during the wheat-free windows) for grazing or cover cropping may pose a risk for harboring curl mites. Species like barley, oats, rye, and triticale have all been shown to host both the mites and the virus at fairly high levels. When at all possible, early planting of these crops near fields that will be established with a fall wheat crop should be avoided. Including these crops in a summer cover crop mix can also be risky for bridging the curl mites and viruses to the fall wheat crop.To a lesser extent, corn and sorghum can also host the mite and virus complex. These crops are generally considered of low concern for epidemics in Kansas. Most of the research that we’ve reviewed has demonstrated that these crops are most conducive to curl mite survival during early growth stages. So, for example, corn/sorghum at a young stage when wheat is drying down would be at higher risk for curl mites than late-planted corn. It appears that curl mites are limited to corn husks later in the season and can result in symptoms of kernel red streak through feeding damage. Kernel red streak is generally considered a cosmetic issue in corn, but can serve as a sign that curl mites were present. Most commercial corn hybrids are resistant to wheat streak mosaic virus and High Plains wheat mosaic virus and will not experience yield losses to those viruses. Importantly, it appears that curl mite populations rapidly decline in the corn crop after the crop reaches black layer.Weedy grass hosts (detailed in Figure 2) are generally a lower concern, unless they are allowed to build to high levels and remain established through the summer months. Their role in epidemics is dictated by their abundance and the time they are allowed to persist in the landscape.

CAMPBELL: Wheat streak mosaic complex management, Part 2

In the cattle industry, experience matters—but for many women gaining that hands-on experience can be a challenge. Whether they’ve married into an operation, desire a career in beef production systems, or are trying to start their own herd from scratch, women often find themselves expected to help manage livestock without ever having been taught how. That gap in access to training and support is what Cow Camp 2025 aims to close.

Cow Camp 2025, a hands-on educational experience for women in beef production, will be held Sept. 10–11 at the Kansas State University’s Agricultural Research Center in Hays. The program is designed to help women build practical skills in cattle management, grow their confidence, and take a stronger role in the workforce shaping the future of Kansas agriculture.

“This is workforce development in the most grounded, impactful way,” said Sandy Johnson, K-State Research and Extension beef specialist. “We’re meeting women where they are and equipping them with the tools, they need to succeed in an industry that depends on smart decisions and shared leadership.”

Cow Camp offers workshops on body condition scoring, calving preparation and simulator training, expected progeny differences (EPDs), vaccine handling, forage sampling, pasture monitoring and more. The program is tailored for women who are managing a first herd, helping with a family operation, or entering the industry from the ground up.“

This event is about capacity building,” said Emma Briggs, KSRE beef production specialist. “It’s about giving women the skills, support and access to research-based information they need to contribute meaningfully to their operations and the broader beef industry. That’s what the land-grant mission is all about—bringing the university to the people and investing in rural communities.”

As the cattle industry evolves, more women are stepping into decision-making roles on farms and ranches. Yet many report limited access to training and peer support—particularly in rural areas. Cow Camp addresses that gap through a supportive, no-pressure environment where participants can ask questions, try new techniques and connect with others facing similar challenges.

“We’re not just teaching skills—we’re building confidence and community,” Johnson said. “And that’s what keeps women in agriculture long term.”

K-State Research and Extension developed Cow Camp in response to growing demand for educational opportunities that reflect the realities of western Kansas agriculture. The program supports both beginning and experienced producers and reinforces the university’s commitment to practical, inclusive outreach as part of its land-grant heritage.

The event is limited to 40 participants. Registration is $75 and includes meals, materials and all workshop sessions.

Event Details: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.wkrec.org/events/cow_camp/">Cow Camp 2025</a> Dates:&nbsp; Noon Sept. 10 to Noon Sept. 11 Location:&nbsp;K-State Western Kansas Research and Extension Center, Hays Cost:&nbsp;$75 (includes all workshops and meals) Deadline to register:&nbsp;Aug. 10 Contact:&nbsp;wkrec@k-state.edu More information:&nbsp;ksre.k-state.edu/wkrec

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682229509.jpeg" alt="

written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>

written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>In the cattle industry, experience matters—but for many women gaining that hands-on experience can be a challenge. Whether they’ve married into an operation, desire a career in beef production systems, or are trying to start their own herd from scratch, women often find themselves expected to help manage livestock without ever having been taught how. That gap in access to training and support is what Cow Camp 2025 aims to close.Cow Camp 2025, a hands-on educational experience for women in beef production, will be held Sept. 10–11 at the Kansas State University’s Agricultural Research Center in Hays. The program is designed to help women build practical skills in cattle management, grow their confidence, and take a stronger role in the workforce shaping the future of Kansas agriculture.“This is workforce development in the most grounded, impactful way,” said Sandy Johnson, K-State Research and Extension beef specialist. “We’re meeting women where they are and equipping them with the tools, they need to succeed in an industry that depends on smart decisions and shared leadership.”Cow Camp offers workshops on body condition scoring, calving preparation and simulator training, expected progeny differences (EPDs), vaccine handling, forage sampling, pasture monitoring and more. The program is tailored for women who are managing a first herd, helping with a family operation, or entering the industry from the ground up.“This event is about capacity building,” said Emma Briggs, KSRE beef production specialist. “It’s about giving women the skills, support and access to research-based information they need to contribute meaningfully to their operations and the broader beef industry. That’s what the land-grant mission is all about—bringing the university to the people and investing in rural communities.”As the cattle industry evolves, more women are stepping into decision-making roles on farms and ranches. Yet many report limited access to training and peer support—particularly in rural areas. Cow Camp addresses that gap through a supportive, no-pressure environment where participants can ask questions, try new techniques and connect with others facing similar challenges.“We’re not just teaching skills—we’re building confidence and community,” Johnson said. “And that’s what keeps women in agriculture long term.”K-State Research and Extension developed Cow Camp in response to growing demand for educational opportunities that reflect the realities of western Kansas agriculture. The program supports both beginning and experienced producers and reinforces the university’s commitment to practical, inclusive outreach as part of its land-grant heritage.The event is limited to 40 participants. Registration is $75 and includes meals, materials and all workshop sessions.Event Details: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.wkrec.org/events/cow_camp/">Cow Camp 2025</a> Dates:&nbsp; Noon Sept. 10 to Noon Sept. 11 Location:&nbsp;K-State Western Kansas Research and Extension Center, Hays Cost:&nbsp;$75 (includes all workshops and meals) Deadline to register:&nbsp;Aug. 10 Contact:&nbsp;wkrec@k-state.edu More information:&nbsp;ksre.k-state.edu/wkrecAlicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Register for Cow Camp 2025 by Aug. 10

It might seem odd how I choose to take some vacation time after the heat, humidity, long hours and stress of the fair. I love to help 4-H members learn no matter their county! I will spend several days in July judging a variety of events at other county fairs.

This opportunity to give back to 4-H members and help other agents is fun and worthwhile. Now, you’ll never find me sorting a livestock show or judging woodworking but I love to work with youth on Sewing &amp; Textiles, Fiber Arts, Photography, and a handful of other areas. Being able to share my experience both as a 4-H member in these project areas and as an adult is very gratifying!

I’ve had the opportunity to encourage a youth to consider how their love of photography and distinct perspective can become a career in journalism, advertising, graphic design, and other areas. I’ve also been able to encourage a youth in care and styling of their attire for the life skill of understanding a professional wardrobe and the necessary small details of shined shoes, appropriate accessories, and ironing skills. Last summer, I asked a young man about who starched his jeans. He was a bit affronted and proudly stated that he did! We had a great conversation about life skills and how impressed I was that he was willing to learn and practice this skill.

If you have a talent for woodworking, for arts &amp; crafts, for welding, for baking, or for photography and you are interested in sharing your knowledge and expertise, please let me know as we are always on the lookout for project leaders who are registered 4-H volunteers. Additionally, there is an opportunity for you to serve as a judge for 4-H or Open Class exhibits in other counties. If you are interested, check out the Kansas 4-H page under County Fairs/Kansas 4-H Judges Database (https://www.kansas4-h.org/educational-experiences/fair-resources/county-fairs/judgesregistration.html ). Some judging areas will need training such as Foods, Food Preservation, and Dogs. For the most part, a willingness to understand 4-H Project Learning principles and give candid but kind feedback is the most important.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="

written by: Michelle Beran - Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>

written by: Michelle Beran - Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>It might seem odd how I choose to take some vacation time after the heat, humidity, long hours and stress of the fair. I love to help 4-H members learn no matter their county! I will spend several days in July judging a variety of events at other county fairs.This opportunity to give back to 4-H members and help other agents is fun and worthwhile. Now, you’ll never find me sorting a livestock show or judging woodworking but I love to work with youth on Sewing &amp; Textiles, Fiber Arts, Photography, and a handful of other areas. Being able to share my experience both as a 4-H member in these project areas and as an adult is very gratifying!I’ve had the opportunity to encourage a youth to consider how their love of photography and distinct perspective can become a career in journalism, advertising, graphic design, and other areas. I’ve also been able to encourage a youth in care and styling of their attire for the life skill of understanding a professional wardrobe and the necessary small details of shined shoes, appropriate accessories, and ironing skills. Last summer, I asked a young man about who starched his jeans. He was a bit affronted and proudly stated that he did! We had a great conversation about life skills and how impressed I was that he was willing to learn and practice this skill.If you have a talent for woodworking, for arts &amp; crafts, for welding, for baking, or for photography and you are interested in sharing your knowledge and expertise, please let me know as we are always on the lookout for project leaders who are registered 4-H volunteers. Additionally, there is an opportunity for you to serve as a judge for 4-H or Open Class exhibits in other counties. If you are interested, check out the Kansas 4-H page under County Fairs/Kansas 4-H Judges Database (https://www.kansas4-h.org/educational-experiences/fair-resources/county-fairs/judgesregistration.html ). Some judging areas will need training such as Foods, Food Preservation, and Dogs. For the most part, a willingness to understand 4-H Project Learning principles and give candid but kind feedback is the most important.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: County fair an opportunity to give back to 4-H

K-State Extension is pleased to announce they will again be offering a series of prenatal education sessions in the Ellis County area beginning on July 31, 2025. These sessions, available free-of-charge to all area families regardless of income or other social determinants, are being provided thanks to a partnership between the Kansas Department of Health and Environment Bureau of Family Health, March of Dimes, First Care Clinic, High Plains Mental Health, Early Childhood Connections, Hays Public Library, Feeding Hays, KidLink DSNWK, and Ellis County Emergency Medical Services. Utilizing the March of Dimes’ Becoming a Mom®/Comenzando bien® curriculum, expectant participants and their support person(s) will learn about topics related to physical and emotional health during pregnancy, as well as receive in-depth education surrounding labor and delivery, infant feeding, infant care, safe sleep, and other hot button parenting issues. Information about area resources and additional parenting support systems in the community will also be provided.

I’m incredibly excited about the dedicated instructors and community partners who have come together to bring Becoming a Mom to life here in Ellis County. I’ve long envisioned a space where families can connect, build relationships with other parents, and support one another. During a meeting of the Ellis County Breastfeeding Coalition, we discussed the idea of a mentorship program for parents and felt that the Becoming a Mom classes offered a great opportunity to make that vision a reality. Another key goal of the program is to connect families with valuable resources by involving community partners who work with expectant parents and young families at each session. My hope is that by helping parents get to know these service providers personally, it will make it easier for them to reach out when they need support. Becoming a Mom will hopefully lead to improved pregnancy and birth outcomes for moms and babies in the Ellis county area, just as they have across many locations in Kansas. Since 2010, evaluation efforts for the Becoming a Mom® program according to the Kansas Perinatal Community Collaborative model, have been overwhelmingly positive. Outcomes have shown significant improvement in rates of preterm birth, low birth weight, breastfeeding initiation, and lower cesarean rates.

All area pregnant women are encouraged to attend, regardless of past experience with pregnancy or parenting. Incentives for participation will be provided thanks to grants made available through KDHE. Mothers, fathers, and support people are invited to attend each class. You can choose which classes you want to attend but you earn bigger incentives (portable crib or infant

playmat) for attending 4 out of the 6 classes. If you are from outside of Ellis County and are interested in attending, please contact Monique for availability. Limited childcare will be available, and we will also have a free meal provided by Feeding Hays. To obtain a schedule of class dates or to register for sessions, please contact Monique at Cottonwood Extension District by emailing/calling at MONIQUEK@KSU.EDU or 785-628-9430. You can also find Ellis County Becoming a Mom program on the Web at HTTPS://COTTONWOOD.K-STATE.EDU/BECOMING-A-MOM/ and Facebook HTTPS://WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/KSRECOTTONWOOD.

Parents in Barton County can call the Barton County Health Department at 620-793-1902 to inquire about classes as well.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or MONIQUEK@KSU.EDU

K-State Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522176561.png" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>K-State Extension is pleased to announce they will again be offering a series of prenatal education sessions in the Ellis County area beginning on July 31, 2025. These sessions, available free-of-charge to all area families regardless of income or other social determinants, are being provided thanks to a partnership between the Kansas Department of Health and Environment Bureau of Family Health, March of Dimes, First Care Clinic, High Plains Mental Health, Early Childhood Connections, Hays Public Library, Feeding Hays, KidLink DSNWK, and Ellis County Emergency Medical Services. Utilizing the March of Dimes’ Becoming a Mom®/Comenzando bien® curriculum, expectant participants and their support person(s) will learn about topics related to physical and emotional health during pregnancy, as well as receive in-depth education surrounding labor and delivery, infant feeding, infant care, safe sleep, and other hot button parenting issues. Information about area resources and additional parenting support systems in the community will also be provided.I’m incredibly excited about the dedicated instructors and community partners who have come together to bring Becoming a Mom to life here in Ellis County. I’ve long envisioned a space where families can connect, build relationships with other parents, and support one another. During a meeting of the Ellis County Breastfeeding Coalition, we discussed the idea of a mentorship program for parents and felt that the Becoming a Mom classes offered a great opportunity to make that vision a reality. Another key goal of the program is to connect families with valuable resources by involving community partners who work with expectant parents and young families at each session. My hope is that by helping parents get to know these service providers personally, it will make it easier for them to reach out when they need support. Becoming a Mom will hopefully lead to improved pregnancy and birth outcomes for moms and babies in the Ellis county area, just as they have across many locations in Kansas. Since 2010, evaluation efforts for the Becoming a Mom® program according to the Kansas Perinatal Community Collaborative model, have been overwhelmingly positive. Outcomes have shown significant improvement in rates of preterm birth, low birth weight, breastfeeding initiation, and lower cesarean rates.All area pregnant women are encouraged to attend, regardless of past experience with pregnancy or parenting. Incentives for participation will be provided thanks to grants made available through KDHE. Mothers, fathers, and support people are invited to attend each class. You can choose which classes you want to attend but you earn bigger incentives (portable crib or infantplaymat) for attending 4 out of the 6 classes. If you are from outside of Ellis County and are interested in attending, please contact Monique for availability. Limited childcare will be available, and we will also have a free meal provided by Feeding Hays. To obtain a schedule of class dates or to register for sessions, please contact Monique at Cottonwood Extension District by emailing/calling at MONIQUEK@KSU.EDU or 785-628-9430. You can also find Ellis County Becoming a Mom program on the Web at HTTPS://COTTONWOOD.K-STATE.EDU/BECOMING-A-MOM/ and Facebook HTTPS://WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/KSRECOTTONWOOD.Parents in Barton County can call the Barton County Health Department at 620-793-1902 to inquire about classes as well.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or MONIQUEK@KSU.EDUK-State Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER - Becoming a mom prenatal education

This article is the first in a multi-week series on wheat streak mosaic complex management to address the 2025 outbreak by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, K-State Extension Wheat Pathologist.

Wheat streak mosaic complex devastated many wheat fields across central and western Kansas in 2025. The conditions that favored this outbreak were covered in a previous article in May – High levels of wheat streak mosaic virus in parts of KS.

Wheat streak mosaic complex consists of a complex of three viruses: wheat streak mosaic virus, Triticum mosaic virus, and High Plains wheat mosaic virus. When two or more of these viruses are present in the same field, yield losses can be synergistic. As a reminder, the wheat streak mosaic complex of viruses is vectored by the tiny wheat curl mite. We know that mite populations were very high in the state at the end of the 2025 season. Research has reported that up to 500 curl mites can be found on a single healthy wheat head, which can conservatively translate to more than 1 billion mites per acre.

Curl mites can only survive ~4 days without a living host, so when the wheat crop dries down, mites will work their way to the top of plants and assume an “upright posture” to help them disperse by wind. Curl mites don’t fly, and they walk very slowly, so dispersal by wind is their only way to move in the landscape. The period when mites are migrating off the mature wheat crop has been referred to as the “mite rain” period, as billions of mites are showering down in the landscape. When conditions are very windy, mites can be passively dispersed more than 10 miles. The highest risk place for curl mites to survive the summer is volunteer wheat that is present at or around harvest.

Conditions that favor grain shattering, such as preharvest hail or harvest delays due to windy storms (such as much of the 2025 Kansas wheat harvest), can increase the presence of pre-harvest volunteers. If mites are allowed to survive on this volunteer wheat or alternative hosts until the fall-established wheat crop is planted, there is a high likelihood of another outbreak in 2026. As a reminder, there are no recommended insecticides for wheat curl mite management.

Volunteer wheat control will be essential in 2025

There are two critical periods for volunteer control: immediately after harvest and prior to fall planting. Volunteer wheat present at harvest is the perfect place for populations of curl mites to migrate as the crop dries down. Controlling this volunteer wheat as soon as possible will help dilute the mite populations heading into the remaining summer months. The second most critical window is pre-planting, as mites present at this time will migrate directly to the 2026 crop.

We are expanding the recommendation for volunteer wheat control to include regional recommendations for wheat-free windows (Figure 2). These windows include periods 30 days

prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting window by zone in Kansas. As the wheat curl mite is a community pest, coordinated breaks in volunteer wheat will have the highest likelihood of lowering local and statewide mite levels moving into our 2025 optimal planting date periods. Volunteer wheat that emerges after the fall crop is already established poses a lower risk as a green bridge and can be thought of in a similar way as the fall crop. Fall wheat planted early during wheat-free windows risks bridging wheat curl mite to the fall-established crop.

Figure 2. Proposed wheat-free windows in different regions of Kansas to reduce the likelihood of a wheat streak mosaic complex outbreak during the subsequent season. Wheat-free windows are defined as the 30-day period prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting date for the region.

Here are some important considerations for achieving success with wheat-free windows:

· All volunteer wheat should be terminated and completely dead prior to the start of your regional wheat-free window.

· Where possible, the fall wheat crop should not be planted until the end of the wheat-free window.

· Other winter cereals (such as rye and triticale) should not be planted during this period as they can serve as a “bridge” for the curl mites to fall-established wheat

· A regional “break” in the volunteer wheat green bridge will allow for wheat curl mites to die off prior to the start of the optimal wheat planting window.

· Volunteer wheat that emerges after this period is of less concern, as it will be emerging at a similar time as the fall-established winter wheat crop.

· Success is dependent on coordinated efforts in communities.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>This article is the first in a multi-week series on wheat streak mosaic complex management to address the 2025 outbreak by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, K-State Extension Wheat Pathologist.Wheat streak mosaic complex devastated many wheat fields across central and western Kansas in 2025. The conditions that favored this outbreak were covered in a previous article in May – High levels of wheat streak mosaic virus in parts of KS.Wheat streak mosaic complex consists of a complex of three viruses: wheat streak mosaic virus, Triticum mosaic virus, and High Plains wheat mosaic virus. When two or more of these viruses are present in the same field, yield losses can be synergistic. As a reminder, the wheat streak mosaic complex of viruses is vectored by the tiny wheat curl mite. We know that mite populations were very high in the state at the end of the 2025 season. Research has reported that up to 500 curl mites can be found on a single healthy wheat head, which can conservatively translate to more than 1 billion mites per acre.Curl mites can only survive ~4 days without a living host, so when the wheat crop dries down, mites will work their way to the top of plants and assume an “upright posture” to help them disperse by wind. Curl mites don’t fly, and they walk very slowly, so dispersal by wind is their only way to move in the landscape. The period when mites are migrating off the mature wheat crop has been referred to as the “mite rain” period, as billions of mites are showering down in the landscape. When conditions are very windy, mites can be passively dispersed more than 10 miles. The highest risk place for curl mites to survive the summer is volunteer wheat that is present at or around harvest.Conditions that favor grain shattering, such as preharvest hail or harvest delays due to windy storms (such as much of the 2025 Kansas wheat harvest), can increase the presence of pre-harvest volunteers. If mites are allowed to survive on this volunteer wheat or alternative hosts until the fall-established wheat crop is planted, there is a high likelihood of another outbreak in 2026. As a reminder, there are no recommended insecticides for wheat curl mite management.Volunteer wheat control will be essential in 2025There are two critical periods for volunteer control: immediately after harvest and prior to fall planting. Volunteer wheat present at harvest is the perfect place for populations of curl mites to migrate as the crop dries down. Controlling this volunteer wheat as soon as possible will help dilute the mite populations heading into the remaining summer months. The second most critical window is pre-planting, as mites present at this time will migrate directly to the 2026 crop.We are expanding the recommendation for volunteer wheat control to include regional recommendations for wheat-free windows (Figure 2). These windows include periods 30 daysprior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting window by zone in Kansas. As the wheat curl mite is a community pest, coordinated breaks in volunteer wheat will have the highest likelihood of lowering local and statewide mite levels moving into our 2025 optimal planting date periods. Volunteer wheat that emerges after the fall crop is already established poses a lower risk as a green bridge and can be thought of in a similar way as the fall crop. Fall wheat planted early during wheat-free windows risks bridging wheat curl mite to the fall-established crop.Figure 2. Proposed wheat-free windows in different regions of Kansas to reduce the likelihood of a wheat streak mosaic complex outbreak during the subsequent season. Wheat-free windows are defined as the 30-day period prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting date for the region.Here are some important considerations for achieving success with wheat-free windows:· All volunteer wheat should be terminated and completely dead prior to the start of your regional wheat-free window.· Where possible, the fall wheat crop should not be planted until the end of the wheat-free window.· Other winter cereals (such as rye and triticale) should not be planted during this period as they can serve as a “bridge” for the curl mites to fall-established wheat· A regional “break” in the volunteer wheat green bridge will allow for wheat curl mites to die off prior to the start of the optimal wheat planting window.· Volunteer wheat that emerges after this period is of less concern, as it will be emerging at a similar time as the fall-established winter wheat crop.· Success is dependent on coordinated efforts in communities.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Wheat streak mosaic complex management

On a hot summer day, there is nothing better than a cool drink of clean water to quench one’s thirst. For cattle out on pasture, their need for clean, accessible water is important for good health, said the experts from Kansas State University’s Beef Cattle Institute on a recent Cattle Chat podcast.

“Cattle that are eating dry hay will need to consume more water than cows eating fresh grass, and if they are in a hot environment they’ll drink about twice as much water as cows in the winter,” K-State beef cattle nutritionist Philip Lancaster said.

In the summer, Lancaster estimates the cows need to drink about two gallons of water for every 100 pounds of body weight. And adult cattle aren’t the only animals on pasture with a need for water.

“Even though their diet is mainly milk, calves also need to drink water to help their rumen properly digest any foods they are starting to consume,” Lancaster said.

Not only is it important to provide water access for cattle, but the quality of the water is key to good health, K-State veterinarian Bob Larson said.

“Anytime cattle are not hydrated as well as they could be, they are suspectable to disease as in the case of pneumonia,” Larson said.

One source of water for cattle on pastures is ponds.

“When the water quality is important, it is best to keep the cattle out of the ponds by fencing them out and piping the water to a tank,” K-State Research and Extension fisheries specialist Joe Gerken said. “Having a pipe that runs through an earthen dam regulates the temperature so the cattle will want to drink more.”

Another option is to grant the cattle limited access to the pond by fencing them out except for a gravel path to one part of the pond, Gerken said.

“Depending on the herd size, generally speaking, this path is from 20-40 feet wide, and because it is gravel, the cattle won’t linger as long due to the way it feels on their hooves,” Gerken said.

He also said the gravel keeps sediment from filling the pond.

“With this system, the pond can be healthy, and the cattle can still get the benefits they need from it,” Gerken said.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>On a hot summer day, there is nothing better than a cool drink of clean water to quench one’s thirst. For cattle out on pasture, their need for clean, accessible water is important for good health, said the experts from Kansas State University’s Beef Cattle Institute on a recent Cattle Chat podcast.“Cattle that are eating dry hay will need to consume more water than cows eating fresh grass, and if they are in a hot environment they’ll drink about twice as much water as cows in the winter,” K-State beef cattle nutritionist Philip Lancaster said.In the summer, Lancaster estimates the cows need to drink about two gallons of water for every 100 pounds of body weight. And adult cattle aren’t the only animals on pasture with a need for water.“Even though their diet is mainly milk, calves also need to drink water to help their rumen properly digest any foods they are starting to consume,” Lancaster said.Not only is it important to provide water access for cattle, but the quality of the water is key to good health, K-State veterinarian Bob Larson said.“Anytime cattle are not hydrated as well as they could be, they are suspectable to disease as in the case of pneumonia,” Larson said.One source of water for cattle on pastures is ponds.“When the water quality is important, it is best to keep the cattle out of the ponds by fencing them out and piping the water to a tank,” K-State Research and Extension fisheries specialist Joe Gerken said. “Having a pipe that runs through an earthen dam regulates the temperature so the cattle will want to drink more.”Another option is to grant the cattle limited access to the pond by fencing them out except for a gravel path to one part of the pond, Gerken said.“Depending on the herd size, generally speaking, this path is from 20-40 feet wide, and because it is gravel, the cattle won’t linger as long due to the way it feels on their hooves,” Gerken said.He also said the gravel keeps sediment from filling the pond.“With this system, the pond can be healthy, and the cattle can still get the benefits they need from it,” Gerken said.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Cows getting enough water during the summer

In today’s fast-paced world, making time for exercise can be a challenge. However, growing research suggests that intense exercise—even in shorter bursts—can offer significant physical and mental health benefits. From improving cardiovascular health to boosting brain function, intense workouts are proving to be one of the most efficient ways to elevate overall well-being.

High-intensity exercise such as interval training or vigorous strength workouts has been linked to improved heart health and better metabolic function. According to the American Heart Association engaging in vigorous physical activity for just 75 minutes per week can reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke and hypertension.

Unlike moderate exercise, intense workouts push the body to operate at or near its maximum capacity, increasing the heart rate and stimulating the muscles in a shorter period of time. This leads to greater calorie burn both during and after the workout, known as the “afterburn effect” or excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). As a result, intense exercise is an efficient way to support weight loss and improve metabolic health, particularly for those with limited time.

Intense resistance and body weight training not only build muscle but also improve muscular endurance and bone density. This is especially crucial as we age, when muscle mass naturally declines. Compound movements like squats, deadlifts, and sprints recruit multiple muscle groups, maximizing strength development while also improving coordination and stability.

Furthermore, intense exercise stimulates the production of growth hormone and testosterone, both essential for muscle repair and regeneration. Regular intense sessions can also enhance endurance, allowing individuals to perform daily activities more efficiently and with less fatigue.

The benefits of intense exercise aren’t limited to the body—they also extend to the brain. Short bursts of high-effort activity can significantly elevate levels of endorphins, dopamine, and serotonin, chemicals responsible for improved mood and reduced stress. In fact, studies show that intense workouts can help alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression more effectively than lower-intensity exercise.

Additionally, intense physical activity increases blood flow to the brain, which can improve focus, memory, and cognitive function. Some research even indicates that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may stimulate the growth of new brain cells and delay age-related cognitive decline.

One of the biggest advantages of intense workouts is their time efficiency, HIIT sessions, for instance, often last just 15-30 minutes and can be done with minimal equipment. This makes them ideal for people with busy schedules or those who prefer to exercise at home. Whether it’s a quick sprint session, a vigorous cycling class, or a circuit of bodyweight exercises, intense workouts can fit into almost any lifestyle.

High-intensity workouts, while effective for building strength and improving cardiovascular fitness, are not suitable for everyone. Individuals with certain medical conditions—such as heart disease, uncontrolled high blood pressure, or joint problems—should approach these workouts with caution or avoid them entirely unless cleared by a healthcare professional. Beginners who lack a solid fitness foundation may also be at greater risk of injury due to poor form or overexertion. Additionally, high-intensity training can lead to burnout or overtraining if not balanced with adequate rest and recovery. It’s important for anyone considering this type of exercise to assess their current health status and fitness level and ideally consult a medical provider or certified trainer before beginning a high-intensity regimen.

While all forms of physical activity have their place, intense exercise offers a uniquely powerful combination of physical, mental, and practical benefits. For those looking to maximize either health outcomes with minimal time investment, intense workouts may be the key to a stronger, healthier future.

Source: Atakan MM, Li Y, Koşar ŞN, Turnagöl HH, Yan X. Evidence-Based Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Exercise Capacity and Health: A Review with Historical Perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jul 5;18(13):7201. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18137201. PMID: 34281138; PMCID: PMC8294064.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>In today’s fast-paced world, making time for exercise can be a challenge. However, growing research suggests that intense exercise—even in shorter bursts—can offer significant physical and mental health benefits. From improving cardiovascular health to boosting brain function, intense workouts are proving to be one of the most efficient ways to elevate overall well-being.High-intensity exercise such as interval training or vigorous strength workouts has been linked to improved heart health and better metabolic function. According to the American Heart Association engaging in vigorous physical activity for just 75 minutes per week can reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke and hypertension.Unlike moderate exercise, intense workouts push the body to operate at or near its maximum capacity, increasing the heart rate and stimulating the muscles in a shorter period of time. This leads to greater calorie burn both during and after the workout, known as the “afterburn effect” or excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). As a result, intense exercise is an efficient way to support weight loss and improve metabolic health, particularly for those with limited time.Intense resistance and body weight training not only build muscle but also improve muscular endurance and bone density. This is especially crucial as we age, when muscle mass naturally declines. Compound movements like squats, deadlifts, and sprints recruit multiple muscle groups, maximizing strength development while also improving coordination and stability.Furthermore, intense exercise stimulates the production of growth hormone and testosterone, both essential for muscle repair and regeneration. Regular intense sessions can also enhance endurance, allowing individuals to perform daily activities more efficiently and with less fatigue.The benefits of intense exercise aren’t limited to the body—they also extend to the brain. Short bursts of high-effort activity can significantly elevate levels of endorphins, dopamine, and serotonin, chemicals responsible for improved mood and reduced stress. In fact, studies show that intense workouts can help alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression more effectively than lower-intensity exercise.Additionally, intense physical activity increases blood flow to the brain, which can improve focus, memory, and cognitive function. Some research even indicates that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may stimulate the growth of new brain cells and delay age-related cognitive decline.One of the biggest advantages of intense workouts is their time efficiency, HIIT sessions, for instance, often last just 15-30 minutes and can be done with minimal equipment. This makes them ideal for people with busy schedules or those who prefer to exercise at home. Whether it’s a quick sprint session, a vigorous cycling class, or a circuit of bodyweight exercises, intense workouts can fit into almost any lifestyle.High-intensity workouts, while effective for building strength and improving cardiovascular fitness, are not suitable for everyone. Individuals with certain medical conditions—such as heart disease, uncontrolled high blood pressure, or joint problems—should approach these workouts with caution or avoid them entirely unless cleared by a healthcare professional. Beginners who lack a solid fitness foundation may also be at greater risk of injury due to poor form or overexertion. Additionally, high-intensity training can lead to burnout or overtraining if not balanced with adequate rest and recovery. It’s important for anyone considering this type of exercise to assess their current health status and fitness level and ideally consult a medical provider or certified trainer before beginning a high-intensity regimen.While all forms of physical activity have their place, intense exercise offers a uniquely powerful combination of physical, mental, and practical benefits. For those looking to maximize either health outcomes with minimal time investment, intense workouts may be the key to a stronger, healthier future.Source: Atakan MM, Li Y, Koşar ŞN, Turnagöl HH, Yan X. Evidence-Based Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Exercise Capacity and Health: A Review with Historical Perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jul 5;18(13):7201. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18137201. PMID: 34281138; PMCID: PMC8294064.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: The power of intense exercise

Several K-State Research and Extension publications related to insect management in Kansas were recently updated and are available to the public.

These publications were prepared to help producers manage insect populations using the best available methods proven practical under Kansas conditions. They are revised annually and intended for use during the current calendar year. The user should know that pesticide label directions and restrictions are subject to change, and some may have changed since the publication date.

Full versions of each fact sheet are available online, with links provided below. 

Alfalfa Insect Pest Management - https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF809.pdf 

Corn Insect Pest Management - https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF810.pdf Cotton 

Insect Pest Management - https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF2674.pdf 

Sorghum Insect Pest Management - https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF742.pdf 

Soybean Insect Pest Management - https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF743.pdf 

Sunflower Insect Pest Management - https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF814.pdf 

Wheat Insect Pest Management - https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF745.pdf

The economics of control should be considered in any pest management decision. Because costs vary significantly over time and are influenced by factors beyond the scope of this publication, product cost is not a consideration for including or omitting specific insecticide products in these recommendations. Growers should compare product price, safety, and availability when making treatment decisions. Growers also need to consider the impacts of insecticides on non-target organisms like pollinators and natural enemies. Rotating insecticide groups can help combat insecticide resistance issues by leveraging different modes of action.

The user bears ultimate responsibility for correct pesticide use. For proper use, always read the label directions carefully before applying pesticides. Remember that illegal contamination of the treated crop or commodity can occur if pesticides are misused. K-State entomologists assume no responsibility for product performance, personal injury, property damage, or other types of loss resulting from the purchase, handling, or use of the pesticides listed.

More information on pests covered in these publications is available at: www.entomology.k-state.edu/extension/insect-information/crop-pests/

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Several K-State Research and Extension publications related to insect management in Kansas were recently updated and are available to the public.These publications were prepared to help producers manage insect populations using the best available methods proven practical under Kansas conditions. They are revised annually and intended for use during the current calendar year. The user should know that pesticide label directions and restrictions are subject to change, and some may have changed since the publication date.Full versions of each fact sheet are available online, with links provided below. Alfalfa Insect Pest Management - https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF809.pdf Corn Insect Pest Management - https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF810.pdf Cotton Insect Pest Management - https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF2674.pdf Sorghum Insect Pest Management - https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF742.pdf Soybean Insect Pest Management - https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF743.pdf Sunflower Insect Pest Management - https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF814.pdf Wheat Insect Pest Management - https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF745.pdfThe economics of control should be considered in any pest management decision. Because costs vary significantly over time and are influenced by factors beyond the scope of this publication, product cost is not a consideration for including or omitting specific insecticide products in these recommendations. Growers should compare product price, safety, and availability when making treatment decisions. Growers also need to consider the impacts of insecticides on non-target organisms like pollinators and natural enemies. Rotating insecticide groups can help combat insecticide resistance issues by leveraging different modes of action.The user bears ultimate responsibility for correct pesticide use. For proper use, always read the label directions carefully before applying pesticides. Remember that illegal contamination of the treated crop or commodity can occur if pesticides are misused. K-State entomologists assume no responsibility for product performance, personal injury, property damage, or other types of loss resulting from the purchase, handling, or use of the pesticides listed.More information on pests covered in these publications is available at: www.entomology.k-state.edu/extension/insect-information/crop-pests/Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Updated insect pest management guides

The buildings are quiet; equipment and shelving stored for another year; and 4-H families, fair board members and Extension staff are trying to catch up on rest from a fun, competitive, and very humid week at the Barnyard Mardi Gras 2025 Barton County Fair!

While we will all take a few days to recuperate, we are also thinking about things to improve for next year as well as preparing for entries for the 2025 Kansas State Fair.

In most 4-H categories, 4-H members who are 9 and older and received a purple ribbon on their exhibit have the opportunity to enter the Kansas State Fair.

If you attended any part of the Barton County Fair – Thank You for engaging in a fun community event. I hope that you made time to walk through Expo III and see the animals that 4-H members work hard with all year. I hope that you also made time to walk through Expo II and look at the Arts and Crafts, the Woodworking, the Foods and Nutrition, and many more projects that help 4-H members develop skills related to those projects as well as skills for communication, organization, and time management.

If you participated in the Open Class entries – Thank You for sharing your talents with our communities. I love walking through the quilts, fiber arts, and art area, in particular. Wow, we have an abundance of talented citizens!

If you attended the Premium Auction – Thank You for supporting 4-H Livestock projects. For many 4-H members, the premium you provide helps to fund next year’s project and their educational path after high school. Several of our top Foods &amp; Nutrition 4-H members had the opportunity to provide a baked good at the auction and a portion of those funds help with maintenance of the 4-H Educational Buildings on Highway 281 which are used for club and 4-H Council meetings, archery practice, and other 4-H activities.

In addition to all of these things, Sunday afternoon also closed a chapter as I move into a new role in the Cottonwood Extension District to focus on Family Resource Management. Yes, I’ll still be involved in the fair but will let a new 4-H agent take the lead.

And so, as they say in the movies, That’s A Wrap!

Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910. All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>The buildings are quiet; equipment and shelving stored for another year; and 4-H families, fair board members and Extension staff are trying to catch up on rest from a fun, competitive, and very humid week at the Barnyard Mardi Gras 2025 Barton County Fair!While we will all take a few days to recuperate, we are also thinking about things to improve for next year as well as preparing for entries for the 2025 Kansas State Fair.In most 4-H categories, 4-H members who are 9 and older and received a purple ribbon on their exhibit have the opportunity to enter the Kansas State Fair.If you attended any part of the Barton County Fair – Thank You for engaging in a fun community event. I hope that you made time to walk through Expo III and see the animals that 4-H members work hard with all year. I hope that you also made time to walk through Expo II and look at the Arts and Crafts, the Woodworking, the Foods and Nutrition, and many more projects that help 4-H members develop skills related to those projects as well as skills for communication, organization, and time management.If you participated in the Open Class entries – Thank You for sharing your talents with our communities. I love walking through the quilts, fiber arts, and art area, in particular. Wow, we have an abundance of talented citizens!If you attended the Premium Auction – Thank You for supporting 4-H Livestock projects. For many 4-H members, the premium you provide helps to fund next year’s project and their educational path after high school. Several of our top Foods &amp; Nutrition 4-H members had the opportunity to provide a baked good at the auction and a portion of those funds help with maintenance of the 4-H Educational Buildings on Highway 281 which are used for club and 4-H Council meetings, archery practice, and other 4-H activities.In addition to all of these things, Sunday afternoon also closed a chapter as I move into a new role in the Cottonwood Extension District to focus on Family Resource Management. Yes, I’ll still be involved in the fair but will let a new 4-H agent take the lead.And so, as they say in the movies, That’s A Wrap!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910. All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: And that’s a wrap on the Barton County Fair

Last week I discussed grip strength as it relates to health and longevity. This week we will discuss emerging research that underscores the critical role of leg strength in overall health. From enhancing mobility to reducing the risk of falls and chronic diseases, strong legs are foundational to maintain independence and vitality as we age.

Leg muscles, particularly quadriceps, hamstrings and glutes are vital for daily activities such as standing, walking and climbing stairs. Maintaining robust lower body strength is associated with:

Reduced risk of falls: strong legs enhance balance and coordination, decreasing the likelihood of falls, which can lead to serious injuries in older adults

Improved cardiovascular health: studies indicate that individuals with great leg strength have a lower risk of heart failure and better outcomes after heart attacks. For instance, research presented at the European Society of Cardiology’s Heart Failure 2023 congress found that strong quadriceps were linked to reduced risk of developing heart failure post-heart attack.

Enhanced metabolic function: leg strength contributes to better glucose metabolism, aiding in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.

Longevity: a study published in BMJ Open Sport &amp; Exercise Medicine revealed that older adults who engaged in heavy resistance training, maintained leg strength over a four-year period, suggesting long term benefits of strength training on mobility and independence.

Incorporating leg strengthening exercises into your routine can yield significant health benefits. Effective exercises include:

Squats and Lunges: these compound movements target multiple leg muscles, enhancing strength and coordination

Leg Presses: utilizing gym equipment to perform leg presses can build quadriceps, hamstring and glute strength.

Calf Raises: Strengthening the calves supports balance and stability.

Resistance Training: Engaging in weightlifting or resistance band exercises can improve muscle mass and function.

Leg Strength as a Predictor of Health Outcomes

Leg Strength serves as a reliable indicator of overall health and can predict various health outcomes:

Mortality Risk: research indicates that lower extremity strength is inversely associated with all-cause mortality, even among sedentary individuals.

Recovery from illness: individuals with stronger legs recover more quickly from surgeries and illnesses, highlighting the importance of maintaining leg strength for resilience.

Functional Independence: strong legs are essential for performing daily tasks independently, reducing the need for assistance or long-term care.

Prioritizing leg strength is crucial for maintaining health, independence, and quality of life, especially as we age. Regular leg strengthening exercises can lead to improved mobility, reduced risk of chronic disease, and enhanced longevity. Incorporating such exercises into your fitness routine is a proactive step toward healthier aging.

Source : García-Hermoso A, Cavero-Redondo I, Ramírez-Vélez R, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Lee DC, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Muscular Strength as a Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in an Apparently Healthy Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Data From Approximately 2 Million Men and Women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018 Oct;99(10):2100-2113.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.01.008. Epub 2018 Feb 7. PMID: 29425700.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Last week I discussed grip strength as it relates to health and longevity. This week we will discuss emerging research that underscores the critical role of leg strength in overall health. From enhancing mobility to reducing the risk of falls and chronic diseases, strong legs are foundational to maintain independence and vitality as we age.Importance of Leg StrengthLeg muscles, particularly quadriceps, hamstrings and glutes are vital for daily activities such as standing, walking and climbing stairs. Maintaining robust lower body strength is associated with:Reduced risk of falls: strong legs enhance balance and coordination, decreasing the likelihood of falls, which can lead to serious injuries in older adultsImproved cardiovascular health: studies indicate that individuals with great leg strength have a lower risk of heart failure and better outcomes after heart attacks. For instance, research presented at the European Society of Cardiology’s Heart Failure 2023 congress found that strong quadriceps were linked to reduced risk of developing heart failure post-heart attack.Enhanced metabolic function: leg strength contributes to better glucose metabolism, aiding in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.Longevity: a study published in BMJ Open Sport &amp; Exercise Medicine revealed that older adults who engaged in heavy resistance training, maintained leg strength over a four-year period, suggesting long term benefits of strength training on mobility and independence.Building and Maintaining Leg StrengthIncorporating leg strengthening exercises into your routine can yield significant health benefits. Effective exercises include:Squats and Lunges: these compound movements target multiple leg muscles, enhancing strength and coordinationLeg Presses: utilizing gym equipment to perform leg presses can build quadriceps, hamstring and glute strength.Calf Raises: Strengthening the calves supports balance and stability.Resistance Training: Engaging in weightlifting or resistance band exercises can improve muscle mass and function.Leg Strength as a Predictor of Health OutcomesLeg Strength serves as a reliable indicator of overall health and can predict various health outcomes:Mortality Risk: research indicates that lower extremity strength is inversely associated with all-cause mortality, even among sedentary individuals.Recovery from illness: individuals with stronger legs recover more quickly from surgeries and illnesses, highlighting the importance of maintaining leg strength for resilience.Functional Independence: strong legs are essential for performing daily tasks independently, reducing the need for assistance or long-term care.Prioritizing leg strength is crucial for maintaining health, independence, and quality of life, especially as we age. Regular leg strengthening exercises can lead to improved mobility, reduced risk of chronic disease, and enhanced longevity. Incorporating such exercises into your fitness routine is a proactive step toward healthier aging.Source : García-Hermoso A, Cavero-Redondo I, Ramírez-Vélez R, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Lee DC, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Muscular Strength as a Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in an Apparently Healthy Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Data From Approximately 2 Million Men and Women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018 Oct;99(10):2100-2113.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.01.008. Epub 2018 Feb 7. PMID: 29425700.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Leg strength

This year’s weather has delayed harvest and left many wheat growers with fields of low-test weight and sprouted grain. This damage causes large discounts at the elevator because the grain does not meet standards for milling or export. Wheat that does not meet market specs still have value as livestock feed either as part of supplements for grazing cattle or in mixed diets to growing and finishing cattle.

Feeding Value and Nutritional Considerations

Despite its poor appearance,&nbsp;low test weight or sprouted wheat retains much of its energy and protein content as animal feed. In fact, the nutrient composition often compares well to regular wheat:·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Crude Protein: Often 12–14%, depending on variety and growing conditions.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN): Generally, 80–85%, making it a high-energy feed.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sprouting Effect: Enzymatic changes during sprouting may actually increase starch digestibility, though spoilage is a concern if storage is poor.

The main challenge is balancing the ration correctly. Wheat is&nbsp;high in starch and low in fiber, so overfeeding can lead to digestive upsets like&nbsp;acidosis&nbsp;or&nbsp;founder&nbsp;making feeding management a key consideration.

Tips for Feeding Damaged Wheat Safely

1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Limit Inclusion: Start with low levels and increase gradually. &nbsp; &nbsp;Supplementing grazing cattle: limit feeding to 0.3 to 0.5% of bodyweight per feeding or as only ½ of less of a supplement fed at a higher rate. No more than 2 to 3 pounds per day for a growing calf or 4 to 6 pounds for a mature beef cow. Increase feeding frequency when feeding wheat, doubling the feeding rate and feeding every other day is not recommended. &nbsp; &nbsp;Growing and finishing cattle on mixed rations: wheat can replace part of the corn. We recommend no more than 1/3 of the total ration or ½ of the grain in the concentrate portion of the ration. Feeding management becomes more important when feeding highly digestible grains like wheat.

2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Process with Care: Processing increases digestibility of wheat by 20 to 30%. Coarsely rolling wheat improves digestibility but avoid fine grinding. When processing is too fine the starch in wheat is digested too fast in the rumen and increases the risk of ruminal acidosis.

3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Balance the Ration: Wheat should be fed with adequate&nbsp;roughage&nbsp;(hay, silage, or straw) to maintain rumen health. Avoid low-roughage low-fiber diets.

4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Monitor Intakes Closely: Watch for signs of overeating, scours, or bloating when feeding sprouted or damaged wheat.

Storage is Key: Keep wheat dry and cool. Sprouted grain with higher moisture is especially vulnerable to spoilage.

Test for Mycotoxins or Mold: Sprouted wheat may be more prone to spoilage. If stored improperly, mold and toxins can develop. Always test suspect lots before feeding.

Feeding downgraded wheat can be a benefit for cattle producers to gain access to a high-energy feed at a discount — provided it’s done safely and with proper nutrition support. Before incorporating low-quality wheat into your feeding program, consult with a&nbsp;livestock nutritionist&nbsp;or&nbsp;Extension specialist&nbsp;to balance the ration and ensure safety with careful management.

Used with permission from Paul Beck, Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension Beef Cattle Nutrition Specialist

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>This year’s weather has delayed harvest and left many wheat growers with fields of low-test weight and sprouted grain. This damage causes large discounts at the elevator because the grain does not meet standards for milling or export. Wheat that does not meet market specs still have value as livestock feed either as part of supplements for grazing cattle or in mixed diets to growing and finishing cattle.Feeding Value and Nutritional ConsiderationsDespite its poor appearance,&nbsp;low test weight or sprouted wheat retains much of its energy and protein content as animal feed. In fact, the nutrient composition often compares well to regular wheat:·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Crude Protein: Often 12–14%, depending on variety and growing conditions.·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN): Generally, 80–85%, making it a high-energy feed.·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sprouting Effect: Enzymatic changes during sprouting may actually increase starch digestibility, though spoilage is a concern if storage is poor.The main challenge is balancing the ration correctly. Wheat is&nbsp;high in starch and low in fiber, so overfeeding can lead to digestive upsets like&nbsp;acidosis&nbsp;or&nbsp;founder&nbsp;making feeding management a key consideration.Tips for Feeding Damaged Wheat Safely1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Limit Inclusion: Start with low levels and increase gradually. &nbsp; &nbsp;Supplementing grazing cattle: limit feeding to 0.3 to 0.5% of bodyweight per feeding or as only ½ of less of a supplement fed at a higher rate. No more than 2 to 3 pounds per day for a growing calf or 4 to 6 pounds for a mature beef cow. Increase feeding frequency when feeding wheat, doubling the feeding rate and feeding every other day is not recommended. &nbsp; &nbsp;Growing and finishing cattle on mixed rations: wheat can replace part of the corn. We recommend no more than 1/3 of the total ration or ½ of the grain in the concentrate portion of the ration. Feeding management becomes more important when feeding highly digestible grains like wheat.2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Process with Care: Processing increases digestibility of wheat by 20 to 30%. Coarsely rolling wheat improves digestibility but avoid fine grinding. When processing is too fine the starch in wheat is digested too fast in the rumen and increases the risk of ruminal acidosis.3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Balance the Ration: Wheat should be fed with adequate&nbsp;roughage&nbsp;(hay, silage, or straw) to maintain rumen health. Avoid low-roughage low-fiber diets.4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Monitor Intakes Closely: Watch for signs of overeating, scours, or bloating when feeding sprouted or damaged wheat.Other ConsiderationsStorage is Key: Keep wheat dry and cool. Sprouted grain with higher moisture is especially vulnerable to spoilage.Test for Mycotoxins or Mold: Sprouted wheat may be more prone to spoilage. If stored improperly, mold and toxins can develop. Always test suspect lots before feeding.Feeding downgraded wheat can be a benefit for cattle producers to gain access to a high-energy feed at a discount — provided it’s done safely and with proper nutrition support. Before incorporating low-quality wheat into your feeding program, consult with a&nbsp;livestock nutritionist&nbsp;or&nbsp;Extension specialist&nbsp;to balance the ration and ensure safety with careful management.Used with permission from Paul Beck, Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension Beef Cattle Nutrition SpecialistAlicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Making the most of damaged wheat

Kansas State University and the Kansas Agribusiness Retailers Association (KARA) are hosting two 2-day Summer Field School sessions on July 8–9 and July 10–11, 2025, at the K-State Agronomy Education Center (2213 Agronomy Farm Road), located just north of the K-State football stadium in Manhattan. The field days are the same on the two different dates. This year’s program will spotlight soybean and cotton production, with comprehensive, hands-on sessions covering:

· Crop growth and soil fertility for soybeans and cotton production

· Herbicide symptomology and glufosinate optimization

· 2-day program: $220 (includes lunch both days)

· 1-day option: $135 (includes lunch for that day)

· Earn multiple Certified Crop Advisor (CCA) and 1A credits (exact credit total forthcoming)

The complete program overview and registration link are available at the KS. Agribusiness Retailers site: https://www.ksagretailers.org/events-training/ksu-field-days/

Lodging options and additional information are listed on the registration page.

This field day is open to anyone who is interested. If you have any questions, contact Peter Tomlinson, K-State Environmental Quality Specialist at ptomlin@ksu.edu

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Kansas State University and the Kansas Agribusiness Retailers Association (KARA) are hosting two 2-day Summer Field School sessions on July 8–9 and July 10–11, 2025, at the K-State Agronomy Education Center (2213 Agronomy Farm Road), located just north of the K-State football stadium in Manhattan. The field days are the same on the two different dates. This year’s program will spotlight soybean and cotton production, with comprehensive, hands-on sessions covering:· Crop growth and soil fertility for soybeans and cotton production· Herbicide symptomology and glufosinate optimization· Weed identification· Precision agriculture· Soil health· Crop diseases and insect managementRegistration Information· 2-day program: $220 (includes lunch both days)· 1-day option: $135 (includes lunch for that day)· Earn multiple Certified Crop Advisor (CCA) and 1A credits (exact credit total forthcoming)The complete program overview and registration link are available at the KS. Agribusiness Retailers site: https://www.ksagretailers.org/events-training/ksu-field-days/Lodging &amp; DetailsLodging options and additional information are listed on the registration page.This field day is open to anyone who is interested. If you have any questions, contact Peter Tomlinson, K-State Environmental Quality Specialist at ptomlin@ksu.eduStacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Registration open for K-State/KARA Summer Field Day

With the 2025 wheat harvest in full swing it is time to think about weed control in wheat stubble. When soil moisture conditions are favorable, weeds that have been suppressed by the canopy will grow rapidly once crop competition is removed. In addition, weeds that have emerged through the wheat canopy will be damaged during harvest and will quickly begin regrowth. Delaying control can result in lost soil moisture that could be used for crop production, as well as weed seed production, which will cause difficulties in the future.

When thinking about weed control in wheat stubble, there are two priorities – controlling already emerged weeds and preventing later flushes. Making applications before weeds exceed 4 to 6 inches is necessary for good control of already emerged weeds. Residual herbicides are necessary to reduce the number of herbicide applications required to control multiple flushes of weeds.

Despite a growing number of herbicide-resistant weeds, glyphosate plus 2,4-D LVE and/or dicamba continue to be important for weed control in wheat stubble. However, these herbicides alone are not likely to provide adequate control of pigweeds or kochia, especially when applied in the hot, dry conditions that are common after wheat harvest. Some herbicide options commonly used to control weeds after wheat harvest are listed.

Paraquat (Gramoxone, others) is a Group 22 herbicide that can work well in place of glyphosate for nonselective control of emerged pigweed and kochia. If planning to plant corn or sorghum next spring, a tank mix of paraquat with atrazine (Group 5) will enhance the control of emerged weeds and provide some residual weed control. Atrazine labels have recently changed such that the only noncrop uses of atrazine permitted are for wheat stubble in wheat-fallow-wheat, wheat-corn-fallow, and wheat-sorghum-fallow rotations.

Metribuzin is another Group 5 herbicide that can be used instead of atrazine to enhance control and provide some residual activity.

One final note regarding paraquat. Limited research out of Australia suggests applying paraquat 2 weeks after a glyphosate application will increase weed control. This is called a ‘double knock’ strategy. This information is included here not as a recommendation per se, but to encourage careful thought about when you want to utilize contact herbicides in your fallow weed management system. If paraquat were sprayed with or before glyphosate, the rapid damage to leaf tissue with prevent uptake and translocation of glyphosate. However, if a glyphosate application partially controls weeds, there will be sufficient leaf area 2 weeks after application for paraquat to be effective.

Saflufenacil (Sharpen), a Group 14 herbicide applied at one to two fluid ounces per acre, is an option to provide postemergence and short-term residual control of Palmer amaranth, kochia, and other broadleaf weeds.

Tiafenacil (Reviton) is a Group 14 very similar to Sharpen in terms of weed control and adjuvant use.

Flumioxazin (Valor, others) is a Group 14 herbicide that can be added to burndown treatments at rates of one to four fluid ounces per acre for activity on emerged broadleaf weeds and some residual activity on broadleaf and grass weeds in wheat stubble. Flumioxazin can be mixed with glyphosate or clethodim (Select Max) for enhanced grass control. It can also be mixed with 2,4-D, atrazine, metribuzin, or paraquat.

Another group 14 herbicide that can be considered is sulfentrazone (Spartan, others). Sulfentrazone can be applied to stubble and will control Palmer amaranth and kochia as well as other broadleaf weeds and some grasses. Of the Group 14 herbicides discussed, flumioxazin and sulfentrazone provide the greatest residual activity; however, saflufenacil provides greater postemergence kochia control than flumioxazin. Research to evaluate Palmer amaranth control in wheat stubble was conducted in Hays during 2019 and 2020. Herbicides were applied approximately 3 weeks after harvest to Palmer amaranth that was two to three feet tall. Palmer amaranth control 4 weeks after application in general, treatments that included paraquat (Gramoxone) resulted in the greatest Palmer amaranth control.

Information provided by K-State weed control specialists.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>With the 2025 wheat harvest in full swing it is time to think about weed control in wheat stubble. When soil moisture conditions are favorable, weeds that have been suppressed by the canopy will grow rapidly once crop competition is removed. In addition, weeds that have emerged through the wheat canopy will be damaged during harvest and will quickly begin regrowth. Delaying control can result in lost soil moisture that could be used for crop production, as well as weed seed production, which will cause difficulties in the future.When thinking about weed control in wheat stubble, there are two priorities – controlling already emerged weeds and preventing later flushes. Making applications before weeds exceed 4 to 6 inches is necessary for good control of already emerged weeds. Residual herbicides are necessary to reduce the number of herbicide applications required to control multiple flushes of weeds.Despite a growing number of herbicide-resistant weeds, glyphosate plus 2,4-D LVE and/or dicamba continue to be important for weed control in wheat stubble. However, these herbicides alone are not likely to provide adequate control of pigweeds or kochia, especially when applied in the hot, dry conditions that are common after wheat harvest. Some herbicide options commonly used to control weeds after wheat harvest are listed.Paraquat (Gramoxone, others) is a Group 22 herbicide that can work well in place of glyphosate for nonselective control of emerged pigweed and kochia. If planning to plant corn or sorghum next spring, a tank mix of paraquat with atrazine (Group 5) will enhance the control of emerged weeds and provide some residual weed control. Atrazine labels have recently changed such that the only noncrop uses of atrazine permitted are for wheat stubble in wheat-fallow-wheat, wheat-corn-fallow, and wheat-sorghum-fallow rotations.Metribuzin is another Group 5 herbicide that can be used instead of atrazine to enhance control and provide some residual activity.One final note regarding paraquat. Limited research out of Australia suggests applying paraquat 2 weeks after a glyphosate application will increase weed control. This is called a ‘double knock’ strategy. This information is included here not as a recommendation per se, but to encourage careful thought about when you want to utilize contact herbicides in your fallow weed management system. If paraquat were sprayed with or before glyphosate, the rapid damage to leaf tissue with prevent uptake and translocation of glyphosate. However, if a glyphosate application partially controls weeds, there will be sufficient leaf area 2 weeks after application for paraquat to be effective.Saflufenacil (Sharpen), a Group 14 herbicide applied at one to two fluid ounces per acre, is an option to provide postemergence and short-term residual control of Palmer amaranth, kochia, and other broadleaf weeds.Tiafenacil (Reviton) is a Group 14 very similar to Sharpen in terms of weed control and adjuvant use.Flumioxazin (Valor, others) is a Group 14 herbicide that can be added to burndown treatments at rates of one to four fluid ounces per acre for activity on emerged broadleaf weeds and some residual activity on broadleaf and grass weeds in wheat stubble. Flumioxazin can be mixed with glyphosate or clethodim (Select Max) for enhanced grass control. It can also be mixed with 2,4-D, atrazine, metribuzin, or paraquat.Another group 14 herbicide that can be considered is sulfentrazone (Spartan, others). Sulfentrazone can be applied to stubble and will control Palmer amaranth and kochia as well as other broadleaf weeds and some grasses. Of the Group 14 herbicides discussed, flumioxazin and sulfentrazone provide the greatest residual activity; however, saflufenacil provides greater postemergence kochia control than flumioxazin. Research to evaluate Palmer amaranth control in wheat stubble was conducted in Hays during 2019 and 2020. Herbicides were applied approximately 3 weeks after harvest to Palmer amaranth that was two to three feet tall. Palmer amaranth control 4 weeks after application in general, treatments that included paraquat (Gramoxone) resulted in the greatest Palmer amaranth control.Information provided by K-State weed control specialists.

CAMPBELL: Post-harvest weed control strategies for wheat stubble

By COLE REIF Great Bend Post

It’s a “Barnyard Mardi Gras” at the Expo Complex through the rest of the
weekend. The Barton County Fair still has plenty of events through Sunday
during the 34th annual fair.


Michelle Beran, with the Cottonwood Extension District, said there are all
kinds of livestock shows starting Saturday.


"There will be mutton bustin' that the Fair Board puts on," said Beran. "Our horse-riding class will happen Saturday morning too. We invite you all on Sunday to come out for the animal round robin. That's our top showmen and women of each age category for each species. They compete against one another in an activity."

The 4-H Horse Show in the outdoor arena begins at 8 a.m. Saturday. A painting
class starts at 9 a.m. The tractor pull gets underway at 11 a.m. and car show
from 12 p.m. to 4 p.m. The carnival will again start at 6 p.m. Musical
entertainment begins at 7:30 p.m.


Find a full list of Barton County Fair events and times by clicking <a href="https://www.bartoncountyfair.com/_files/ugd/f23a69_b6b72738d7a840848f54673a231bb673.pdf">HERE</a>.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1750959324263.jpeg" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>By COLE REIF Great Bend PostIt’s a “Barnyard Mardi Gras” at the Expo Complex through the rest of the
weekend. The Barton County Fair still has plenty of events through Sunday
during the 34th annual fair.
Michelle Beran, with the Cottonwood Extension District, said there are all
kinds of livestock shows starting Saturday.
"There will be mutton bustin' that the Fair Board puts on," said Beran. "Our horse-riding class will happen Saturday morning too. We invite you all on Sunday to come out for the animal round robin. That's our top showmen and women of each age category for each species. They compete against one another in an activity."The 4-H Horse Show in the outdoor arena begins at 8 a.m. Saturday. A painting
class starts at 9 a.m. The tractor pull gets underway at 11 a.m. and car show
from 12 p.m. to 4 p.m. The carnival will again start at 6 p.m. Musical
entertainment begins at 7:30 p.m.
Find a full list of Barton County Fair events and times by clicking <a href="https://www.bartoncountyfair.com/_files/ugd/f23a69_b6b72738d7a840848f54673a231bb673.pdf">HERE</a>.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;

Full of events this weekend at Barton County Fair

Recent warming temperatures and wet weather patterns have created ideal conditions for mosquitoes, said Kansas State University entomologist Raymond Cloyd.&nbsp;

“There are a lot of situations (near the home) where standing water is around,” he said. “We need to be aware of mosquitoes.”&nbsp;

Cloyd suggests clearing out the breeding environments used by mosquitoes to help mitigate their numbers near homes.&nbsp;

“The way we approach mosquito management is source reduction, that is, remove all stagnant water from bird baths, old tires, wheelbarrows, or anything that holds water for an extended period of time,” he said.&nbsp;

Other ways to get rid of mosquito breeding grounds, according to the K-State Research and Extension publication,&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/mosquitoes-and-west-nile-virus_MF2571.pdf">Pests That Affect Human Health: Mosquitoes and West Nile Virus</a>: &nbsp;

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Eliminate artificial water-holding containers. If that is not possible, empty buckets, cans, bottles, used tires and other containers at least once a week. &nbsp; ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fill or drain tree holes, stumps and puddles. &nbsp; ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Irrigate gardens and lawns carefully to prevent water standing for more than a few days.  &nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Check for water trapped in plastic covers on boats and swimming pools. &nbsp; ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Make sure rain gutters are clean and do not hold water.  &nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Recent warming temperatures and wet weather patterns have created ideal conditions for mosquitoes, said Kansas State University entomologist Raymond Cloyd.&nbsp;“There are a lot of situations (near the home) where standing water is around,” he said. “We need to be aware of mosquitoes.”&nbsp;Cloyd suggests clearing out the breeding environments used by mosquitoes to help mitigate their numbers near homes.&nbsp;“The way we approach mosquito management is source reduction, that is, remove all stagnant water from bird baths, old tires, wheelbarrows, or anything that holds water for an extended period of time,” he said.&nbsp;Other ways to get rid of mosquito breeding grounds, according to the K-State Research and Extension publication,&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/mosquitoes-and-west-nile-virus_MF2571.pdf">Pests That Affect Human Health: Mosquitoes and West Nile Virus</a>: &nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Eliminate artificial water-holding containers. If that is not possible, empty buckets, cans, bottles, used tires and other containers at least once a week. &nbsp; ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fill or drain tree holes, stumps and puddles. &nbsp; ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Irrigate gardens and lawns carefully to prevent water standing for more than a few days.  &nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Check for water trapped in plastic covers on boats and swimming pools. &nbsp; ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Make sure rain gutters are clean and do not hold water.  &nbsp;People can also use a wide variety of repellents to lessen the presence of female mosquitoes during the times they’re most active, according to Cloyd. &nbsp;“If you're going to be out at dusk and dawn, spray your body with a repellent such as DEET, Picaridin or IR3535,” he said. &nbsp;Permethrin acts as another form of female mosquito control that affects them directly, but it must be applied properly to ensure human safety.&nbsp;“Permethrin is an insecticide, but you don't spray it on your skin,” Cloyd said. “You spray it just on your clothing. When you come back inside take a shower (after application).”&nbsp;Mosquito management can also occur during the early phases of the insect’s life cycle using a larvicide in the form of mosquito dunks or bits.&nbsp;“You can put mosquito dunks and bits in water to kill mosquitos in the larval stage,” Cloyd said. They're completely harmless to pets and fish; all they kill is mosquito larva. So if you have a pond that's not agitated or a bird bath you don't want to change, you can throw in these mosquito dunks or bits. They'll eat it then they’ll die.”&nbsp;He added: “Dunks and bits are stomach poisons that contain the active ingredient,&nbsp;Bacillus thuringienesis (subspecies&nbsp;kurstaki, or Btk).&nbsp;Btk&nbsp;is a soil-borne bacterium that only kills mosquito larvae. It will manage mosquito larval populations for one to four weeks after application.”&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.