Yards may need another shot of moisture even after recent rain and snow to alleviate stress in lawns and gardens, said Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini.

“A good, deep watering with moisture reaching at least a foot down into the soil is much better than several light sprinklings that just wet the top portions of the soil,” Domenghini said. “A deep watering will ensure that the majority of roots have access to water.”

Domenghini urged homeowners to test the moisture content in their yard’s soil by pushing a metal rod or wooden dowel into the ground. “Dry soil is much harder to push through than wet,” she said. 

Measure how far down the implement goes to determine the amount of moisture is in the soil.

“Although all perennial plants benefit from moist soils before winter, it is especially important for newly planted or over-seeded lawns, as well as newly transplanted trees and shrubs due to their limited root systems,” Domenghini said.

“Even trees and shrubs planted within the last 2-3 years are more sensitive to drought than a well-established plant. Evergreens are more at risk because moisture is lost from the foliage.”

Domenghini shared a few tips for watering common areas of the yard: &nbsp;- Trees and shrubs planted within the last year. Drill a small hole in a five-gallon bucket near the bottom, then fill the bucket and let the water dribble out slowly next to the tree. Refill the bucket once so that you apply 10 gallons. Slow release bags with micropores can be purchased as an alternative to using a bucket. Larger trees planted 2-3 years prior may require more water.

- Large trees.&nbsp;Using a soaker hose, circle the trunk one-half the distance to the dripline, or the outermost reach of branches. On smaller trees, you may need to circle the tree several times so that tree roots will be watered.

- Newly established bed or foundation plantings.&nbsp;Hook the beginning and end of a soaker hose to a Y-adapter to equalize pressure, which encourages more uniform watering.

- Fall planted or overseeded lawns. Use an overhead sprinkler. Watering to a depth of 12 inches is more difficult; try to reach at least six inches deep.

Domenghini said watering once a month if conditions are dry and warm should be enough to help landscapes through the winter.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Yards may need another shot of moisture even after recent rain and snow to alleviate stress in lawns and gardens, said Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini.“A good, deep watering with moisture reaching at least a foot down into the soil is much better than several light sprinklings that just wet the top portions of the soil,” Domenghini said. “A deep watering will ensure that the majority of roots have access to water.”Domenghini urged homeowners to test the moisture content in their yard’s soil by pushing a metal rod or wooden dowel into the ground. “Dry soil is much harder to push through than wet,” she said. Measure how far down the implement goes to determine the amount of moisture is in the soil.“Although all perennial plants benefit from moist soils before winter, it is especially important for newly planted or over-seeded lawns, as well as newly transplanted trees and shrubs due to their limited root systems,” Domenghini said.“Even trees and shrubs planted within the last 2-3 years are more sensitive to drought than a well-established plant. Evergreens are more at risk because moisture is lost from the foliage.”Domenghini shared a few tips for watering common areas of the yard: &nbsp;- Trees and shrubs planted within the last year. Drill a small hole in a five-gallon bucket near the bottom, then fill the bucket and let the water dribble out slowly next to the tree. Refill the bucket once so that you apply 10 gallons. Slow release bags with micropores can be purchased as an alternative to using a bucket. Larger trees planted 2-3 years prior may require more water.- Large trees.&nbsp;Using a soaker hose, circle the trunk one-half the distance to the dripline, or the outermost reach of branches. On smaller trees, you may need to circle the tree several times so that tree roots will be watered.- Newly established bed or foundation plantings.&nbsp;Hook the beginning and end of a soaker hose to a Y-adapter to equalize pressure, which encourages more uniform watering.- Fall planted or overseeded lawns. Use an overhead sprinkler. Watering to a depth of 12 inches is more difficult; try to reach at least six inches deep.Domenghini said watering once a month if conditions are dry and warm should be enough to help landscapes through the winter.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Yards may require more water even with recent rain, snow

The Facts… •Having hypertension increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, which are leading causes of death in the United States.

•Nearly half of adults in the United States (47%, or 116 million) have hypertension.

•Only about 1 in 4 adults (24%) with hypertension have their condition under control.

*Many people have high blood pressure and don’t know it.

To address hypertension in Kansas, K-State Extension is bringing the Hypertension Awareness and Prevention program (HAPp) to Ellis and Barton County. HAPp is a four-month self-monitoring blood pressure (SMBP) program that will provide participants with:

· A FREE validated blood pressure monitor.

· An opportunity to meet with a trained HAPp Coach twice a month to help take and track blood pressure.

· Monthly nutrition education workshops.

· Stress management and healthy lifestyle strategies.

There are no requirements to participate. There is strong evidence that suggests that participants who engage in SMBP along with clinical or community support can lower their high blood pressure.

This year we have Dr. Travis Haneke, Cardiologist, joining us for the Kick-Off meeting. He will be a great resource for people wanting to learn more about blood pressure, how it works, and how they can maintain healthy blood pressure.

What to expect during the program: •Participants are expected to attend the Kick-Off meeting on Tuesday, February 3, 2026, from 6:00 pm – 7:00 pm in either Great Bend (Barton Co Health Department, 1300 Kansas Ave.) or Hays (Cottonwood Extension Office, 601 Main St., back meeting room).

•Participants are expected to measure their blood pressure at home at least twice per month (February – May).

•Participants are expected to attend office hours to discuss SMBP readings and healthy lifestyle strategies twice per month (February – May). Office hours will be scheduled after the Kick- Off meeting.

•Participants are highly encouraged to attend nutrition education workshops once per month (February-May).

* The program is FREE, but you must register to attend. For any questions, please contact Monique Koerner at moniquek@ksu.edu or Karissa Frasier at krfrasier@ksu.edu or call 785-628-9430.

* If you are only interested in the Nutrition Programs, those are free and open to the public and you don’t have to participate in HAPp to attend. Please register so we know how many to plan for because we will do food demonstrations and taste testing at each workshop.

*Registration :&nbsp; visit https://kstate.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_eKU0KiUnIFj0dV4

Please note – HAPp Coaches will not be diagnosing conditions or interpreting blood pressure readings. The HAPp Coach’s role is to help participants: learn proper self-monitoring blood pressure techniques; make their own determination if blood pressure readings are within a healthy range; learn healthy lifestyle strategies that can reduce high blood pressure; and connect to community resources or other Extension programs that can improve health and well-being.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

K-State Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>The Facts… •Having hypertension increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, which are leading causes of death in the United States.•Nearly half of adults in the United States (47%, or 116 million) have hypertension.•Only about 1 in 4 adults (24%) with hypertension have their condition under control.*Many people have high blood pressure and don’t know it.To address hypertension in Kansas, K-State Extension is bringing the Hypertension Awareness and Prevention program (HAPp) to Ellis and Barton County. HAPp is a four-month self-monitoring blood pressure (SMBP) program that will provide participants with:· A FREE validated blood pressure monitor.· An opportunity to meet with a trained HAPp Coach twice a month to help take and track blood pressure.· Monthly nutrition education workshops.· Stress management and healthy lifestyle strategies.There are no requirements to participate. There is strong evidence that suggests that participants who engage in SMBP along with clinical or community support can lower their high blood pressure.This year we have Dr. Travis Haneke, Cardiologist, joining us for the Kick-Off meeting. He will be a great resource for people wanting to learn more about blood pressure, how it works, and how they can maintain healthy blood pressure.What to expect during the program: •Participants are expected to attend the Kick-Off meeting on Tuesday, February 3, 2026, from 6:00 pm – 7:00 pm in either Great Bend (Barton Co Health Department, 1300 Kansas Ave.) or Hays (Cottonwood Extension Office, 601 Main St., back meeting room).•Participants are expected to measure their blood pressure at home at least twice per month (February – May).•Participants are expected to attend office hours to discuss SMBP readings and healthy lifestyle strategies twice per month (February – May). Office hours will be scheduled after the Kick- Off meeting.•Participants are highly encouraged to attend nutrition education workshops once per month (February-May).* The program is FREE, but you must register to attend. For any questions, please contact Monique Koerner at moniquek@ksu.edu or Karissa Frasier at krfrasier@ksu.edu or call 785-628-9430.* If you are only interested in the Nutrition Programs, those are free and open to the public and you don’t have to participate in HAPp to attend. Please register so we know how many to plan for because we will do food demonstrations and taste testing at each workshop.*Registration :&nbsp; visit https://kstate.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_eKU0KiUnIFj0dV4Please note – HAPp Coaches will not be diagnosing conditions or interpreting blood pressure readings. The HAPp Coach’s role is to help participants: learn proper self-monitoring blood pressure techniques; make their own determination if blood pressure readings are within a healthy range; learn healthy lifestyle strategies that can reduce high blood pressure; and connect to community resources or other Extension programs that can improve health and well-being.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.K-State Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Hypertension Awareness and Prevention Program 2026

Producers, consultants, and experts will gather for the 23rd annual Cover Your Acres Winter Conference on January 20-21, at the Gateway Civic Center in Oberlin, Kansas. The conference is a joint venture between K-State Research and Extension and conference sponsors.

“Weed management, soil fertility -- and economics, of course -- are always on farmers minds,” said Stacy Campbell, K-State Extension and Cottonwood District, Crop Production Agent. “So, we have (K-State weed management specialist) Sarah Lancaster and (KSU NW Agronomist) Jeanne Falk Jones tackling weed management with a focus on cropping rotations and research on using targeted herbicide applications in Kansas.

Campbell also pointed to sessions on meeting Crop Nutrient needs in lean Economic Times and a discussion on How the Crop Markets have affected Producers, featuring K-State Research and Extension specialists, Dorivar Ruiz-Diaz and Dan O’Brien.

Roger McEowen, nationally-renown Ag Law and Taxation specialist, Washburn University and KS Farm Bureau, will share the Top five Legal Issues Farmers don’t think about, BUT should! Jennifer Ifft, K-State specialist, Ag Policy, addresses Navigating the 2026 Crop Insurance Decisions with SCO and ECO.

Utilizing crop rotations will be the focus of Lucas Haag, K-State Agronomist-In-Charge at Tribune along with Augustine Obour, K-State Soil Scientist at Hays discussing Considerations for Intensifying Crop Rotations and Incorporating Forages into Dryland Rotations.

The same programs will be offered both days of the conference. Wick said participants attending both days will find it easier to catch most or all of the programs. The program offers continuing education credits for Certified Crop Advisors and CEU’s for Commercial Applicators.

Registration begins at 7:45 a.m. with educational sessions ending at 5 p.m.

Early registration is due by Wednesday, Jan. 14. The fee is $60 for Tuesday, $55 for Wednesday, or $80 for both days. After Jan. 14, the cost is $80 for each day. The conference fee includes lunch, morning and afternoon refreshments, and educational materials.

The full conference schedule and online registration are available at https://www.wkrec.org/events/cover_your_acres/. Or just google Cover Your Acres Winter Conference. For questions, call 785-443-3403.

Major sponsors of the conference include AKRS Equipment, Hoxie Implement Co., SurePoint Ag Systems, Lang Diesel, and 4G Farm and Sales.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Producers, consultants, and experts will gather for the 23rd annual Cover Your Acres Winter Conference on January 20-21, at the Gateway Civic Center in Oberlin, Kansas. The conference is a joint venture between K-State Research and Extension and conference sponsors.“Weed management, soil fertility -- and economics, of course -- are always on farmers minds,” said Stacy Campbell, K-State Extension and Cottonwood District, Crop Production Agent. “So, we have (K-State weed management specialist) Sarah Lancaster and (KSU NW Agronomist) Jeanne Falk Jones tackling weed management with a focus on cropping rotations and research on using targeted herbicide applications in Kansas.Campbell also pointed to sessions on meeting Crop Nutrient needs in lean Economic Times and a discussion on How the Crop Markets have affected Producers, featuring K-State Research and Extension specialists, Dorivar Ruiz-Diaz and Dan O’Brien.Roger McEowen, nationally-renown Ag Law and Taxation specialist, Washburn University and KS Farm Bureau, will share the Top five Legal Issues Farmers don’t think about, BUT should! Jennifer Ifft, K-State specialist, Ag Policy, addresses Navigating the 2026 Crop Insurance Decisions with SCO and ECO.Utilizing crop rotations will be the focus of Lucas Haag, K-State Agronomist-In-Charge at Tribune along with Augustine Obour, K-State Soil Scientist at Hays discussing Considerations for Intensifying Crop Rotations and Incorporating Forages into Dryland Rotations.The same programs will be offered both days of the conference. Wick said participants attending both days will find it easier to catch most or all of the programs. The program offers continuing education credits for Certified Crop Advisors and CEU’s for Commercial Applicators.Registration begins at 7:45 a.m. with educational sessions ending at 5 p.m.Early registration is due by Wednesday, Jan. 14. The fee is $60 for Tuesday, $55 for Wednesday, or $80 for both days. After Jan. 14, the cost is $80 for each day. The conference fee includes lunch, morning and afternoon refreshments, and educational materials.The full conference schedule and online registration are available at https://www.wkrec.org/events/cover_your_acres/. Or just google Cover Your Acres Winter Conference. For questions, call 785-443-3403.Major sponsors of the conference include AKRS Equipment, Hoxie Implement Co., SurePoint Ag Systems, Lang Diesel, and 4G Farm and Sales.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Cover Your Acres conference set for Jan. 20-21 in Oberlin

Kansas State University veterinarian Gregg Hanzlicek said being prepared ahead of calving season is the best way for producers to assure they will bring home the newborn calves successfully.

“We're moving into the third trimester which means the metabolic demands of that cow or heifer are going to increase tremendously,” Hanzlicek said. 

A key to having a successful calving and production season is for cows and heifers to be in the appropriate body condition, which according to Hanzlicek is a score of 5-7. 

“We’re far enough away from calving that we can add condition to these cows and heifers without (creating) an economic burden,” he said. “It really comes down to having a formulated ration that is balanced for protein and energy.” 

For those wanting to add scour vaccines to their prevention program, “it’s time to decide what vaccine they are going to use,” Hanzlicek said. “Look at the label and schedule on the calendar when they need to start vaccinating the cows and heifers.” 

Hanzlicek said heifers will require two doses of the scours vaccine, while cows need one. The timing of those vaccines is “very, very important,” he said. Also, Hanzlicek recommends establishing a clean calving area to help reduce the risk of scours. 

“There’s two major risk factors for scours,” he said. “One is the lack of colostrum consumption. The other is a contaminated environment that the babies are born into.” 

Hanzlicek recommends having a location to move the pairs off the calving area to keep the calving facility less contaminated with the scour organisms. Getting the calf here safely is another factor to consider, "Most operations are going to have to help at least one animal during the calving season,” Hanzlicek said. The last national survey indicated that 1 of every 100 heifers and 2 of every 100 adult cows will need assistance. Being prepared to pull a calf is important. Hanzlicek said producers should have the following items on hand:

Intervening at an appropriate time is important. “If we intervene too early and the cow or heifer is not dilated, we can injure the tissues and hurt the calf,” Hanzlicek said. “If we intervene too late, a lot of times that’s when we end up with stillborn calves.” According to Hanzlicek, once a cow has reached the second stage of labor, they should give birth within 30 minutes. A heifer should calve within an hour. Second stage labor is when the heifer or cow can be observed experiencing uterine contractions, or the water-bag or calf’s feet are visible. If assistance from the producer is needed, and they are unable to extract the calf within 15 minutes, then help – either a veterinarian or someone with more experience -- should be called.

Following calving, the calf should be up and nursing within two hours, Hanzlicek said. If not, a colostrum replacer can be given to help get the calf started.

“Colostrum-based powders are the best way to go, and I would recommend that every producer have one or two bags of powder replacer on hand during the calving season,” Hanzlicek said.

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Kansas State University veterinarian Gregg Hanzlicek said being prepared ahead of calving season is the best way for producers to assure they will bring home the newborn calves successfully.“We're moving into the third trimester which means the metabolic demands of that cow or heifer are going to increase tremendously,” Hanzlicek said. A key to having a successful calving and production season is for cows and heifers to be in the appropriate body condition, which according to Hanzlicek is a score of 5-7. “We’re far enough away from calving that we can add condition to these cows and heifers without (creating) an economic burden,” he said. “It really comes down to having a formulated ration that is balanced for protein and energy.” For those wanting to add scour vaccines to their prevention program, “it’s time to decide what vaccine they are going to use,” Hanzlicek said. “Look at the label and schedule on the calendar when they need to start vaccinating the cows and heifers.” Hanzlicek said heifers will require two doses of the scours vaccine, while cows need one. The timing of those vaccines is “very, very important,” he said. Also, Hanzlicek recommends establishing a clean calving area to help reduce the risk of scours. “There’s two major risk factors for scours,” he said. “One is the lack of colostrum consumption. The other is a contaminated environment that the babies are born into.” Hanzlicek recommends having a location to move the pairs off the calving area to keep the calving facility less contaminated with the scour organisms. Getting the calf here safely is another factor to consider, "Most operations are going to have to help at least one animal during the calving season,” Hanzlicek said. The last national survey indicated that 1 of every 100 heifers and 2 of every 100 adult cows will need assistance. Being prepared to pull a calf is important. Hanzlicek said producers should have the following items on hand:· Clean straps or chains.· OB sleeves.· Lube.· Working calf pullers.· Veterinarian's phone number.Intervening at an appropriate time is important. “If we intervene too early and the cow or heifer is not dilated, we can injure the tissues and hurt the calf,” Hanzlicek said. “If we intervene too late, a lot of times that’s when we end up with stillborn calves.” According to Hanzlicek, once a cow has reached the second stage of labor, they should give birth within 30 minutes. A heifer should calve within an hour. Second stage labor is when the heifer or cow can be observed experiencing uterine contractions, or the water-bag or calf’s feet are visible. If assistance from the producer is needed, and they are unable to extract the calf within 15 minutes, then help – either a veterinarian or someone with more experience -- should be called.Following calving, the calf should be up and nursing within two hours, Hanzlicek said. If not, a colostrum replacer can be given to help get the calf started.“Colostrum-based powders are the best way to go, and I would recommend that every producer have one or two bags of powder replacer on hand during the calving season,” Hanzlicek said.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Being prepared for calving season can pay off in big ways

Happy 2026! Rolling over the calendar is always exciting to me. I love a fresh, new year for new ideas, new planning, and new things to try. Do you make New Year’s Resolutions? I have planned resolutions as long as I can remember. Many people make commitments to be healthier, but then by February those commitments fall by the wayside when “life happens!” What are some things you can do to keep from losing your focus? Here are some tips:

1. Be Picky Choosing too many goals can be overwhelming which can cause us to throw our hands up and quit. Pick one to two things you’d like to focus on and go full in.

2. Plan What’s the old saying? “When you fail to plan, you plan to fail.” Research what you want to do, how long will it take, what support or information do you need to reach your goal?

3. Specific goals Write goals that are specific rather than vague. Something like “exercise more” or “eat more veggies” can be too vague to really measure, instead be more detailed. A more specific resolution would be, I will walk 20 minutes 3 times a week. An example of a specific nutrition goal would be “I will eat a serving of fruit with breakfast and a serving of vegetables with lunch and dinner.” Both of those are measurable goals you can check off your list and will give you a dopamine boost that will leave you feeling accomplished.

4. Choose Something New Don’t choose the same goal you have in the past and failed at. This sets you up for the same pitfalls that caused you to be derailed in the past. If you still want to work on the same goal as last year then re-word it, making it more specific.

5. Accountability Partners Lean on the people around you to help you stay focused. Whether its co-workers, spouses, or friends, we need those around us to support us and motivate us. Share your goals with those around you.

6. Time to Become a Habit It takes approximately 2 months to form a new habit. If life gets in the way, get back up, dust yourself off and start again. Resolutions don’t have to be all or nothing. Be forgiving to yourself. Life happens and one of the things we have to learn in order to accomplish hard things is the ability to do a little self-reflection about what went wrong and how do we fix it? You can also try tacking a new goal onto something you already&nbsp;do to help it become a habit. For example, during a morning or night routine try putting the new goal in during those already established routines.

The benefits to physical and mental health are numerous with even small amounts of activity. No matter how sedentary you have been, we have classes that will help you become more active. Stay Strong, Stay Healthy is an 8-week strength training class. Walk Kansas will begin in March for people to form teams and stay active. Walk with Ease, is an Arthritis Foundation program, and is aimed at helping people stay active with chronic disease. All the classes are laid back, easy to access, and you can start where you are at. Come join us, you will not be disappointed. These classes are well researched to provide numerous benefits.

Life is a series of small experiments. What can you start doing (or stop doing) to make the biggest impact? I hope you will choose to be active as one of those small experiments! If you have any questions, please get ahold of me! I look forward to meeting you in 2026!

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu

K-State Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Happy 2026! Rolling over the calendar is always exciting to me. I love a fresh, new year for new ideas, new planning, and new things to try. Do you make New Year’s Resolutions? I have planned resolutions as long as I can remember. Many people make commitments to be healthier, but then by February those commitments fall by the wayside when “life happens!” What are some things you can do to keep from losing your focus? Here are some tips:1. Be Picky Choosing too many goals can be overwhelming which can cause us to throw our hands up and quit. Pick one to two things you’d like to focus on and go full in.2. Plan What’s the old saying? “When you fail to plan, you plan to fail.” Research what you want to do, how long will it take, what support or information do you need to reach your goal?3. Specific goals Write goals that are specific rather than vague. Something like “exercise more” or “eat more veggies” can be too vague to really measure, instead be more detailed. A more specific resolution would be, I will walk 20 minutes 3 times a week. An example of a specific nutrition goal would be “I will eat a serving of fruit with breakfast and a serving of vegetables with lunch and dinner.” Both of those are measurable goals you can check off your list and will give you a dopamine boost that will leave you feeling accomplished.4. Choose Something New Don’t choose the same goal you have in the past and failed at. This sets you up for the same pitfalls that caused you to be derailed in the past. If you still want to work on the same goal as last year then re-word it, making it more specific.5. Accountability Partners Lean on the people around you to help you stay focused. Whether its co-workers, spouses, or friends, we need those around us to support us and motivate us. Share your goals with those around you.6. Time to Become a Habit It takes approximately 2 months to form a new habit. If life gets in the way, get back up, dust yourself off and start again. Resolutions don’t have to be all or nothing. Be forgiving to yourself. Life happens and one of the things we have to learn in order to accomplish hard things is the ability to do a little self-reflection about what went wrong and how do we fix it? You can also try tacking a new goal onto something you already&nbsp;do to help it become a habit. For example, during a morning or night routine try putting the new goal in during those already established routines.The benefits to physical and mental health are numerous with even small amounts of activity. No matter how sedentary you have been, we have classes that will help you become more active. Stay Strong, Stay Healthy is an 8-week strength training class. Walk Kansas will begin in March for people to form teams and stay active. Walk with Ease, is an Arthritis Foundation program, and is aimed at helping people stay active with chronic disease. All the classes are laid back, easy to access, and you can start where you are at. Come join us, you will not be disappointed. These classes are well researched to provide numerous benefits.Life is a series of small experiments. What can you start doing (or stop doing) to make the biggest impact? I hope you will choose to be active as one of those small experiments! If you have any questions, please get ahold of me! I look forward to meeting you in 2026!Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.eduK-State Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer

KOERNER: Happy New Year - and how to stick to new resolutions

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood District

Kansas State University Research and Extension Department of Ag Economics, in collaboration with Cottonwood, Walnut Creek, Phillips-Rooks, &amp; Midway Districts, is hosting a Farm Profitability conference on Jan. 15, 2026. The conference, “Making ‘Cents’ of a Shifting Ag Economy,” will run from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. at the Ag Research Center located at 1232 240th&nbsp;Avenue in Hays.

The session, organized by K-State’s Department of Agricultural Economics, will provide insights into current economic trends, farm policy, and strategies for maintaining profitability during challenging times, including those related to land values.

Topics will also include updates on agricultural policy and changes to the farm bill. Speakers Robin Reid and Jenny Ifft will also discuss provisions in the “One Big, beautiful Bill.”

The conference registration fee is set at $10.00. Reservations are requested by Monday, Jan. 12, to ensure an accurate meal count. High Plains Farm Credit is graciously sponsoring the lunch cost.

Direct questions to either Alicia Boor at 620-793-1910 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or to Stacy Campbell @ 785-628-9430 or by email at scampbell@ksu.edu

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood DistrictKansas State University Research and Extension Department of Ag Economics, in collaboration with Cottonwood, Walnut Creek, Phillips-Rooks, &amp; Midway Districts, is hosting a Farm Profitability conference on Jan. 15, 2026. The conference, “Making ‘Cents’ of a Shifting Ag Economy,” will run from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. at the Ag Research Center located at 1232 240th&nbsp;Avenue in Hays.The session, organized by K-State’s Department of Agricultural Economics, will provide insights into current economic trends, farm policy, and strategies for maintaining profitability during challenging times, including those related to land values.Topics will also include updates on agricultural policy and changes to the farm bill. Speakers Robin Reid and Jenny Ifft will also discuss provisions in the “One Big, beautiful Bill.”The conference registration fee is set at $10.00. Reservations are requested by Monday, Jan. 12, to ensure an accurate meal count. High Plains Farm Credit is graciously sponsoring the lunch cost.Direct questions to either Alicia Boor at 620-793-1910 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or to Stacy Campbell @ 785-628-9430 or by email at scampbell@ksu.edu

K-State Extension to host Ag Profitability Conference in Hays on Jan. 15

As the holiday season winds down, many households face the question: what to do with the Christmas tree and holiday greenery? Instead of sending them to the landfill, consider recycling them! Repurposing your tree and greenery is an eco-friendly way to give them a second life while benefiting your garden, wildlife, or community.

Here are some practical and creative ways to recycle your Christmas tree and greenery:

1. Turn It in to Mulch Most natural Christmas trees can be chipped into mulch, which is excellent for garden beds and pathways. If you have access to a chipper, you can do this yourself. Otherwise, check with your local recycling center or municipal services—many communities offer free tree chipping programs.

2. Create Habitat for Wildlife Place your tree in your yard or garden to create shelter for birds and small animals during the winter months. You can even decorate it with birdseed ornaments, suet, or peanut butter-coated pinecones to provide food for wildlife.

3. Compost the Greenery Cut branches and greenery can be added to your compost pile or used as a base layer. The needles are rich in carbon and can help balance the compost's nitrogen content. Keep in mind that large branches should be trimmed down for easier decomposition.

4. Protect Your Plants Lay trimmed branches over perennial beds to help insulate them during the cold months. The branches can act as a natural mulch, protecting plants from harsh winter temperatures.

5. Check Local Recycling Programs Many communities have specific programs for tree and greenery recycling. Some cities collect trees curbside for recycling into mulch or erosion control products. Contact your local solid waste department or extension office for details.

6. Use It for Erosion Control In some areas, recycled Christmas trees are used for erosion control in wetlands or along riverbanks. These trees help stabilize soil and provide a natural barrier against erosion.

Avoid These Mistakes·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Don’t Burn It Indoors:&nbsp; Dry trees are highly flammable and can create a fire hazard. They also produce creosote, which can build up in your chimney.·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Remove All Decorations:&nbsp; Before recycling, ensure all ornaments, tinsel, and lights are removed to prevent contamination.·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Avoid Artificial Trees:&nbsp; Artificial trees cannot be recycled and should be reused or donated if in good condition.

Recycling your tree or greenery is a simple step that can have a big impact on the environment. By giving your holiday decorations a sustainable farewell, you can enjoy the spirit of the season while also taking care of our planet.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>As the holiday season winds down, many households face the question: what to do with the Christmas tree and holiday greenery? Instead of sending them to the landfill, consider recycling them! Repurposing your tree and greenery is an eco-friendly way to give them a second life while benefiting your garden, wildlife, or community.Here are some practical and creative ways to recycle your Christmas tree and greenery:1. Turn It in to Mulch Most natural Christmas trees can be chipped into mulch, which is excellent for garden beds and pathways. If you have access to a chipper, you can do this yourself. Otherwise, check with your local recycling center or municipal services—many communities offer free tree chipping programs.2. Create Habitat for Wildlife Place your tree in your yard or garden to create shelter for birds and small animals during the winter months. You can even decorate it with birdseed ornaments, suet, or peanut butter-coated pinecones to provide food for wildlife.3. Compost the Greenery Cut branches and greenery can be added to your compost pile or used as a base layer. The needles are rich in carbon and can help balance the compost's nitrogen content. Keep in mind that large branches should be trimmed down for easier decomposition.4. Protect Your Plants Lay trimmed branches over perennial beds to help insulate them during the cold months. The branches can act as a natural mulch, protecting plants from harsh winter temperatures.5. Check Local Recycling Programs Many communities have specific programs for tree and greenery recycling. Some cities collect trees curbside for recycling into mulch or erosion control products. Contact your local solid waste department or extension office for details.6. Use It for Erosion Control In some areas, recycled Christmas trees are used for erosion control in wetlands or along riverbanks. These trees help stabilize soil and provide a natural barrier against erosion.Avoid These Mistakes·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Don’t Burn It Indoors:&nbsp; Dry trees are highly flammable and can create a fire hazard. They also produce creosote, which can build up in your chimney.·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Remove All Decorations:&nbsp; Before recycling, ensure all ornaments, tinsel, and lights are removed to prevent contamination.·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Avoid Artificial Trees:&nbsp; Artificial trees cannot be recycled and should be reused or donated if in good condition.Recycling your tree or greenery is a simple step that can have a big impact on the environment. By giving your holiday decorations a sustainable farewell, you can enjoy the spirit of the season while also taking care of our planet.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: How to recycle your Christmas tree and holiday greenery

Folks that are not involved in farming may think that farmers own the bulk of the land they use to produce their crops and livestock. The truth is over 50% of Kansas farmland is rented, with many farmers operating a mix of owned and rented land. Very few farms operate exclusively on rented land (less than 10%). These averages reflect the common practice for Kansas farmers to rent land from multiple, often non-farming, landowners to form a complete farming operation.

Why is that you ask? Simply put, land is expensive and to purchase most or all of the land an agricultural producer would need is cost prohibitive. Therefore, many producers lease agricultural land from typically a number of landowners or landlords.

Each year we get a number of questions from landowners and tenants on agricultural land leasing—from average cash rental rates to written lease forms, etc.

The Cottonwood Extension District in Barton and Ellis county which is part of K-State Extension will be hosting two meetings over Farmland Leasing Arrangements on Thursday, January 8, 2026. Stacy Campbell and Alicia Boor will go over the ends and outs of good arrangements. Kay Prather from Kansas Agriculture Mediation will also be in attendance to answer any legal questions you may have over leasing.

The first one will be held at the Cottonwood Extension Office, 3007 10th St. in Great Bend, at 9:00 a.m. Coffee and Doughnuts will be provided. The second one will be at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Hays, 601 Main, at 1:00 p.m., and light refreshments will be provided. These are possible with a generous sponsorship from First Kansas Bank.

An RSVP is appreciated--if attending in Great Bend at 620-793-1910, and in Hays at 785-628-9430 by January 7th. We hope to see you there!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Folks that are not involved in farming may think that farmers own the bulk of the land they use to produce their crops and livestock. The truth is over 50% of Kansas farmland is rented, with many farmers operating a mix of owned and rented land. Very few farms operate exclusively on rented land (less than 10%). These averages reflect the common practice for Kansas farmers to rent land from multiple, often non-farming, landowners to form a complete farming operation.Why is that you ask? Simply put, land is expensive and to purchase most or all of the land an agricultural producer would need is cost prohibitive. Therefore, many producers lease agricultural land from typically a number of landowners or landlords.Each year we get a number of questions from landowners and tenants on agricultural land leasing—from average cash rental rates to written lease forms, etc.The Cottonwood Extension District in Barton and Ellis county which is part of K-State Extension will be hosting two meetings over Farmland Leasing Arrangements on Thursday, January 8, 2026. Stacy Campbell and Alicia Boor will go over the ends and outs of good arrangements. Kay Prather from Kansas Agriculture Mediation will also be in attendance to answer any legal questions you may have over leasing.The first one will be held at the Cottonwood Extension Office, 3007 10th St. in Great Bend, at 9:00 a.m. Coffee and Doughnuts will be provided. The second one will be at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Hays, 601 Main, at 1:00 p.m., and light refreshments will be provided. These are possible with a generous sponsorship from First Kansas Bank.An RSVP is appreciated--if attending in Great Bend at 620-793-1910, and in Hays at 785-628-9430 by January 7th. We hope to see you there!Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Agricultural land leasing program in Great Bend on Jan. 8

Water supply to rural residences and agricultural operations without rural or public water systems is usually obtained from a private well or surface water supply. In Kansas, more than 73,000 individuals rely on private wells for a water supply. When public and rural water systems that use well water are added to the private well numbers, 34.6% of the Kansas population relies on groundwater for their water supply.

Municipal and rural water systems must maintain water quality standards specified by local, state, or federal requirements; however, owners of private wells are responsible for the water quality of their wells. Permanent contamination of groundwater can decrease property values, affect human and animal health, and involve legal liability.

Testing water from private wells has shown that some wells do not meet the safe drinking water standards used for public water systems. The primary reasons for this reduction in water quality from private wells include:

· contamination sources upslope or near the well;

· failure to construct the well in accordance with current standards;

· inadequate well maintenance and service; and

· lack of protection from activities that risk contamination.

Following the guidelines for recommended separation distance and direction from potential contamination sources when locating a well can help protect private well water quality. When private wells are appropriately sited and constructed, routine maintenance is required to ensure wells continue to be safe. Wells that do not receive regular maintenance are more likely to produce unsafe water.

Detailed information about properly constructing a well in a safe location and maintenance guidelines for existing wells can be found in two recently updated publications from K-State Research and Extension, says Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist: Private Wells – Safe Location MF3667 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/private-wells-safe-location_MF3667

Private Well Maintenance and Protection MF3666 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/private-well-maintenance-and-protection_MF3666

Testing Private Water Systems MF3655 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/testing-private-water-systems_MF3655

Information provided by Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist, KCARE sedgett@ksu.edu

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Water supply to rural residences and agricultural operations without rural or public water systems is usually obtained from a private well or surface water supply. In Kansas, more than 73,000 individuals rely on private wells for a water supply. When public and rural water systems that use well water are added to the private well numbers, 34.6% of the Kansas population relies on groundwater for their water supply.Municipal and rural water systems must maintain water quality standards specified by local, state, or federal requirements; however, owners of private wells are responsible for the water quality of their wells. Permanent contamination of groundwater can decrease property values, affect human and animal health, and involve legal liability.Testing water from private wells has shown that some wells do not meet the safe drinking water standards used for public water systems. The primary reasons for this reduction in water quality from private wells include:· contamination sources upslope or near the well;· failure to construct the well in accordance with current standards;· inadequate well maintenance and service; and· lack of protection from activities that risk contamination.Following the guidelines for recommended separation distance and direction from potential contamination sources when locating a well can help protect private well water quality. When private wells are appropriately sited and constructed, routine maintenance is required to ensure wells continue to be safe. Wells that do not receive regular maintenance are more likely to produce unsafe water.Detailed information about properly constructing a well in a safe location and maintenance guidelines for existing wells can be found in two recently updated publications from K-State Research and Extension, says Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist: Private Wells – Safe Location MF3667 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/private-wells-safe-location_MF3667 Private Well Maintenance and Protection MF3666 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/private-well-maintenance-and-protection_MF3666 Testing Private Water Systems MF3655 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/testing-private-water-systems_MF3655Information provided by Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist, KCARE sedgett@ksu.eduStacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Private wells in Kansas - safe location and maintenance guidelines

Well over half of the farmland in Kansas is leased. Therefore, there are lots of different lease arrangements, factors to consider and places where misunderstandings can happen. Additionally, many leases are still oral leases that are “signed” with a handshake.

One of the best ways to create a better understanding between tenant and landlord in most cases is to have a written lease. Having a written lease can lead to many topics for discussion that otherwise might not be considered. These, would include but are not limited to:

In addition to the previously mentioned items, a written pasture lease for example can spell out responsibilities of both parties in regards to:

- Grazing capacity restrictions and beginning and ending date of grazing season

A bonus of a written lease is that it documents the terms of the business relationship in case the contract is questioned. This can be especially important if the land changes hands.

Obviously, it is not necessary to have a written lease in order to have good communication between tenant and landlord but it can be helpful in spelling things out and avoiding misunderstandings and hard feelings. There may be some cases when introducing the possibility of implementing a written lease might damage the business relationship. Whether you have a written lease or not, make sure those lines of communication are kept open, visit with each other at least a few times a year.

Local County &amp; District Extension Offices have several resources concerning leases, written leasing arrangement forms, cash rental rate averages, Kansas Agricultural Lease Law publication C-668, etc. Go to www.agmanager.info and click onto the Farm Management tab. If you have questions contact your local County or District Extension Office. I can be contacted in the Cottonwood District Great Bend Office at 620-793-1910, and Stacy Campbell in the Hays office 785-628-9430.

The Cottonwood District will be hosting two meetings over Farmland Leasing arrangements on Jan. 8, 2026. Stacy Campbell and Alicia Boor will go over the ends and outs of good arrangements. Kay Prather from Kansas Agriculture Mediation will also be in attendance to answer any legal questions you may have over leasing.

The first one will be held at the Cottonwood Extension Office, 3007 10th St. in Great Bend, at 9 a.m. Coffee and Doughnuts will be provided. The second one will be at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Hays, 601 Main, at 1 p.m., and light refreshments will be provided. These are possible with a generous sponsorship from First Kansas Bank. An RSVP is appreciated at 620-793-1910 by Jan. 7. We hope to see you there!

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Well over half of the farmland in Kansas is leased. Therefore, there are lots of different lease arrangements, factors to consider and places where misunderstandings can happen. Additionally, many leases are still oral leases that are “signed” with a handshake.One of the best ways to create a better understanding between tenant and landlord in most cases is to have a written lease. Having a written lease can lead to many topics for discussion that otherwise might not be considered. These, would include but are not limited to:- Hunting/fishing rights- Recreation access- Payment due dates- Termination proceduresIn addition to the previously mentioned items, a written pasture lease for example can spell out responsibilities of both parties in regards to:- Care of fences- Noxious weed control- Water supply maintenance- Grazing capacity restrictions and beginning and ending date of grazing seasonA bonus of a written lease is that it documents the terms of the business relationship in case the contract is questioned. This can be especially important if the land changes hands.Obviously, it is not necessary to have a written lease in order to have good communication between tenant and landlord but it can be helpful in spelling things out and avoiding misunderstandings and hard feelings. There may be some cases when introducing the possibility of implementing a written lease might damage the business relationship. Whether you have a written lease or not, make sure those lines of communication are kept open, visit with each other at least a few times a year.Local County &amp; District Extension Offices have several resources concerning leases, written leasing arrangement forms, cash rental rate averages, Kansas Agricultural Lease Law publication C-668, etc. Go to www.agmanager.info and click onto the Farm Management tab. If you have questions contact your local County or District Extension Office. I can be contacted in the Cottonwood District Great Bend Office at 620-793-1910, and Stacy Campbell in the Hays office 785-628-9430.The Cottonwood District will be hosting two meetings over Farmland Leasing arrangements on Jan. 8, 2026. Stacy Campbell and Alicia Boor will go over the ends and outs of good arrangements. Kay Prather from Kansas Agriculture Mediation will also be in attendance to answer any legal questions you may have over leasing.The first one will be held at the Cottonwood Extension Office, 3007 10th St. in Great Bend, at 9 a.m. Coffee and Doughnuts will be provided. The second one will be at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Hays, 601 Main, at 1 p.m., and light refreshments will be provided. These are possible with a generous sponsorship from First Kansas Bank. An RSVP is appreciated at 620-793-1910 by Jan. 7. We hope to see you there!Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Get it in writing - agriculture land leases

Once in a while we get asked, “how cold does it have to get to kill insects?” Perhaps it is important to understand why cold temperatures kill insects. Insects are unlike mammals and birds because they must generate their own heat (called ectotherms). Insects die when they are exposed to temperatures below the melting point of their body fluids. If they want to survive winter, they must avoid freezing or tolerate freezing. Over time, insects have developed several strategies to survive cold temperatures and none of them involve wearing fleece.

Some insects just move into human structures in the fall and keep warm until spring. A common example are the multicolored Asian lady beetles aggregating on and in houses every year. Even if they are protected inside, they will likely die before spring if they don’t get food and water. Some insects also migrate to warmer climates to avoid freezing. A classic example is monarch butterflies moving from Canada to Mexico every year. Sounds pretty good about now!

A lot of our persistent insects in Kansas have to overwinter outside, and two strategies have evolved to survive extreme conditions: freeze avoidance and freeze tolerance. Freeze-avoidant insects keep body fluids liquid and freeze-tolerant insects can handle the formation of internal ice. Wait a minute, what? I know…either strategy seems impossible.

The main strategy for insects living in the northern hemisphere, where we can have cold temperatures for long periods of time, is freeze avoidance. Freeze avoidance can be achieved a few ways. Sometimes insects enter a “dry” hibernation by getting rid of all the food and water in their body. That way, ice can’t form inside the body and kill them. Water needs food or dust particles in order to crystallize; water can cool down to -42°C without freezing if particles are absent. Other insects have a super waxy coating on the exoskeleton that protects against ice formation on the body. Amazingly, some freeze-avoidant insects also produce cryoprotectants, such as glycerol and sugar, to reduce the lethal freezing temperature of the body. So yes, cryoprotectants act like the antifreeze in your car. I can’t make this stuff up!

Most insects living in the southern hemisphere, where the climate is more variable, employ freeze tolerance. These insects can stand ice formation in the body. Some will actually initiate freezing their body at relatively high temperatures in order to prepare for a longer hibernation. An example of a freeze-tolerant insect is the woolly bear. [Side note: several winter festivals celebrate the woolly bears kinda like Groundhog's Day.]

No matter the overwintering strategy, all insects will eventually die if it gets cold enough. However, the lower lethal temperature is different for each species. Insects can overwinter in any life stage - some are belowground and some aboveground. It gets complicated quickly. And as you can see a lot of insects can withstand very cold temperatures. Find out more about how insects survive the winter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_winter_ecology

Information provided by Erin Hodgson, Iowa State University Extension Entomologists.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Once in a while we get asked, “how cold does it have to get to kill insects?” Perhaps it is important to understand why cold temperatures kill insects. Insects are unlike mammals and birds because they must generate their own heat (called ectotherms). Insects die when they are exposed to temperatures below the melting point of their body fluids. If they want to survive winter, they must avoid freezing or tolerate freezing. Over time, insects have developed several strategies to survive cold temperatures and none of them involve wearing fleece.Some insects just move into human structures in the fall and keep warm until spring. A common example are the multicolored Asian lady beetles aggregating on and in houses every year. Even if they are protected inside, they will likely die before spring if they don’t get food and water. Some insects also migrate to warmer climates to avoid freezing. A classic example is monarch butterflies moving from Canada to Mexico every year. Sounds pretty good about now!A lot of our persistent insects in Kansas have to overwinter outside, and two strategies have evolved to survive extreme conditions: freeze avoidance and freeze tolerance. Freeze-avoidant insects keep body fluids liquid and freeze-tolerant insects can handle the formation of internal ice. Wait a minute, what? I know…either strategy seems impossible.The main strategy for insects living in the northern hemisphere, where we can have cold temperatures for long periods of time, is freeze avoidance. Freeze avoidance can be achieved a few ways. Sometimes insects enter a “dry” hibernation by getting rid of all the food and water in their body. That way, ice can’t form inside the body and kill them. Water needs food or dust particles in order to crystallize; water can cool down to -42°C without freezing if particles are absent. Other insects have a super waxy coating on the exoskeleton that protects against ice formation on the body. Amazingly, some freeze-avoidant insects also produce cryoprotectants, such as glycerol and sugar, to reduce the lethal freezing temperature of the body. So yes, cryoprotectants act like the antifreeze in your car. I can’t make this stuff up!Most insects living in the southern hemisphere, where the climate is more variable, employ freeze tolerance. These insects can stand ice formation in the body. Some will actually initiate freezing their body at relatively high temperatures in order to prepare for a longer hibernation. An example of a freeze-tolerant insect is the woolly bear. [Side note: several winter festivals celebrate the woolly bears kinda like Groundhog's Day.]No matter the overwintering strategy, all insects will eventually die if it gets cold enough. However, the lower lethal temperature is different for each species. Insects can overwinter in any life stage - some are belowground and some aboveground. It gets complicated quickly. And as you can see a lot of insects can withstand very cold temperatures. Find out more about how insects survive the winter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_winter_ecologyInformation provided by Erin Hodgson, Iowa State University Extension Entomologists.

CAMPBELL: How do insects survive the winter?

Even if you are not planning any large purchases in the near future, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau recommends checking your credit report annually. The CFPB is a U.S. government agency that makes sure banks, lenders, and other financial companies treat you fairly.

There are several tools to handle this and the easiest is from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s website: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/credit-reports-and-scores/. From this secure site, you can access one, two, or all three of the reporting credit bureaus. They also include a reminder that this annual check doesn’t negatively impact your credit rating. It is an important tool to verify that the information reported about you is accurate.

What is the difference between a credit report and a credit score? Both are important! The report is just that – a report of your information and includes both open and closed accounts such as a car loan, mortgage, or credit card. Per the CFPB website, a credit score predicts how likely you are to pay back a loan on time. Companies use a mathematical formula—called a scoring model—to create your credit score from the information in your credit report. It is important to know that you do not have just “one” credit score and there are many credit scores available to you as well as to lenders. Any credit score depends on the data used to calculate it, and may differ depending on the scoring model, the source of your credit history, the type of loan product, and even the day when it was calculated.

K-State Extension also has a good publication that explains basic terms and provides a handy resource for checking your credit. It can be located at ksre.ksu.edu under Family Financial Resource or at https://bit.ly/48mMv6Y

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Even if you are not planning any large purchases in the near future, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau recommends checking your credit report annually. The CFPB is a U.S. government agency that makes sure banks, lenders, and other financial companies treat you fairly.There are several tools to handle this and the easiest is from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s website: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/credit-reports-and-scores/. From this secure site, you can access one, two, or all three of the reporting credit bureaus. They also include a reminder that this annual check doesn’t negatively impact your credit rating. It is an important tool to verify that the information reported about you is accurate.What is the difference between a credit report and a credit score? Both are important! The report is just that – a report of your information and includes both open and closed accounts such as a car loan, mortgage, or credit card. Per the CFPB website, a credit score predicts how likely you are to pay back a loan on time. Companies use a mathematical formula—called a scoring model—to create your credit score from the information in your credit report. It is important to know that you do not have just “one” credit score and there are many credit scores available to you as well as to lenders. Any credit score depends on the data used to calculate it, and may differ depending on the scoring model, the source of your credit history, the type of loan product, and even the day when it was calculated.K-State Extension also has a good publication that explains basic terms and provides a handy resource for checking your credit. It can be located at ksre.ksu.edu under Family Financial Resource or at https://bit.ly/48mMv6YKeep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: Checking your credit report

As we turn the calendar to December and reflect on the year behind us, one theme continues to stand out across the Cottonwood Extension District: community matters. Not just as a concept, but as a lived experience; built through relationships, shared learning, and people willing to step forward and make a difference.

Cooperative Extension has existed in Kansas for more than a century, but its strength today is the same as it was in 1914: local people helping local people, supported by university research. And when you look closely, you’ll find Extension woven into the fabric of nearly every part of community life.

You see it in a 4-H member learning leadership skills for the first time while preparing a project for the county fair. You see it in a producer seeking support during drought or planning for next year’s pasture and forage needs. You see it in families who attend wellness or financial programs and leave with tools to improve their quality of life. And you see it in the countless volunteers who give time, talent, and heart to strengthen their communities.

Extension work is diverse; agriculture, youth development, health, family resources, community vitality, but it is all driven by the same belief: Knowledge is most powerful when it is shared.

In a world with search engines, apps, and endless online information, some might ask: Why do we still need Extension?

· Google can provide information, but it can’t provide connection.

· Technology can offer data, but it cannot replace trusted relationships.

· And online advice can be generic, but Extension is specific to Kansas, our climate, our challenges, and our way of life.

Extension doesn’t just deliver facts. It delivers understanding, context, and support grounded in real-world experience.

Even more importantly, Extension builds confidence, especially in young people. When a 4-H member gives their first speech, masters a skill, or discovers a new interest that may become a career, they’re experiencing something much bigger than a moment. They’re experiencing growth — the kind that stays with them long after awards and ribbons are forgotten.

As we prepare to enter a new year, I want to offer sincere gratitude to the Cottonwood District communities, partners, and volunteers who make this work meaningful. Your support ensures that Extension remains strong, relevant, and accessible.

And as always, we are here for you. Whether you’re producing food, raising a family, strengthening a community organization, or simply trying something new, Extension is your partner.

Because Extension isn’t just a service. It’s a relationship. It’s a commitment. And most of all, Extension is community.

Wishing you a season of peace, gratitude, and connection. We look forward to serving you in the new year.

Jay Harris, District Director for K-State Extension, Cottonwood District (Ellis and Barton Counties)

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/3/1710532154009.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>As we turn the calendar to December and reflect on the year behind us, one theme continues to stand out across the Cottonwood Extension District: community matters. Not just as a concept, but as a lived experience; built through relationships, shared learning, and people willing to step forward and make a difference.Cooperative Extension has existed in Kansas for more than a century, but its strength today is the same as it was in 1914: local people helping local people, supported by university research. And when you look closely, you’ll find Extension woven into the fabric of nearly every part of community life.You see it in a 4-H member learning leadership skills for the first time while preparing a project for the county fair. You see it in a producer seeking support during drought or planning for next year’s pasture and forage needs. You see it in families who attend wellness or financial programs and leave with tools to improve their quality of life. And you see it in the countless volunteers who give time, talent, and heart to strengthen their communities.Extension work is diverse; agriculture, youth development, health, family resources, community vitality, but it is all driven by the same belief: Knowledge is most powerful when it is shared.In a world with search engines, apps, and endless online information, some might ask: Why do we still need Extension?The answer is simple:· Google can provide information, but it can’t provide connection.· Technology can offer data, but it cannot replace trusted relationships.· And online advice can be generic, but Extension is specific to Kansas, our climate, our challenges, and our way of life.Extension doesn’t just deliver facts. It delivers understanding, context, and support grounded in real-world experience.Even more importantly, Extension builds confidence, especially in young people. When a 4-H member gives their first speech, masters a skill, or discovers a new interest that may become a career, they’re experiencing something much bigger than a moment. They’re experiencing growth — the kind that stays with them long after awards and ribbons are forgotten.As we prepare to enter a new year, I want to offer sincere gratitude to the Cottonwood District communities, partners, and volunteers who make this work meaningful. Your support ensures that Extension remains strong, relevant, and accessible.And as always, we are here for you. Whether you’re producing food, raising a family, strengthening a community organization, or simply trying something new, Extension is your partner.Because Extension isn’t just a service. It’s a relationship. It’s a commitment. And most of all, Extension is community.Wishing you a season of peace, gratitude, and connection. We look forward to serving you in the new year.Jay Harris, District Director for K-State Extension, Cottonwood District (Ellis and Barton Counties)

HARRIS: Extension Is Community - why local engagement matters

Armyworms are a recurring pest issue across Kansas, but several different species fall under the “armyworm” umbrella. Each species varies in its host plants, seasonal activity, and whether it overwinters in the state (Table 1). This article prepared by Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomology Specialist provides an overview of the major species of concern, with emphasis on the Fall Armyworm and Armyworm, which were the primary issues for Kansas producers in 2025. A brief summary of the Army Cutworm, which is not a true armyworm, is also included. Table 1. Armyworm species that can be found in Kansas.

Major Concerns in 2025: The two species that caused the greatest concern to Kansas producers in 2025 were: Fall armyworm &amp; armyworm (true armyworm). Summaries for each species follow.

Fall Armyworm key characteristics: · Generations: 2-3 per year in Kansas · Overwintering: Do not overwinter in Kansas. Moths migrate in during the spring and begin depositing eggs. · Host Range: Very wide. They feed on grasses and broadleaf plants; nearly any green plant can be affected. · Seasonal Movement: Typically migrate south again in October · Monitoring:

o Pheromone traps are available for adult Fall armyworm moths.

o Important note: Trap catches indicate when moths are flying, NOT how many larvae are present or feeding in the fields.

Identification: inverted Y on head capsule and four dark spots on the last abdominal segment. Armyworm key characteristics

· Generations: 2–3 per year in Kansas

· Overwintering: Yes. Overwinter in Kansas. No-till or reduced-till systems may favor overwintering survival.

· Host Range: Primarily grasses. Examples: wheat, brome, turf/lawns including golf courses, sorghum, and corn.

· Biological Control: Historically, parasitoids (especially tachinid flies and small parasitic wasps) helped suppress armyworm populations, but few have been observed in the past 3 years.

Identification: larvae are green to black with stripes of various colors. Head capsule is medium brown with dark markings.

ARMY CUTWORM (not a true Armyworm)

Biology and Seasonal Behavior · Adult moths (“miller moths”) migrate from the Rocky Mountains in early fall and deposit eggs into the soil. · Larvae hatch in the fall, feed until cold weather, and overwinter as partly grown larvae. · Feeding may resume anytime temperatures exceed 50°F, even during winter warm spells. · Primary damage occurs in early spring when several consecutive days exceed 50–60°F.

Identification: small larvae are light-colored with few distinguishable markings. As they grow, larvae become darker brown or grayish with varying degrees of mottling and several pale, dorsal stripes. The head capsule is darker brown with some mottling.

Damage - army cutworms can severely thin or eliminate stands of wheat, alfalfa, and rangeland grasses. Army cutworms were present in large numbers in 2020 and decimated areas of wheat fields and alfalfa fields in parts of Kansas. However, this was not the case in 2021, and only a few were reported in 2022. Army cutworms develop into “miller” moths, which were a nuisance in spring 2024 and a smaller nuisance in spring 2025.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Armyworms are a recurring pest issue across Kansas, but several different species fall under the “armyworm” umbrella. Each species varies in its host plants, seasonal activity, and whether it overwinters in the state (Table 1). This article prepared by Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomology Specialist provides an overview of the major species of concern, with emphasis on the Fall Armyworm and Armyworm, which were the primary issues for Kansas producers in 2025. A brief summary of the Army Cutworm, which is not a true armyworm, is also included. Table 1. Armyworm species that can be found in Kansas.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1764787825830.jpeg" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>Major Concerns in 2025: The two species that caused the greatest concern to Kansas producers in 2025 were: Fall armyworm &amp; armyworm (true armyworm). Summaries for each species follow.Fall Armyworm key characteristics: · Generations: 2-3 per year in Kansas · Overwintering: Do not overwinter in Kansas. Moths migrate in during the spring and begin depositing eggs. · Host Range: Very wide. They feed on grasses and broadleaf plants; nearly any green plant can be affected. · Seasonal Movement: Typically migrate south again in October · Monitoring:o Pheromone traps are available for adult Fall armyworm moths.o Important note: Trap catches indicate when moths are flying, NOT how many larvae are present or feeding in the fields.Identification: inverted Y on head capsule and four dark spots on the last abdominal segment. Armyworm key characteristics· Generations: 2–3 per year in Kansas· Overwintering: Yes. Overwinter in Kansas. No-till or reduced-till systems may favor overwintering survival.· Host Range: Primarily grasses. Examples: wheat, brome, turf/lawns including golf courses, sorghum, and corn.· Biological Control: Historically, parasitoids (especially tachinid flies and small parasitic wasps) helped suppress armyworm populations, but few have been observed in the past 3 years.Identification: larvae are green to black with stripes of various colors. Head capsule is medium brown with dark markings.ARMY CUTWORM (not a true Armyworm)Biology and Seasonal Behavior · Adult moths (“miller moths”) migrate from the Rocky Mountains in early fall and deposit eggs into the soil. · Larvae hatch in the fall, feed until cold weather, and overwinter as partly grown larvae. · Feeding may resume anytime temperatures exceed 50°F, even during winter warm spells. · Primary damage occurs in early spring when several consecutive days exceed 50–60°F.Identification: small larvae are light-colored with few distinguishable markings. As they grow, larvae become darker brown or grayish with varying degrees of mottling and several pale, dorsal stripes. The head capsule is darker brown with some mottling.Damage - army cutworms can severely thin or eliminate stands of wheat, alfalfa, and rangeland grasses. Army cutworms were present in large numbers in 2020 and decimated areas of wheat fields and alfalfa fields in parts of Kansas. However, this was not the case in 2021, and only a few were reported in 2022. Army cutworms develop into “miller” moths, which were a nuisance in spring 2024 and a smaller nuisance in spring 2025.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: The Armyworm Lineup - Who’s feeding in your field?

If you’re feeling more overwhelmed than usual this time of year, you’re certainly not alone. Many people report that the holiday season brings added pressure—extra expenses, tense family dynamics, tired and overstimulated children, cold weather and shorter days, final exams, concerts and events, relationship challenges, or even deep loneliness. Any one of these stressors is manageable on its own, but during the holidays they often hit all at once, making the season feel heavy and exhausting.

When stress rises, it’s important to lean on healthy coping strategies rather than falling back on habits that leave us feeling worse. Here are some ways to make the holiday season more enjoyable and less overwhelming:

1. Avoid Overscheduling The holidays bring a flurry of gatherings and events, but you don’t have to attend everything. Identify what activities truly bring you joy and prioritize those. Focus your time and energy on what feels meaningful rather than what you believe you’re “supposed” to do.

2. Simplify Travel and Reduce Time in the Car Travel can be especially draining this time of year. If you need to travel, simplify wherever you can—book direct flights when possible and reduce layovers. Driving from one event to the next can also be exhausting. Try limiting travel to one or two meaningful gatherings. Setting healthy boundaries helps protect your time and sanity.

3. Create a Realistic Budget Gift giving can be enjoyable but can also create financial strain. Establish a holiday budget now and commit to staying within it. You’re not obligated to overspend, and sticking to your limits will help prevent regret later on.

4. Be Mindful of Food and Alcohol Try to maintain healthy eating habits and practice moderation with holiday treats and alcohol. Too much sugar can disrupt hormones, blood sugar, and even mood. Choose balanced meals, drink responsibly, and stay well-hydrated to feel your best.

5. Enjoy Family—With Boundaries Spending time with family can be wonderful, but it can also be stressful. Take care of yourself by stepping away when needed—take a walk, call someone supportive, or find a quiet moment alone. Decide ahead of time what you can reasonably handle regarding travel, hosting, meals, or spending.

6. Make Time for Yourself Give yourself the gift of rest. Step away from the constant rushing, shopping, and preparing. Read a favorite book, watch a holiday movie, take a nap, or go for a bike ride. Limit screen time and prioritize genuine connection with the people around you. Your mental health will benefit from the pause.

7. Acknowledge Losses For many, the holidays intensify feelings of grief. Allow space for your emotions. You might adjust traditions to make them more manageable or incorporate the memory of a loved one into your celebrations in meaningful ways.

8. Maintain Healthy Routines Try to keep up with your usual self-care habits—sleep well, eat regularly, exercise, meditate, and get outside. Even in cold weather, fresh air and movement support both emotional and physical well-being. Staying active can be fun, too:

• Walk the neighborhood to enjoy holiday lights • Have a snowball fight with neighbors • Visit a Christmas tree farm • Go ice skating • Build a snowman • Take a nature walk or hike • Go sledding

Regular activity boosts your immune system and helps you feel healthier, calmer, and more resilient during the holidays.

9. Ask for Support When You Need It If this season is consistently difficult for you, turn to trusted friends or family. Share how you’re feeling and let them support you in setting boundaries and practicing self-care.

If you’re experiencing a mental health crisis, call or text 988, or connect with the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline for immediate support.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>If you’re feeling more overwhelmed than usual this time of year, you’re certainly not alone. Many people report that the holiday season brings added pressure—extra expenses, tense family dynamics, tired and overstimulated children, cold weather and shorter days, final exams, concerts and events, relationship challenges, or even deep loneliness. Any one of these stressors is manageable on its own, but during the holidays they often hit all at once, making the season feel heavy and exhausting.When stress rises, it’s important to lean on healthy coping strategies rather than falling back on habits that leave us feeling worse. Here are some ways to make the holiday season more enjoyable and less overwhelming:1. Avoid Overscheduling The holidays bring a flurry of gatherings and events, but you don’t have to attend everything. Identify what activities truly bring you joy and prioritize those. Focus your time and energy on what feels meaningful rather than what you believe you’re “supposed” to do.2. Simplify Travel and Reduce Time in the Car Travel can be especially draining this time of year. If you need to travel, simplify wherever you can—book direct flights when possible and reduce layovers. Driving from one event to the next can also be exhausting. Try limiting travel to one or two meaningful gatherings. Setting healthy boundaries helps protect your time and sanity.3. Create a Realistic Budget Gift giving can be enjoyable but can also create financial strain. Establish a holiday budget now and commit to staying within it. You’re not obligated to overspend, and sticking to your limits will help prevent regret later on.4. Be Mindful of Food and Alcohol Try to maintain healthy eating habits and practice moderation with holiday treats and alcohol. Too much sugar can disrupt hormones, blood sugar, and even mood. Choose balanced meals, drink responsibly, and stay well-hydrated to feel your best.5. Enjoy Family—With Boundaries Spending time with family can be wonderful, but it can also be stressful. Take care of yourself by stepping away when needed—take a walk, call someone supportive, or find a quiet moment alone. Decide ahead of time what you can reasonably handle regarding travel, hosting, meals, or spending.6. Make Time for Yourself Give yourself the gift of rest. Step away from the constant rushing, shopping, and preparing. Read a favorite book, watch a holiday movie, take a nap, or go for a bike ride. Limit screen time and prioritize genuine connection with the people around you. Your mental health will benefit from the pause.7. Acknowledge Losses For many, the holidays intensify feelings of grief. Allow space for your emotions. You might adjust traditions to make them more manageable or incorporate the memory of a loved one into your celebrations in meaningful ways.8. Maintain Healthy Routines Try to keep up with your usual self-care habits—sleep well, eat regularly, exercise, meditate, and get outside. Even in cold weather, fresh air and movement support both emotional and physical well-being. Staying active can be fun, too: • Walk the neighborhood to enjoy holiday lights • Have a snowball fight with neighbors • Visit a Christmas tree farm • Go ice skating • Build a snowman • Take a nature walk or hike • Go sleddingRegular activity boosts your immune system and helps you feel healthier, calmer, and more resilient during the holidays.9. Ask for Support When You Need It If this season is consistently difficult for you, turn to trusted friends or family. Share how you’re feeling and let them support you in setting boundaries and practicing self-care.If you’re experiencing a mental health crisis, call or text 988, or connect with the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline for immediate support.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.eduK-State Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.