Lean financial times are hard and it can be harder to break a cycle of financial stress. I lived this as a college student who had to take several semesters off to work full-time to keep a roof over my head. As a young farm couple, my husband and I often had to make tough decisions about how and where we were spending and it sure didn’t take much to stretch things too far.

K-State Extension family resource management specialist, Elizabeth Kiss, offers some suggestions to assist in planning ahead of an emergency to help ease the burden of unexpected expenses. She shares the following tips to help families survive tough times.

Before an emergency: Build a fund “If you don’t have an emergency fund, now is the time to start,” Kiss said. “Even a small amount adds up over time.”

Kiss said it has taken her 10 years, but saving $40 a month, she now has an emergency fund to cover about six months of essential expenses.

“The more cash you have, the less you will have to put on credit, which you’ll have to pay back with interest,” she said. “Ideally, you should save enough money to cover six months of expenses, based on what you spend in a typical month.”

Kiss also suggests reviewing your homeowner’s and health insurance coverage to make sure you have the coverage you’re expecting, and communicate with your family about your insurance policies.

“It’s also important to keep your important records safe,” Kiss said. “That should be part of your emergency plan. If you have to grab something quickly and go, you’ll have that information in a place where you can get to it.”

During an emergency: Use what you’ve prepared “Use the cash you’ve saved if you need to purchase essentials, and contact your credit card companies and lenders if you anticipate a break in yourpayments,” Kiss said. “Or, you may want to request an increase in your credit availability.”

I f the financial emergency is caused by loss of a job, Kiss suggests filing for unemployment benefits, "even if you aren't sure if you'll qualify." Your community may also have physical and mental health resources.

“There’s often more help available then people realize,” Kiss said. “Food banks, housing assistance, even childcare and transportation services may be able to help. The amount of help may vary from community to community.”

After an emergency: Rebuild and re-evaluate “If it’s a natural disaster and you’ve had property damage, you need to start making your insurance claims,” said Kiss, who cautioned homeowners to be careful of scammers trying to take advantage of those in unfortunate circumstances.

Afterwards, she adds, “prioritize how you spend the money that you have. You want to cover your basic needs – including housing, food and transportation – and think about how far your emergency fund can take you.”

If the home is affected, call the utility companies to turn off services during the time that you don’t need them.

Once you’ve spent down your emergency fund and are on the road to recovery, “start building that fund back up again for the next time, because there probably will be a next time,” Kiss said.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Lean financial times are hard and it can be harder to break a cycle of financial stress. I lived this as a college student who had to take several semesters off to work full-time to keep a roof over my head. As a young farm couple, my husband and I often had to make tough decisions about how and where we were spending and it sure didn’t take much to stretch things too far.K-State Extension family resource management specialist, Elizabeth Kiss, offers some suggestions to assist in planning ahead of an emergency to help ease the burden of unexpected expenses. She shares the following tips to help families survive tough times.Before an emergency: Build a fund “If you don’t have an emergency fund, now is the time to start,” Kiss said. “Even a small amount adds up over time.”Kiss said it has taken her 10 years, but saving $40 a month, she now has an emergency fund to cover about six months of essential expenses.“The more cash you have, the less you will have to put on credit, which you’ll have to pay back with interest,” she said. “Ideally, you should save enough money to cover six months of expenses, based on what you spend in a typical month.”Kiss also suggests reviewing your homeowner’s and health insurance coverage to make sure you have the coverage you’re expecting, and communicate with your family about your insurance policies.“It’s also important to keep your important records safe,” Kiss said. “That should be part of your emergency plan. If you have to grab something quickly and go, you’ll have that information in a place where you can get to it.”During an emergency: Use what you’ve prepared “Use the cash you’ve saved if you need to purchase essentials, and contact your credit card companies and lenders if you anticipate a break in yourpayments,” Kiss said. “Or, you may want to request an increase in your credit availability.”I f the financial emergency is caused by loss of a job, Kiss suggests filing for unemployment benefits, "even if you aren't sure if you'll qualify." Your community may also have physical and mental health resources.“There’s often more help available then people realize,” Kiss said. “Food banks, housing assistance, even childcare and transportation services may be able to help. The amount of help may vary from community to community.”After an emergency: Rebuild and re-evaluate “If it’s a natural disaster and you’ve had property damage, you need to start making your insurance claims,” said Kiss, who cautioned homeowners to be careful of scammers trying to take advantage of those in unfortunate circumstances.Afterwards, she adds, “prioritize how you spend the money that you have. You want to cover your basic needs – including housing, food and transportation – and think about how far your emergency fund can take you.”If the home is affected, call the utility companies to turn off services during the time that you don’t need them.Once you’ve spent down your emergency fund and are on the road to recovery, “start building that fund back up again for the next time, because there probably will be a next time,” Kiss said.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: Before an emergency, build a fund

Doulas are trained professionals who provide continuous emotional, physical, and informational support to individuals during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. Distinct from midwives and obstetricians, doulas focus on non-medical care, offering comfort measures, advocacy, and personalized guidance to enhance the birthing experience.

Types of Doulas · Birth Doulas: Offer support during labor and delivery, assisting with pain management techniques, positioning, and emotional reassurance.

· Postpartum Doulas: Provide assistance after childbirth, including newborn care, breastfeeding support, and helping families adjust to life with a new baby.

· Antepartum Doulas: Support individuals experiencing high-risk pregnancies, offering education and emotional care.

· Community-Based Doulas: Often from the same communities they serve, these doulas focus on providing culturally relevant care and support to underserved populations.

· Pregnancy Loss Doula: trained professional who provides emotional, physical, and information support to individuals and families experiencing pregnancy loss.

The Growing Role of Doulas in Kansas In Kansas, doulas are increasingly recognized for their positive impact on maternal and infant health. Research indicates that doula support can lead to shorter labors, reduced need for pain medication, and decreased rates of cesarean deliveries.

To facilitate access to doula care, Kansas Medicaid (KanCare) began covering doula services in July 2024. This policy change allows Medicaid beneficiaries to receive support from certified doulas during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period. However, some doulas have expressed concerns about reimbursement rates and the need for more providers to meet the growing demand.

Accessing Doula Services in Kansas Individuals interested in hiring a doula can utilize resources such as the Kansas Doula Directory, which connects families with certified doulas across the state. The Kansas Doula Alliance, part of the Kansas Birth Justice Society, also offers training and certification programs to expand the doula workforce and ensure equitable access to care.

Conclusion Doulas provide invaluable support to expectant families, enhancing the childbirth experience and contributing to better health outcomes. In Kansas, efforts to integrate doula services into Medicaid and expand training opportunities are steps toward ensuring that all individuals have access to compassionate and comprehensive care during one of life’s most significant events.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu

K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Doulas are trained professionals who provide continuous emotional, physical, and informational support to individuals during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. Distinct from midwives and obstetricians, doulas focus on non-medical care, offering comfort measures, advocacy, and personalized guidance to enhance the birthing experience.Types of Doulas · Birth Doulas: Offer support during labor and delivery, assisting with pain management techniques, positioning, and emotional reassurance.· Postpartum Doulas: Provide assistance after childbirth, including newborn care, breastfeeding support, and helping families adjust to life with a new baby.· Antepartum Doulas: Support individuals experiencing high-risk pregnancies, offering education and emotional care.· Community-Based Doulas: Often from the same communities they serve, these doulas focus on providing culturally relevant care and support to underserved populations.· Pregnancy Loss Doula: trained professional who provides emotional, physical, and information support to individuals and families experiencing pregnancy loss.The Growing Role of Doulas in Kansas In Kansas, doulas are increasingly recognized for their positive impact on maternal and infant health. Research indicates that doula support can lead to shorter labors, reduced need for pain medication, and decreased rates of cesarean deliveries.To facilitate access to doula care, Kansas Medicaid (KanCare) began covering doula services in July 2024. This policy change allows Medicaid beneficiaries to receive support from certified doulas during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period. However, some doulas have expressed concerns about reimbursement rates and the need for more providers to meet the growing demand.Accessing Doula Services in Kansas Individuals interested in hiring a doula can utilize resources such as the Kansas Doula Directory, which connects families with certified doulas across the state. The Kansas Doula Alliance, part of the Kansas Birth Justice Society, also offers training and certification programs to expand the doula workforce and ensure equitable access to care.Conclusion Doulas provide invaluable support to expectant families, enhancing the childbirth experience and contributing to better health outcomes. In Kansas, efforts to integrate doula services into Medicaid and expand training opportunities are steps toward ensuring that all individuals have access to compassionate and comprehensive care during one of life’s most significant events.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.eduK-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Understanding the role of doulas and their impact in Kansas

For many years, taking 24-inch soil profile-N samples in the fall has been a recommended practice for making an N recommendation for winter wheat. However, due to the mobility of nitrate-N in the soil, soil test values observed in the fall may differ from those observed in the spring, particularly on soils prone to leaching. Because many producers wait until spring green-up to make their N application, does soil sampling in the fall for nitrate really provide useful information for N management in wheat? That is a legitimate question.

What Research Shows In K-State trials where no N fertilizer was applied, there was a strong positive relationship between fall nitrate-N levels and final wheat yield (Figure 1)

When fall nitrate-N levels were low, wheat yields responded well to fertilizer. When nitrate-N levels exceeded 80–100 lb/acre, additional spring-applied N rarely increased yield. In short, fall nitrate-N levels are a reliable predictor of whether or not a crop will benefit from additional N fertilizer. This makes soil sampling in the fall an important tool for maximizing yield and efficiency.

When soil sampling for N is not done, the K-State fertilizer recommendation formula defaults to a standard value of 30 lb/acre available N. In this particular dataset, the average profile N level was 39 lb N/acre. However, the N level at individual sites ranged from 11 to 197 lbs N/acre. Most recommendation systems default to a standardized set of N recommendations based on the yield goal and/or the cost of N.

In Summary Without soil sampling or some other method of estimating available N, such as crop sensing, N recommendations will be inaccurate. Failure to account for the N present in the soil wastes a valuable resource. It can result in excess foliage, increased plant disease, inefficient use of soil water, and reduced yield.

Fall soil profile testing for nitrate-N continues to play a valuable role in efficient N management for winter wheat in Kansas. It’s a cost-effective way to fine-tune your fertilizer program, avoid unnecessary inputs, and protect both yield and the environment.

While on the subject of wheat, I hope you can join us next Wednesday, August 20th for a “Pre-plant Wheat School” in Great Bend at the Event Center, 3111 10th Street. Registration and supper begin at 5:30 p.m. To ensure a meal pre-registration is requested by calling 785-628-9430 email me scampbel@ksu.edu or scan the QR code.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>For many years, taking 24-inch soil profile-N samples in the fall has been a recommended practice for making an N recommendation for winter wheat. However, due to the mobility of nitrate-N in the soil, soil test values observed in the fall may differ from those observed in the spring, particularly on soils prone to leaching. Because many producers wait until spring green-up to make their N application, does soil sampling in the fall for nitrate really provide useful information for N management in wheat? That is a legitimate question.What Research Shows In K-State trials where no N fertilizer was applied, there was a strong positive relationship between fall nitrate-N levels and final wheat yield (Figure 1)<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/8/1755054783513.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>When fall nitrate-N levels were low, wheat yields responded well to fertilizer. When nitrate-N levels exceeded 80–100 lb/acre, additional spring-applied N rarely increased yield. In short, fall nitrate-N levels are a reliable predictor of whether or not a crop will benefit from additional N fertilizer. This makes soil sampling in the fall an important tool for maximizing yield and efficiency.When soil sampling for N is not done, the K-State fertilizer recommendation formula defaults to a standard value of 30 lb/acre available N. In this particular dataset, the average profile N level was 39 lb N/acre. However, the N level at individual sites ranged from 11 to 197 lbs N/acre. Most recommendation systems default to a standardized set of N recommendations based on the yield goal and/or the cost of N.In Summary Without soil sampling or some other method of estimating available N, such as crop sensing, N recommendations will be inaccurate. Failure to account for the N present in the soil wastes a valuable resource. It can result in excess foliage, increased plant disease, inefficient use of soil water, and reduced yield.Fall soil profile testing for nitrate-N continues to play a valuable role in efficient N management for winter wheat in Kansas. It’s a cost-effective way to fine-tune your fertilizer program, avoid unnecessary inputs, and protect both yield and the environment.While on the subject of wheat, I hope you can join us next Wednesday, August 20th for a “Pre-plant Wheat School” in Great Bend at the Event Center, 3111 10th Street. Registration and supper begin at 5:30 p.m. To ensure a meal pre-registration is requested by calling 785-628-9430 email me scampbel@ksu.edu or scan the QR code.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: The relationship between fall soil profile nitrate-N levels and wheat yields

SEDGWICK COUNTY —A man accused in the murder of a woman whose body was found in a Wichita park has admitted to killing 30-year-old Mariana Christian.

On Monday, 31-year-old Kyle Bearden entered a plea of guilty during an evidentiary hearing before Judge Jeffrey Goering, according to the Sedgwick County District Attorney's office.

The plea agreement calls for the parties to jointly recommend a prison sentence of life with parole eligibility after 25 years, to be followed by an additional 15 years of imprisonment if parole is granted.

Around 10:30 a.m. on July 21, a friend of Mariana Christian filed a missing person report. The friend said Ms. Christian had a history of mental health challenges and often relied on them for transportation to work. That morning, Christian was not at her home in the 1200 block of S. Paige when the friend arrived to pick her up.

At the residence, the friend encountered an unidentified man later identified as Kyle Bearden who said he didn’t know Ms. Christian’s whereabouts.

He claimed Mariana Christian had left the apartment on Friday, July 18, in a truck with an unknown man and woman and hadn’t returned. He also expressed concern for her safety. Although not listed on the lease, the man appeared to be living in the apartment.

Although Ms. Christian was last seen on Friday, July 18, she wasn’t reported missing until Monday, July 21. After multiple failed attempts to reach her and finding her absence unusual, the friend contacted police. Officers issued an attempt-to-locate alert, and investigators took over the case.

WPD investigators identified Bearden as a person of interest. They followed leads to locate Ms. Christian, discovering evidence of her death and where her remains were left in Cottonwood Park near Armor and Bayley in Wichita.

Wichita Police officers responded to the area and located human remains. Investigators believe Bearden shot Ms. Christian.

Crime scene investigators processed Ms. Christian’s apartment and found evidence of foul play.

On the morning of July 31, the Sedgwick County Regional Forensic Science Center positively identified the remains as those of Mariana Christian.

Kyle Bearden was arrested on July 30 and booked into the Sedgwick County Jail.&nbsp; &nbsp;His sentencing is scheduled for October 20.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/7/1753958410010.png" alt="Bearden photo Sedgwick County" />
 <figcaption>Bearden photo Sedgwick County</figcaption>
 </figure>SEDGWICK COUNTY —A man accused in the murder of a woman whose body was found in a Wichita park has admitted to killing 30-year-old Mariana Christian.On Monday, 31-year-old Kyle Bearden entered a plea of guilty during an evidentiary hearing before Judge Jeffrey Goering, according to the Sedgwick County District Attorney's office.The plea agreement calls for the parties to jointly recommend a prison sentence of life with parole eligibility after 25 years, to be followed by an additional 15 years of imprisonment if parole is granted.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/8/1754062859608.png" alt="Police issued a missing person alert for Mariana Christian on July 27" />
 <figcaption>Police issued a missing person alert for Mariana Christian on July 27</figcaption>
 </figure>Around 10:30 a.m. on July 21, a friend of Mariana Christian filed a missing person report. The friend said Ms. Christian had a history of mental health challenges and often relied on them for transportation to work. That morning, Christian was not at her home in the 1200 block of S. Paige when the friend arrived to pick her up.At the residence, the friend encountered an unidentified man later identified as Kyle Bearden who said he didn’t know Ms. Christian’s whereabouts.He claimed Mariana Christian had left the apartment on Friday, July 18, in a truck with an unknown man and woman and hadn’t returned. He also expressed concern for her safety. Although not listed on the lease, the man appeared to be living in the apartment.Although Ms. Christian was last seen on Friday, July 18, she wasn’t reported missing until Monday, July 21. After multiple failed attempts to reach her and finding her absence unusual, the friend contacted police. Officers issued an attempt-to-locate alert, and investigators took over the case.WPD investigators identified Bearden as a person of interest. They followed leads to locate Ms. Christian, discovering evidence of her death and where her remains were left in Cottonwood Park near Armor and Bayley in Wichita.Wichita Police officers responded to the area and located human remains. Investigators believe Bearden shot Ms. Christian.Crime scene investigators processed Ms. Christian’s apartment and found evidence of foul play.On the morning of July 31, the Sedgwick County Regional Forensic Science Center positively identified the remains as those of Mariana Christian.Kyle Bearden was arrested on July 30 and booked into the Sedgwick County Jail.&nbsp; &nbsp;His sentencing is scheduled for October 20.

Man found at missing Kan. woman's home admits killing her

Homeowners who are looking for ways to promote healthy, growing trees in their yard are well-advised to remember this axiom: A ring is a tree’s best friend.

Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini said a mulch ring is a circular border surrounding the base of a tree. When planting a new tree, she recommends including a mulch ring that covers the soil beneath the tree canopy.

“One benefit of using a mulch ring around trees in a lawn area is to prevent maintenance equipment from coming too close and damaging the trunk,” she said. “Also, plants grown directly beneath the tree canopy compete for water and nutrients, so a mulch ring keeps that soil covered without creating competition for the tree.”

Domenghini suggests using organic mulch, “for the same reasons it is selected for planter beds,” she said. Those reasons include conserving and extending available water, protecting from soil erosion, and reducing competition by suppressing weeds.

“The mulch ring around trees in a lawn should be at least 3-6 feet in diameter depending on the overall size of the tree,” Domenghini said. “Ideally, the mulch ring should extend to the drip line of the tree, which means the ground beneath the entire canopy of the tree should be covered.”

The mulch ring should include a 4-6 inch diameter circle of bare soil at the center so that mulch is not right up next to the trunk, to prevent rotting. The mulch should be 2-4 inches deep and re-applied annually.

“If mulch is applied too deep (more than four inches), the mulch can actually restrict oxygen from the soil and negatively affect the tree’s root development,” Domenghini said.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Homeowners who are looking for ways to promote healthy, growing trees in their yard are well-advised to remember this axiom: A ring is a tree’s best friend.Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini said a mulch ring is a circular border surrounding the base of a tree. When planting a new tree, she recommends including a mulch ring that covers the soil beneath the tree canopy.“One benefit of using a mulch ring around trees in a lawn area is to prevent maintenance equipment from coming too close and damaging the trunk,” she said. “Also, plants grown directly beneath the tree canopy compete for water and nutrients, so a mulch ring keeps that soil covered without creating competition for the tree.”Domenghini suggests using organic mulch, “for the same reasons it is selected for planter beds,” she said. Those reasons include conserving and extending available water, protecting from soil erosion, and reducing competition by suppressing weeds.“The mulch ring around trees in a lawn should be at least 3-6 feet in diameter depending on the overall size of the tree,” Domenghini said. “Ideally, the mulch ring should extend to the drip line of the tree, which means the ground beneath the entire canopy of the tree should be covered.”The mulch ring should include a 4-6 inch diameter circle of bare soil at the center so that mulch is not right up next to the trunk, to prevent rotting. The mulch should be 2-4 inches deep and re-applied annually.“If mulch is applied too deep (more than four inches), the mulch can actually restrict oxygen from the soil and negatively affect the tree’s root development,” Domenghini said.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Several benefits to using mulch around trees

Variety selection is one of the most important decisions that a grower can make to ensure success on their farm. Now is the time when wheat producers across Kansas are reviewing yield data and making decisions about the varieties they will plant in the fall. Although yield is always a top priority, disease, and insect resistance, along with appropriate agronomic traits, can buffer against crop losses. In addition, genetic resistance to diseases and insect pests can be the most effective, economical, and environmentally sound method for control.

The Kansas Wheat Variety Guide 2025 from K-State Extension, will soon be released. Agronomic characteristics, disease, and pest resistance information are included, as well as profiles that highlight some more common or new varieties for the state of Kansas.

Ratings in this publication represent results from field and greenhouse evaluations by public and private wheat breeders and researchers at multiple locations over multiple years.

A few other resources available to assist farmers with wheat variety selection is the Kansas Wheat Variety Performance Tests that are conducted around the state at K-State Experiment Stations and in other locations. These variety performance tests are replicated, each variety is randomly planted in four different locations in the field to increase accuracy of the yield data. That information along with all the other resources referenced in this article can be accessed from our Cottonwood Extension District web site at www.cottonwood.ksu.edu click onto the Crops and Livestock tab and look under Hot Topics for any of these resources.

The Wheat Trials Database decision tool provides complete access to variety information and data from university variety trials in Colorado and several other Great Plains states including Kansas. The database also includes private company trial data (Limagrain Cereal Seeds, Syngenta-Agripro). The database may be used to find up-to-date wheat variety information, display data from individual trial locations, generate summaries across multiple trial locations and years, and generate head-to-head comparisons for varieties of interest. It is an easy tool to use and very helpful!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Variety selection is one of the most important decisions that a grower can make to ensure success on their farm. Now is the time when wheat producers across Kansas are reviewing yield data and making decisions about the varieties they will plant in the fall. Although yield is always a top priority, disease, and insect resistance, along with appropriate agronomic traits, can buffer against crop losses. In addition, genetic resistance to diseases and insect pests can be the most effective, economical, and environmentally sound method for control.The Kansas Wheat Variety Guide 2025 from K-State Extension, will soon be released. Agronomic characteristics, disease, and pest resistance information are included, as well as profiles that highlight some more common or new varieties for the state of Kansas.Ratings in this publication represent results from field and greenhouse evaluations by public and private wheat breeders and researchers at multiple locations over multiple years.A few other resources available to assist farmers with wheat variety selection is the Kansas Wheat Variety Performance Tests that are conducted around the state at K-State Experiment Stations and in other locations. These variety performance tests are replicated, each variety is randomly planted in four different locations in the field to increase accuracy of the yield data. That information along with all the other resources referenced in this article can be accessed from our Cottonwood Extension District web site at www.cottonwood.ksu.edu click onto the Crops and Livestock tab and look under Hot Topics for any of these resources.The Wheat Trials Database decision tool provides complete access to variety information and data from university variety trials in Colorado and several other Great Plains states including Kansas. The database also includes private company trial data (Limagrain Cereal Seeds, Syngenta-Agripro). The database may be used to find up-to-date wheat variety information, display data from individual trial locations, generate summaries across multiple trial locations and years, and generate head-to-head comparisons for varieties of interest. It is an easy tool to use and very helpful!Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Kansas Wheat Variety Guide and Selection

By MIKE COURSON Great Bend Post

With the recent rainfall across Central Kansas, the mosquitoes are stealing most of the headlines. But a quieter pest is gaining strength beneath your feet. Alicia Boor, agriculture and natural resources agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Extension, said past and current weather conditions have contributed to healthy weeds.

"If you've had thinner lawns due to the drought from the previous years, it's really allowing the weeds that are coming up to take hold and get ahead of what your regular lawn would look like," she said. "That's just because they take advantage of sparser areas or lawns that are not really thick and healthy."

Weeds can always be pulled but more general control of the plants may be difficult right now.

"A lot of the weeds we're seeing right now are almost too big and strong to try and control," Boor said. "You'd either want to notice where they are, know what they are, and put down pre-emergents in the spring, or spot treat them when they're smaller next year."

Knowing which weeds need controlled is important as not all plants are treated the same. Boor said homeowners can snap a clear photo of a weed and email it to aboor@ksu.edu. Extension staff can provide instructions on how and when to control that particular weed. Extension can also mail or email a publication on weed identification and control.

As with many situations, prevention also goes a long way. Boor said that starts with a thick and healthy lawn. Knowing when to fertilize is crucial.

"Coming up in September is the best time to fertilize your cool-season lawns, which would be your fescue and bluegrass. If you have Bermuda, it's getting to be too late. You may be able to get one last application on, but it's almost too late. You want to fertilize when it's actively growing."

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/8/1754611494453.jpeg" alt="Marshelder has turned up in many Central Kansas yards. The weed has an annual and perennial variety. The annual can be controlled with 2-4D, but the perennial is harder to control." />
 <figcaption>Marshelder has turned up in many Central Kansas yards. The weed has an annual and perennial variety. The annual can be controlled with 2-4D, but the perennial is harder to control.</figcaption>
 </figure>By MIKE COURSON Great Bend PostWith the recent rainfall across Central Kansas, the mosquitoes are stealing most of the headlines. But a quieter pest is gaining strength beneath your feet. Alicia Boor, agriculture and natural resources agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Extension, said past and current weather conditions have contributed to healthy weeds."If you've had thinner lawns due to the drought from the previous years, it's really allowing the weeds that are coming up to take hold and get ahead of what your regular lawn would look like," she said. "That's just because they take advantage of sparser areas or lawns that are not really thick and healthy."Weeds can always be pulled but more general control of the plants may be difficult right now."A lot of the weeds we're seeing right now are almost too big and strong to try and control," Boor said. "You'd either want to notice where they are, know what they are, and put down pre-emergents in the spring, or spot treat them when they're smaller next year."Knowing which weeds need controlled is important as not all plants are treated the same. Boor said homeowners can snap a clear photo of a weed and email it to aboor@ksu.edu. Extension staff can provide instructions on how and when to control that particular weed. Extension can also mail or email a publication on weed identification and control.As with many situations, prevention also goes a long way. Boor said that starts with a thick and healthy lawn. Knowing when to fertilize is crucial."Coming up in September is the best time to fertilize your cool-season lawns, which would be your fescue and bluegrass. If you have Bermuda, it's getting to be too late. You may be able to get one last application on, but it's almost too late. You want to fertilize when it's actively growing."

Central Kansas rains leading to strong and healthy weed populations

Blue-green algae blooms are an issue that usually occurs during the spring and summer. Calm, sunny, dry, and hot days of summer create ideal conditions for blue-green algae to thrive in our livestock ponds. Blue-green algae occurrence is sporadic making its threat unpredictable. Despite its name, these blooms are not algae, but a cyanobacteria. Some of these cyanobacteria can produce and release dangerous toxins that are of major concern for our livestock.

These “cyanotoxins” typically show up as either neurotoxins, or hepatotoxins which means they can damage the nervous system or the liver function of animals. Typically, the first clinical sign noticed in pasture cattle that have consumed neurotoxins are dead cattle. If found early enough, cattle may have muscle tremors, difficulty breathing, seizures, slobbering, and diarrhea. Hepatotoxins can cause an acute death similar to neurotoxins or lead to delayed issues with liver failure. An example of this would be weight loss and photosensitization, which can be recognized by severe sun burns on areas of the body not covered with hair. Since there are several causes of acute death in pasture cattle, contact your local veterinarian for diagnosis. Unfortunately, there are no known antidotes to these cyanotoxins. So, understanding what to look for, and avoiding livestock exposure is important.

Blue-green algae blooms float at or just below the surface of the water. The appearance almost looks like paint in the water. Once the cyanobacteria die, it turns a blue color. The color can also vary to a grey to almost a red or brown color as well. Toxin concentrations in affected water can vary drastically. The wind can move these blooms and concentrate them in certain areas along the shorelines of ponds. These concentrations increase the lethality of the toxic blooms.

Preventing exposure to blue-green algae toxins is very important during the summer months. There are some options for livestock producers if blue-green algae is suspected or has been identified. Of course, fencing off natural water sources and providing alternative water sources is the best option (well water, hauled water), but is typically financially limiting. Fencing off certain areas of the ponds (downwind portion of ponds) may help limit exposure. Improved&nbsp;watering areas, such as pipe-fed waterers, may also limit exposure as long as the water inlet is located in a low-risk area of the pond. A submerged inlet in the center of the pond is an area where the cyanobacteria are unlikely to concentrate. Improved water sources like this will also help increase other water quality attributes. Controlled access and tank waterers decrease sediment, nutrients and fecal coliform bacteria from building up in the water source. 

Treatment of the water source with copper sulfate has historically been recommended. However, the copper accumulates in the pond, leading to other potential problems with plants and animals alike and is not recommended. Barley straw is also often discussed as a control measure. While the mechanism is unknown, barley straw may help reduce new blooms from forming but do not directly kill active blooms.

Monitoring of stock ponds during the summer months and having a plan in place to combat blue-green algae will help ensure the health and wellbeing of our herds. Water samples can be sent to the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Lab:

KSVDL Mosier D-117 1800 Dension Ave. Manhattan, KS 66506

K-State &nbsp;Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682229509.jpeg" alt="

written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>

written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Blue-green algae blooms are an issue that usually occurs during the spring and summer. Calm, sunny, dry, and hot days of summer create ideal conditions for blue-green algae to thrive in our livestock ponds. Blue-green algae occurrence is sporadic making its threat unpredictable. Despite its name, these blooms are not algae, but a cyanobacteria. Some of these cyanobacteria can produce and release dangerous toxins that are of major concern for our livestock.These “cyanotoxins” typically show up as either neurotoxins, or hepatotoxins which means they can damage the nervous system or the liver function of animals. Typically, the first clinical sign noticed in pasture cattle that have consumed neurotoxins are dead cattle. If found early enough, cattle may have muscle tremors, difficulty breathing, seizures, slobbering, and diarrhea. Hepatotoxins can cause an acute death similar to neurotoxins or lead to delayed issues with liver failure. An example of this would be weight loss and photosensitization, which can be recognized by severe sun burns on areas of the body not covered with hair. Since there are several causes of acute death in pasture cattle, contact your local veterinarian for diagnosis. Unfortunately, there are no known antidotes to these cyanotoxins. So, understanding what to look for, and avoiding livestock exposure is important.Blue-green algae blooms float at or just below the surface of the water. The appearance almost looks like paint in the water. Once the cyanobacteria die, it turns a blue color. The color can also vary to a grey to almost a red or brown color as well. Toxin concentrations in affected water can vary drastically. The wind can move these blooms and concentrate them in certain areas along the shorelines of ponds. These concentrations increase the lethality of the toxic blooms.Preventing exposure to blue-green algae toxins is very important during the summer months. There are some options for livestock producers if blue-green algae is suspected or has been identified. Of course, fencing off natural water sources and providing alternative water sources is the best option (well water, hauled water), but is typically financially limiting. Fencing off certain areas of the ponds (downwind portion of ponds) may help limit exposure. Improved&nbsp;watering areas, such as pipe-fed waterers, may also limit exposure as long as the water inlet is located in a low-risk area of the pond. A submerged inlet in the center of the pond is an area where the cyanobacteria are unlikely to concentrate. Improved water sources like this will also help increase other water quality attributes. Controlled access and tank waterers decrease sediment, nutrients and fecal coliform bacteria from building up in the water source. Treatment of the water source with copper sulfate has historically been recommended. However, the copper accumulates in the pond, leading to other potential problems with plants and animals alike and is not recommended. Barley straw is also often discussed as a control measure. While the mechanism is unknown, barley straw may help reduce new blooms from forming but do not directly kill active blooms.Monitoring of stock ponds during the summer months and having a plan in place to combat blue-green algae will help ensure the health and wellbeing of our herds. Water samples can be sent to the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Lab:KSVDL Mosier D-117 1800 Dension Ave. Manhattan, KS 66506Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State &nbsp;Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Spring and summer the time for dangerous blue-green algae blooms

As we continue to recognize August as National Breastfeeding Month, I wanted to share more articles focused on breastfeeding and highlight some of the key topics and challenges commonly discussed in the field of lactation. From access to lactation support to the social and cultural perceptions of breastfeeding, there’s a wide range of important conversations happening. By exploring these issues, we hope to raise awareness, provide support, and empower families in their infant feeding journeys.

In today’s modern parenting culture, breastfeeding beyond infancy often sparks debate—drawing praise, curiosity, and criticism in equal measure. Known as full-term breastfeeding or natural-term breastfeeding, this practice refers to nursing a child beyond the first year of life, often continuing until the child weans naturally, sometimes at age three, four, or even older. While it may seem unconventional in some societies, anthropology and biology tell a different story—one that suggests full-term breastfeeding is deeply rooted in human history and may offer real benefits worth reconsidering.

What Anthropology Reveals Anthropologists studying primate behavior and traditional human societies offer valuable insights into what constitutes a "biologically normal" duration of breastfeeding. By comparing nursing habits of closely related primates and examining skeletal development and immune markers in human infants, experts have estimated that the natural weaning age for humans may fall anywhere between 2.5 and 7 years of age.

Katherine Dettwyler, a biological anthropologist known for her research on breastfeeding, has famously argued that full-term breastfeeding is the evolutionary norm for humans. In her studies of various cultures around the world, breastfeeding into toddlerhood and beyond is not only common but expected. It’s only in more industrialized nations—particularly the U.S.—that early weaning has become the norm, largely due to social pressures, marketing of formula, and a lack of public breastfeeding support.

Benefits of Breastfeeding Beyond Infancy From a health perspective, the benefits of breastfeeding do not expire at 12 months. Breast milk continues to provide vital nutrients, antibodies, and immune support for as long as a child nurses. In fact, research shows that the composition of breast milk changes over time to meet the evolving needs of a growing child.

Breastfeeding beyond infancy also offers emotional and psychological benefits. It provides comfort, security, and a continued attachment between parent and child. Having a primary attachment figure is essential for social emotional development. For toddlers and preschoolers, nursing can be a source of calm during emotional stress, illness, or developmental transitions.

Additionally, mothers who breastfeed for longer durations benefit from reduced risks of breast and ovarian cancers, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. These protective effects are dose specific which means the protective effect increases the longer a woman breastfeeds.

Challenging Social Stigma Despite its natural roots and health advantages, full-term breastfeeding is often misunderstood in Western society. Mothers who choose to breastfeed older children may face ridicule or concern, even though major health organizations like the World Health Organization and the American Academy of Pediatrics support breastfeeding for two years or more, as long as it is mutually desired.

Much of the stigma arises from cultural discomfort with bodies and boundaries of the breast. But when viewed through an anthropological lens, full-term breastfeeding is not an act of indulgence or eccentricity—it is a return to a biologically and historically normal practice.

Why Consider It? Choosing to breastfeed past infancy is deeply personal. But for parents exploring their options, full-term breastfeeding deserves serious consideration. Its roots in human evolution, documented health benefits, and emotional support for both child and mother make it a powerful, if often misunderstood, parenting choice. If you are looking for support for breastfeeding please reach out to the local La Leche League Group. La Leche League of the Western Plains offers a variety of services to support your breastfeeding journey. Find them on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064626344476

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>As we continue to recognize August as National Breastfeeding Month, I wanted to share more articles focused on breastfeeding and highlight some of the key topics and challenges commonly discussed in the field of lactation. From access to lactation support to the social and cultural perceptions of breastfeeding, there’s a wide range of important conversations happening. By exploring these issues, we hope to raise awareness, provide support, and empower families in their infant feeding journeys.In today’s modern parenting culture, breastfeeding beyond infancy often sparks debate—drawing praise, curiosity, and criticism in equal measure. Known as full-term breastfeeding or natural-term breastfeeding, this practice refers to nursing a child beyond the first year of life, often continuing until the child weans naturally, sometimes at age three, four, or even older. While it may seem unconventional in some societies, anthropology and biology tell a different story—one that suggests full-term breastfeeding is deeply rooted in human history and may offer real benefits worth reconsidering.What Anthropology Reveals Anthropologists studying primate behavior and traditional human societies offer valuable insights into what constitutes a "biologically normal" duration of breastfeeding. By comparing nursing habits of closely related primates and examining skeletal development and immune markers in human infants, experts have estimated that the natural weaning age for humans may fall anywhere between 2.5 and 7 years of age.Katherine Dettwyler, a biological anthropologist known for her research on breastfeeding, has famously argued that full-term breastfeeding is the evolutionary norm for humans. In her studies of various cultures around the world, breastfeeding into toddlerhood and beyond is not only common but expected. It’s only in more industrialized nations—particularly the U.S.—that early weaning has become the norm, largely due to social pressures, marketing of formula, and a lack of public breastfeeding support.Benefits of Breastfeeding Beyond Infancy From a health perspective, the benefits of breastfeeding do not expire at 12 months. Breast milk continues to provide vital nutrients, antibodies, and immune support for as long as a child nurses. In fact, research shows that the composition of breast milk changes over time to meet the evolving needs of a growing child.Breastfeeding beyond infancy also offers emotional and psychological benefits. It provides comfort, security, and a continued attachment between parent and child. Having a primary attachment figure is essential for social emotional development. For toddlers and preschoolers, nursing can be a source of calm during emotional stress, illness, or developmental transitions.Additionally, mothers who breastfeed for longer durations benefit from reduced risks of breast and ovarian cancers, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. These protective effects are dose specific which means the protective effect increases the longer a woman breastfeeds.Challenging Social Stigma Despite its natural roots and health advantages, full-term breastfeeding is often misunderstood in Western society. Mothers who choose to breastfeed older children may face ridicule or concern, even though major health organizations like the World Health Organization and the American Academy of Pediatrics support breastfeeding for two years or more, as long as it is mutually desired.Much of the stigma arises from cultural discomfort with bodies and boundaries of the breast. But when viewed through an anthropological lens, full-term breastfeeding is not an act of indulgence or eccentricity—it is a return to a biologically and historically normal practice.Why Consider It? Choosing to breastfeed past infancy is deeply personal. But for parents exploring their options, full-term breastfeeding deserves serious consideration. Its roots in human evolution, documented health benefits, and emotional support for both child and mother make it a powerful, if often misunderstood, parenting choice. If you are looking for support for breastfeeding please reach out to the local La Leche League Group. La Leche League of the Western Plains offers a variety of services to support your breastfeeding journey. Find them on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064626344476Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.eduK-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Full-term breastfeeding an ancient practice worth reconsidering

Summers are often a time of busyness with sports, different schedules, county fair, and maybe a little vacation time!

When our kids were small, transitioning back from long days of farm life to the much more structured pace of school was often a challenge. While they certainly had early mornings and a multitude of responsibilities for the farm, it was much different getting up and ready for the school bus every day.

I usually tried to start a few weeks ahead of time with slowly adjusting bedtime schedules. As an off-the-farm working mom, it was often stressful and I regularly worried that I had everything prepared!

Things that helped us were a white-board calendar the size of the freezer door. Each family member had their own color of dry erase marker and it made schedules a little more manageable. We also kept a grocery list on the refrigerator door and every family member was expected to add items they needed for every day or wanted for lunches.

Speaking of lunches, we had one pretty picky eater and our plan was that the kids had to check the next day’s lunch menu and had to eat at least three items on the menu including the main dish or they had to pack their lunch! Yes, I checked their lunch to make sure it wasn’t just cookies and chips! They usually did a pretty good job of packing a mostly balanced meal that they would actually eat.

I was never very good about laying out clothes the night before – I can’t manage that for myself as an adult! While I do appreciate that this habit can definitely make mornings smoother, I am still a work in progress. Keeping up on laundry was always a challenge, especially with farm dirt and working full-time, so we tried to have a schedule of washing a load every day. It sure helped when the kids were old enough to help which meant 7 or 8 was helping to fold and definitely putting their own things away. By 10 or 12, they helped with hanging things up or putting them in the dryer.

Both kids are good cooks and those skills started at an early age. Knowing the basics of food preparation allowed them to get ingredients together or begin thawing meat for a meal by the time they were in middle school.

All of those things didn’t guarantee smooth evenings especially with homework. Their normal homework station was in the kitchen so we could talk about assignments and their day while I made dinner. It was a good way to practice conversation and have a small window into their fun, frustrations, and feelings. These days, I miss those moments but our daughter often calls on her way home from work in Kansas City and we still chat while I start dinner!

None of these ideas are rocket science but I hope you will look for ways to connect with your kids in the car or in the kitchen.

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Summers are often a time of busyness with sports, different schedules, county fair, and maybe a little vacation time!When our kids were small, transitioning back from long days of farm life to the much more structured pace of school was often a challenge. While they certainly had early mornings and a multitude of responsibilities for the farm, it was much different getting up and ready for the school bus every day.I usually tried to start a few weeks ahead of time with slowly adjusting bedtime schedules. As an off-the-farm working mom, it was often stressful and I regularly worried that I had everything prepared!Things that helped us were a white-board calendar the size of the freezer door. Each family member had their own color of dry erase marker and it made schedules a little more manageable. We also kept a grocery list on the refrigerator door and every family member was expected to add items they needed for every day or wanted for lunches.Speaking of lunches, we had one pretty picky eater and our plan was that the kids had to check the next day’s lunch menu and had to eat at least three items on the menu including the main dish or they had to pack their lunch! Yes, I checked their lunch to make sure it wasn’t just cookies and chips! They usually did a pretty good job of packing a mostly balanced meal that they would actually eat.I was never very good about laying out clothes the night before – I can’t manage that for myself as an adult! While I do appreciate that this habit can definitely make mornings smoother, I am still a work in progress. Keeping up on laundry was always a challenge, especially with farm dirt and working full-time, so we tried to have a schedule of washing a load every day. It sure helped when the kids were old enough to help which meant 7 or 8 was helping to fold and definitely putting their own things away. By 10 or 12, they helped with hanging things up or putting them in the dryer.Both kids are good cooks and those skills started at an early age. Knowing the basics of food preparation allowed them to get ingredients together or begin thawing meat for a meal by the time they were in middle school.All of those things didn’t guarantee smooth evenings especially with homework. Their normal homework station was in the kitchen so we could talk about assignments and their day while I made dinner. It was a good way to practice conversation and have a small window into their fun, frustrations, and feelings. These days, I miss those moments but our daughter often calls on her way home from work in Kansas City and we still chat while I start dinner!None of these ideas are rocket science but I hope you will look for ways to connect with your kids in the car or in the kitchen.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: August means a return to the classroom for area students

This article is the third in a multi-week K-State agronomy series on wheat streak mosaic complex management to address the 2025 outbreak. 

In week 1, was the introduction of a KS. Wheat-Free Windows recommendation and discussion on herbicide recommendations for volunteer wheat. In week 2, discussion of the role of alternate hosts in the landscape. This week, the discussion will be on variety selection as part of an integrated management program for wheat streak mosaic. 

In the first article of this series, the recommendation for wheat-free windows (Figure 1) was discussed. These windows include periods 30 days prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting window by zone in Kansas. As the wheat curl mite is a community pest, coordinated breaks in volunteer wheat and other cereals will have the highest likelihood of lowering local and statewide mite levels moving into our 2025 optimal winter wheat planting date periods. Volunteer wheat that emerges after the fall crop is already established poses a lower risk as a green bridge and can be thought of in a similar way as the fall crop. Fall wheat planted early, during wheat-free windows, risks bridging wheat curl mite to the fall-established crop.

Here are some important considerations for achieving success with wheat-free windows:

Management with genetic resistance: Another tool in the toolbox - in addition to controlling volunteer wheat, genetic resistance is also an important component of a good integrated pest management strategy for wheat streak mosaic complex control. It’s important to note that while some varieties provide partial protection against the wheat streak complex, there is no silver bullet variety that will work in all scenarios. That is, all commercial varieties will be symptomatic under some conditions, but the degree of yield loss to the virus complex will vary between varieties.

As a reminder, yield loss to wheat streak complex is highly influenced by. Timing of infection, composition of viruses, and variety choice.

We know that fall infections and infections that occur in earlier stages of wheat development (prior to jointing) can result in the highest levels of yield loss. Infections that occur after the flag leaf and booting growth stages generally result in lower levels of yield loss. It should be noted that infections can occur in the fall and remain “dormant” in the plants until the weather warms in the spring. This is why we can sometimes see symptoms come on suddenly when the weather warms in the spring.

In addition to the timing of infection, the composition of viruses in a given field can impact final yield losses. Infections with more than one virus (WSMV + TriMV, for example) can result in synergistic yield losses. It was common to see infections with two or more viruses in Kansas in 2025.

When we think about variety resistance in the context of wheat streak mosaic complex, there are two main types. Resistance to the virus and resistance to the mite.

When it comes to resistance to the virus, several genes have been described (wsm1, wsm2, and wsm3). The gene wsm2 is most widely available in Kansas varieties, including KS Territory (red), KS Mako (red), KS Bill Snyder (red), KS Dallas (red), KS Hamilton (red), Guardian (red),

Oakley CL (red), Joe (white), and KS Big Bow (white). This resistance gene can help with severe wheat streak mosaic virus infections, but has key limitations. For example:

In addition, there are a handful of varieties with resistance to the wheat curl mite (cmc4), including Guardian, Canvas, TAM 112, Byrd, Avery, Langin, Kivari AX, KS Western Star, Whistler, Crescent AX, Incline AX, Fortify SF, TAM 115, TAM 204, and T158. These varieties remain susceptible to viral diseases, but they generally slow the development of the mite populations in the fall. This resistance can help reduce the risk of severe disease, but will not provide enough protection if wheat is planted in close proximity to volunteer wheat or other hosts infested with large populations of the curl mites and virus.

Central versus western Kansas: Location matters - unfortunately, many of these varieties are adapted to Western Kansas and may not be the best options for production systems in the central corridor. Some central Kansas-adapted varieties, including Rockstar, AP Prolific, SY Wolverine, LCS Photon AX, LCS Helix AX, and LCS Julep, tolerate WSMV infection better than others. It should be noted that, for all the reasons mentioned above, these varieties will still appear symptomatic under high disease pressure. KS Mako is a new release out of the K-State Manhattan breeding program that is adapted for the central corridor of the state and carries the wsm2 gene. These varieties will still show symptoms of WSMV but may yield better than other varieties that are more susceptible.

More information on variety selection can be found here: MF991 KS. Wheat Variety Guide https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF991.pdf. A newer version of this publication will be released in the coming weeks.

Information provided by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266615291.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>This article is the third in a multi-week K-State agronomy series on wheat streak mosaic complex management to address the 2025 outbreak. In week 1, was the introduction of a KS. Wheat-Free Windows recommendation and discussion on herbicide recommendations for volunteer wheat. In week 2, discussion of the role of alternate hosts in the landscape. This week, the discussion will be on variety selection as part of an integrated management program for wheat streak mosaic. <ol>
 <li>Week 1: (https://bit.ly/4eSVKgP) Wheat-free windows and herbicide recommendations</li><li>Week 2: (https://bit.ly/3GIY2Ta) The role of alternative host crops</li><li>Week 3: Variety selection for wheat streak complex management</li>
 </ol>In the first article of this series, the recommendation for wheat-free windows (Figure 1) was discussed. These windows include periods 30 days prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting window by zone in Kansas. As the wheat curl mite is a community pest, coordinated breaks in volunteer wheat and other cereals will have the highest likelihood of lowering local and statewide mite levels moving into our 2025 optimal winter wheat planting date periods. Volunteer wheat that emerges after the fall crop is already established poses a lower risk as a green bridge and can be thought of in a similar way as the fall crop. Fall wheat planted early, during wheat-free windows, risks bridging wheat curl mite to the fall-established crop.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/7/1753791523599.png" alt="Figure 1. Proposed wheat-free windows in different regions of Kansas to reduce the likelihood of a wheat streak mosaic complex outbreak during the subsequent season. Wheat-free windows are defined as the 30-day period prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting date for the region." />
 <figcaption>Figure 1. Proposed wheat-free windows in different regions of Kansas to reduce the likelihood of a wheat streak mosaic complex outbreak during the subsequent season. Wheat-free windows are defined as the 30-day period prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting date for the region.</figcaption>
 </figure>Here are some important considerations for achieving success with wheat-free windows:<ol>
 <li>All volunteer wheat should be terminated and completely dead prior to the start of your regional wheat-free window.</li><li>Where possible, the fall wheat crop should not be planted until the end of the wheat-free window.</li><li>Other winter cereals (such as rye and triticale) should not be planted during this period as they can serve as a “bridge” for the curl mites to move to fall-established wheat.</li><li>A regional “break” in the volunteer wheat green bridge will allow for wheat curl mites to die off prior to the start of the optimal wheat planting window.</li><li>Volunteer wheat that emerges after this period is of less concern, as it will be emerging at a similar time as the fall-established winter wheat crop.</li><li>Success is dependent on coordinated efforts in communities.</li>
 </ol>Management with genetic resistance: Another tool in the toolbox - in addition to controlling volunteer wheat, genetic resistance is also an important component of a good integrated pest management strategy for wheat streak mosaic complex control. It’s important to note that while some varieties provide partial protection against the wheat streak complex, there is no silver bullet variety that will work in all scenarios. That is, all commercial varieties will be symptomatic under some conditions, but the degree of yield loss to the virus complex will vary between varieties.As a reminder, yield loss to wheat streak complex is highly influenced by. Timing of infection, composition of viruses, and variety choice.We know that fall infections and infections that occur in earlier stages of wheat development (prior to jointing) can result in the highest levels of yield loss. Infections that occur after the flag leaf and booting growth stages generally result in lower levels of yield loss. It should be noted that infections can occur in the fall and remain “dormant” in the plants until the weather warms in the spring. This is why we can sometimes see symptoms come on suddenly when the weather warms in the spring.In addition to the timing of infection, the composition of viruses in a given field can impact final yield losses. Infections with more than one virus (WSMV + TriMV, for example) can result in synergistic yield losses. It was common to see infections with two or more viruses in Kansas in 2025.When we think about variety resistance in the context of wheat streak mosaic complex, there are two main types. Resistance to the virus and resistance to the mite.When it comes to resistance to the virus, several genes have been described (wsm1, wsm2, and wsm3). The gene wsm2 is most widely available in Kansas varieties, including KS Territory (red), KS Mako (red), KS Bill Snyder (red), KS Dallas (red), KS Hamilton (red), Guardian (red),Oakley CL (red), Joe (white), and KS Big Bow (white). This resistance gene can help with severe wheat streak mosaic virus infections, but has key limitations. For example:<ol>
 <li>This gene is effective against wheat streak mosaic virus but not against Triticum mosaic virus or High Plains wheat mosaic virus. In 2025, many mixed infections were detected with more than one of the viruses in the complex. So, it was not uncommon to see a variety with wsm2 appear symptomatic in the field. In many of these cases, Triticum mosaic virus was detected in the sample.</li><li>The resistance conferred by wsm2 can also become less effective at high temperatures, although resistance in KS Dallas and KS Hamilton seems to endure greater temperatures before breaking down (~ 70º F). The resistance is much less effective if wheat is planted too early for grazing or if high temperatures persist into October. KS Silverado (white) also has temperature-sensitive resistance to wheat streak mosaic, although from a different source than wsm2.</li>
 </ol>In addition, there are a handful of varieties with resistance to the wheat curl mite (cmc4), including Guardian, Canvas, TAM 112, Byrd, Avery, Langin, Kivari AX, KS Western Star, Whistler, Crescent AX, Incline AX, Fortify SF, TAM 115, TAM 204, and T158. These varieties remain susceptible to viral diseases, but they generally slow the development of the mite populations in the fall. This resistance can help reduce the risk of severe disease, but will not provide enough protection if wheat is planted in close proximity to volunteer wheat or other hosts infested with large populations of the curl mites and virus.Central versus western Kansas: Location matters - unfortunately, many of these varieties are adapted to Western Kansas and may not be the best options for production systems in the central corridor. Some central Kansas-adapted varieties, including Rockstar, AP Prolific, SY Wolverine, LCS Photon AX, LCS Helix AX, and LCS Julep, tolerate WSMV infection better than others. It should be noted that, for all the reasons mentioned above, these varieties will still appear symptomatic under high disease pressure. KS Mako is a new release out of the K-State Manhattan breeding program that is adapted for the central corridor of the state and carries the wsm2 gene. These varieties will still show symptoms of WSMV but may yield better than other varieties that are more susceptible.More information on variety selection can be found here: MF991 KS. Wheat Variety Guide https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF991.pdf. A newer version of this publication will be released in the coming weeks.Information provided by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist.

CAMPBELL: Wheat streak mosaic complex management, Part 3

It may be mid-summer, but veteran gardeners know it’s time to start planning the fall vegetable garden.

“Fall gardens may face additional pressures of pests and heat, but the flavor that comes from these late season crops are often better (than summer crops),” said Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini.

She notes that gardeners should count the number of days to harvest, as well as the crops’ tolerance to frost, before deciding when to plant fall crops. Crops may be seeded directly, or transplanted into the garden.

“Growing transplants is a good choice when the temperature is too warm for starting seeds in the ground, assuming you have grow lights and space available for starting them indoors,” Domenghini said.

She provides some tips for successful fall crops:

· When seeding crops directly into the garden, plant slightly deeper than recommended in the spring to take advantage of the cooler soil temperatures and moisture available.

· Water more frequently to prevent the seeds from drying out.

· Overhead watering often causes soil to crust, making it more difficult for young, tender plants to emerge. Prevent this by applying a light sprinkling of vermiculite or compost over the row after seeding, or use a soak hose or drip irrigation right next to the row to allow water to slowly seep into the ground.

Domenghini also suggests a timeline for planting fall crops:

Mid- July Plant potatoes if you can find seed stock or have saved seed potatoes. Do not use freshly dug potatoes as they have built-in dormancy that will prevent growth. Also, grocery store potatoes are often treated, so they don’t sprout.

Cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower can be started from seed at this time. Choose a protected place where the soil can be kept moist and rabbits will not bother them. This will not be where they will grow the entire season; these crops will be transplanted in August.

Late July Seed beets, carrots and beans.

Late July to early August Seed spinach and long-season maturing lettuce. Leaf lettuce will be seeded later.

Second week of August Transplant cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower to their final location.

Mid to late August Seed radishes and leaf lettuce. There is no need to fertilize these crops before planting. Side-dress two weeks after transplanting, or four weeks after sowing seed, by applying two tablespoons of a 16-0-0 or one tablespoon of 27-3-3, 30-3-4 fertilizer (or something similar) per plant.

More information about fall gardening is available in the Kansas Garden Guide, available online from the K-State Research and Extension bookstore.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="

written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>

written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>It may be mid-summer, but veteran gardeners know it’s time to start planning the fall vegetable garden.“Fall gardens may face additional pressures of pests and heat, but the flavor that comes from these late season crops are often better (than summer crops),” said Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini.She notes that gardeners should count the number of days to harvest, as well as the crops’ tolerance to frost, before deciding when to plant fall crops. Crops may be seeded directly, or transplanted into the garden.“Growing transplants is a good choice when the temperature is too warm for starting seeds in the ground, assuming you have grow lights and space available for starting them indoors,” Domenghini said.She provides some tips for successful fall crops:· When seeding crops directly into the garden, plant slightly deeper than recommended in the spring to take advantage of the cooler soil temperatures and moisture available.· Water more frequently to prevent the seeds from drying out.· Overhead watering often causes soil to crust, making it more difficult for young, tender plants to emerge. Prevent this by applying a light sprinkling of vermiculite or compost over the row after seeding, or use a soak hose or drip irrigation right next to the row to allow water to slowly seep into the ground.Domenghini also suggests a timeline for planting fall crops:Mid- July Plant potatoes if you can find seed stock or have saved seed potatoes. Do not use freshly dug potatoes as they have built-in dormancy that will prevent growth. Also, grocery store potatoes are often treated, so they don’t sprout.Cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower can be started from seed at this time. Choose a protected place where the soil can be kept moist and rabbits will not bother them. This will not be where they will grow the entire season; these crops will be transplanted in August.Late July Seed beets, carrots and beans.Late July to early August Seed spinach and long-season maturing lettuce. Leaf lettuce will be seeded later.Second week of August Transplant cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower to their final location.Mid to late August Seed radishes and leaf lettuce. There is no need to fertilize these crops before planting. Side-dress two weeks after transplanting, or four weeks after sowing seed, by applying two tablespoons of a 16-0-0 or one tablespoon of 27-3-3, 30-3-4 fertilizer (or something similar) per plant.More information about fall gardening is available in the Kansas Garden Guide, available online from the K-State Research and Extension bookstore.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Mid-summer is the time to begin planning fall garden

August marks National Breastfeeding Month, a time to recognize and support one of the most natural and essential forms of infant nutrition. Championed by the U.S. Breastfeeding Committee and support by healthcare advocates nationwide, this month highlights the importance of breastfeeding for both babies and mothers—while calling for stronger community, workplace and policy support for families.

Breastfeeding is more than just a feeding choice. It’s a powerful tool for lifelong health and development. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, breastfeeding offers optimal nutrition, boosts babies’ immune system, reduces risks of chronic illnesses and fosters attachment between mother and child. Mothers also benefit with reduced risks of breast and ovarian cancers, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes and postpartum depression. According to an epidemiological study published in the The Lancet, breastfeeding is dose specific, which means the longer a woman breastfeeds, the lower her risk for developing breast cancer. For every 12 months of breastfeeding, the risk of breast cancer goes down by 4.3%. This can be for one child or a combination of children.

Yet despite the well-documented benefits, many families face significant barriers to breastfeeding—from lack of parental leave and workplace accommodations to misinformation and social stigma.

The 2025 theme is “Forward Together” which emphasizes the importance of connecting families with evidence-based information, peer support and community networks. It’s a call to action for healthcare providers, employers, policy makers and communities to create environments where breastfeeding is normalized, encouraged, and supported.

What you can do · Support local breastfeeding-friendly policies and businesses

· Advocate for paid family leave and lactation accommodations in workplaces

· Share resources with new parents such as La Leche League, Breastfeeding Coalitions, and Lactation Consultants

· Celebrate and support parents in your life who choose to breastfeed

Breastfeeding is a personal journey, but no one should have to do it alone. This National Breastfeeding Month let’s ensure that every family has the support they need to thrive—from the first latch to the last. Join us to celebrate mothers and to protect, promote, and support&nbsp; breastfeeding and human milk feeding for National Breastfeeding Month. In Hays and Ellis County, Cottonwood Extension District will hold a celebration on Aug. 6, 2025 at 4 p.m. during a Chamber Catch Up at the Hays Public Library. Come see what breastfeeding support in Ellis County is all about and help us celebrate breastfeeding in Ellis County. Refreshments will be served. https://worldbreastfeedingweek.org/ https://www.usbreastfeeding.org/national-breastfeeding-month.html

K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522176561.png" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>August marks National Breastfeeding Month, a time to recognize and support one of the most natural and essential forms of infant nutrition. Championed by the U.S. Breastfeeding Committee and support by healthcare advocates nationwide, this month highlights the importance of breastfeeding for both babies and mothers—while calling for stronger community, workplace and policy support for families.Breastfeeding is more than just a feeding choice. It’s a powerful tool for lifelong health and development. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, breastfeeding offers optimal nutrition, boosts babies’ immune system, reduces risks of chronic illnesses and fosters attachment between mother and child. Mothers also benefit with reduced risks of breast and ovarian cancers, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes and postpartum depression. According to an epidemiological study published in the The Lancet, breastfeeding is dose specific, which means the longer a woman breastfeeds, the lower her risk for developing breast cancer. For every 12 months of breastfeeding, the risk of breast cancer goes down by 4.3%. This can be for one child or a combination of children.Yet despite the well-documented benefits, many families face significant barriers to breastfeeding—from lack of parental leave and workplace accommodations to misinformation and social stigma.The 2025 theme is “Forward Together” which emphasizes the importance of connecting families with evidence-based information, peer support and community networks. It’s a call to action for healthcare providers, employers, policy makers and communities to create environments where breastfeeding is normalized, encouraged, and supported.What you can do · Support local breastfeeding-friendly policies and businesses· Advocate for paid family leave and lactation accommodations in workplaces· Share resources with new parents such as La Leche League, Breastfeeding Coalitions, and Lactation Consultants· Celebrate and support parents in your life who choose to breastfeedBreastfeeding is a personal journey, but no one should have to do it alone. This National Breastfeeding Month let’s ensure that every family has the support they need to thrive—from the first latch to the last. Join us to celebrate mothers and to protect, promote, and support&nbsp; breastfeeding and human milk feeding for National Breastfeeding Month. In Hays and Ellis County, Cottonwood Extension District will hold a celebration on Aug. 6, 2025 at 4 p.m. during a Chamber Catch Up at the Hays Public Library. Come see what breastfeeding support in Ellis County is all about and help us celebrate breastfeeding in Ellis County. Refreshments will be served. https://worldbreastfeedingweek.org/ https://www.usbreastfeeding.org/national-breastfeeding-month.htmlMonique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.eduK-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Celebrate National Breastfeeding Month in August

This article is the second in a multi-week series on wheat streak mosaic complex management to address the 2025 outbreak.

Last week, was the recommendation for wheat-free windows. These windows include periods 30 days prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting window by zone in Kansas. As the wheat curl mite is a community pest, coordinated breaks in volunteer wheat and other cereals will have the highest likelihood of lowering local and statewide mite levels moving into our 2025 optimal winter wheat planting date periods. This week, we address the role of other crops in the landscape.

Revisiting the role of other crops and weeds in the landscape The question about the role of alternative crops and grasses in the landscape is frequently raised. The general risk of species as reservoirs for the mite and virus complex depends on several factors, including:

1. How well the curl mite reproduces on a given host,

2. How susceptible the host is to the virus,

3. The presence of the host during critical periods over the summer,

4. How those periods overlap with the wheat crop, and

5. How much of the host is present in the landscape during those critical summer months (host density)?

That information was taken together to develop the relative risk of host species to harbor wheat curl mites over the summer (Figure 2). You’ll notice that the list includes cereal crops, weeds, and pasture grasses. In all, over 90 species have been shown to harbor the mites or virus to some level. Legumes are not known hosts for the curl mite or viruses.

Volunteer wheat left over the summer is the highest risk host because it checks all the boxes for risk. The curl mites will reproduce rapidly on volunteer wheat, it is usually present right after harvest, may be left through fall planting, it is susceptible to the viruses, and it can build to high levels in the landscape. This is why the first line of defense against wheat streak will always be volunteer wheat management (ideally during wheat-free windows).

Volunteer wheat can also “hide” in summer crops planted after wheat harvest as well as cover crops, complicating the ability to determine the risk of other crops in the landscape. For example, if wheat that is harvested in June and grain sorghum (or corn and soybean) is planted into that same field after wheat harvest, secondary flushes of volunteer wheat will be difficult to control.

Winter cereals planted early (during the wheat-free windows) for grazing or cover cropping may pose a risk for harboring curl mites. Species like barley, oats, rye, and triticale have all been shown to host both the mites and the virus at fairly high levels. When at all possible, early planting of these crops near fields that will be established with a fall wheat crop should be avoided. Including these crops in a summer cover crop mix can also be risky for bridging the curl mites and viruses to the fall wheat crop.

To a lesser extent, corn and sorghum can also host the mite and virus complex. These crops are generally considered of low concern for epidemics in Kansas. Most of the research that we’ve reviewed has demonstrated that these crops are most conducive to curl mite survival during early growth stages. So, for example, corn/sorghum at a young stage when wheat is drying down would be at higher risk for curl mites than late-planted corn. It appears that curl mites are limited to corn husks later in the season and can result in symptoms of kernel red streak through feeding damage. Kernel red streak is generally considered a cosmetic issue in corn, but can serve as a sign that curl mites were present. Most commercial corn hybrids are resistant to wheat streak mosaic virus and High Plains wheat mosaic virus and will not experience yield losses to those viruses. Importantly, it appears that curl mite populations rapidly decline in the corn crop after the crop reaches black layer.

Weedy grass hosts (detailed in Figure 2) are generally a lower concern, unless they are allowed to build to high levels and remain established through the summer months. Their role in epidemics is dictated by their abundance and the time they are allowed to persist in the landscape.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266615291.jpeg" alt="

written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>

written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>This article is the second in a multi-week series on wheat streak mosaic complex management to address the 2025 outbreak. Last week, was the recommendation for wheat-free windows. These windows include periods 30 days prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting window by zone in Kansas. As the wheat curl mite is a community pest, coordinated breaks in volunteer wheat and other cereals will have the highest likelihood of lowering local and statewide mite levels moving into our 2025 optimal winter wheat planting date periods. This week, we address the role of other crops in the landscape.Revisiting the role of other crops and weeds in the landscape The question about the role of alternative crops and grasses in the landscape is frequently raised. The general risk of species as reservoirs for the mite and virus complex depends on several factors, including:1. How well the curl mite reproduces on a given host,2. How susceptible the host is to the virus,3. The presence of the host during critical periods over the summer,4. How those periods overlap with the wheat crop, and5. How much of the host is present in the landscape during those critical summer months (host density)?That information was taken together to develop the relative risk of host species to harbor wheat curl mites over the summer (Figure 2). You’ll notice that the list includes cereal crops, weeds, and pasture grasses. In all, over 90 species have been shown to harbor the mites or virus to some level. Legumes are not known hosts for the curl mite or viruses.Volunteer wheat left over the summer is the highest risk host because it checks all the boxes for risk. The curl mites will reproduce rapidly on volunteer wheat, it is usually present right after harvest, may be left through fall planting, it is susceptible to the viruses, and it can build to high levels in the landscape. This is why the first line of defense against wheat streak will always be volunteer wheat management (ideally during wheat-free windows).Volunteer wheat can also “hide” in summer crops planted after wheat harvest as well as cover crops, complicating the ability to determine the risk of other crops in the landscape. For example, if wheat that is harvested in June and grain sorghum (or corn and soybean) is planted into that same field after wheat harvest, secondary flushes of volunteer wheat will be difficult to control.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/7/1753237965952.png" alt="Figure 2. From K-State Research and Extension Publication MF3383: Wheat Streak Mosaic. These graphs show the relative risk of various crops, grassy weeds, and pasture grasses to serve as hosts for the wheat streak mosaic virus and the wheat curl mite.  &nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Figure 2. From K-State Research and Extension Publication MF3383: Wheat Streak Mosaic. These graphs show the relative risk of various crops, grassy weeds, and pasture grasses to serve as hosts for the wheat streak mosaic virus and the wheat curl mite.  &nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Winter cereals planted early (during the wheat-free windows) for grazing or cover cropping may pose a risk for harboring curl mites. Species like barley, oats, rye, and triticale have all been shown to host both the mites and the virus at fairly high levels. When at all possible, early planting of these crops near fields that will be established with a fall wheat crop should be avoided. Including these crops in a summer cover crop mix can also be risky for bridging the curl mites and viruses to the fall wheat crop.To a lesser extent, corn and sorghum can also host the mite and virus complex. These crops are generally considered of low concern for epidemics in Kansas. Most of the research that we’ve reviewed has demonstrated that these crops are most conducive to curl mite survival during early growth stages. So, for example, corn/sorghum at a young stage when wheat is drying down would be at higher risk for curl mites than late-planted corn. It appears that curl mites are limited to corn husks later in the season and can result in symptoms of kernel red streak through feeding damage. Kernel red streak is generally considered a cosmetic issue in corn, but can serve as a sign that curl mites were present. Most commercial corn hybrids are resistant to wheat streak mosaic virus and High Plains wheat mosaic virus and will not experience yield losses to those viruses. Importantly, it appears that curl mite populations rapidly decline in the corn crop after the crop reaches black layer.Weedy grass hosts (detailed in Figure 2) are generally a lower concern, unless they are allowed to build to high levels and remain established through the summer months. Their role in epidemics is dictated by their abundance and the time they are allowed to persist in the landscape.

CAMPBELL: Wheat streak mosaic complex management, Part 2

In the cattle industry, experience matters—but for many women gaining that hands-on experience can be a challenge. Whether they’ve married into an operation, desire a career in beef production systems, or are trying to start their own herd from scratch, women often find themselves expected to help manage livestock without ever having been taught how. That gap in access to training and support is what Cow Camp 2025 aims to close.

Cow Camp 2025, a hands-on educational experience for women in beef production, will be held Sept. 10–11 at the Kansas State University’s Agricultural Research Center in Hays. The program is designed to help women build practical skills in cattle management, grow their confidence, and take a stronger role in the workforce shaping the future of Kansas agriculture.

“This is workforce development in the most grounded, impactful way,” said Sandy Johnson, K-State Research and Extension beef specialist. “We’re meeting women where they are and equipping them with the tools, they need to succeed in an industry that depends on smart decisions and shared leadership.”

Cow Camp offers workshops on body condition scoring, calving preparation and simulator training, expected progeny differences (EPDs), vaccine handling, forage sampling, pasture monitoring and more. The program is tailored for women who are managing a first herd, helping with a family operation, or entering the industry from the ground up.“

This event is about capacity building,” said Emma Briggs, KSRE beef production specialist. “It’s about giving women the skills, support and access to research-based information they need to contribute meaningfully to their operations and the broader beef industry. That’s what the land-grant mission is all about—bringing the university to the people and investing in rural communities.”

As the cattle industry evolves, more women are stepping into decision-making roles on farms and ranches. Yet many report limited access to training and peer support—particularly in rural areas. Cow Camp addresses that gap through a supportive, no-pressure environment where participants can ask questions, try new techniques and connect with others facing similar challenges.

“We’re not just teaching skills—we’re building confidence and community,” Johnson said. “And that’s what keeps women in agriculture long term.”

K-State Research and Extension developed Cow Camp in response to growing demand for educational opportunities that reflect the realities of western Kansas agriculture. The program supports both beginning and experienced producers and reinforces the university’s commitment to practical, inclusive outreach as part of its land-grant heritage.

The event is limited to 40 participants. Registration is $75 and includes meals, materials and all workshop sessions.

Event Details: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.wkrec.org/events/cow_camp/">Cow Camp 2025</a> Dates:&nbsp; Noon Sept. 10 to Noon Sept. 11 Location:&nbsp;K-State Western Kansas Research and Extension Center, Hays Cost:&nbsp;$75 (includes all workshops and meals) Deadline to register:&nbsp;Aug. 10 Contact:&nbsp;wkrec@k-state.edu More information:&nbsp;ksre.k-state.edu/wkrec

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682229509.jpeg" alt="

written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>

written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>In the cattle industry, experience matters—but for many women gaining that hands-on experience can be a challenge. Whether they’ve married into an operation, desire a career in beef production systems, or are trying to start their own herd from scratch, women often find themselves expected to help manage livestock without ever having been taught how. That gap in access to training and support is what Cow Camp 2025 aims to close.Cow Camp 2025, a hands-on educational experience for women in beef production, will be held Sept. 10–11 at the Kansas State University’s Agricultural Research Center in Hays. The program is designed to help women build practical skills in cattle management, grow their confidence, and take a stronger role in the workforce shaping the future of Kansas agriculture.“This is workforce development in the most grounded, impactful way,” said Sandy Johnson, K-State Research and Extension beef specialist. “We’re meeting women where they are and equipping them with the tools, they need to succeed in an industry that depends on smart decisions and shared leadership.”Cow Camp offers workshops on body condition scoring, calving preparation and simulator training, expected progeny differences (EPDs), vaccine handling, forage sampling, pasture monitoring and more. The program is tailored for women who are managing a first herd, helping with a family operation, or entering the industry from the ground up.“This event is about capacity building,” said Emma Briggs, KSRE beef production specialist. “It’s about giving women the skills, support and access to research-based information they need to contribute meaningfully to their operations and the broader beef industry. That’s what the land-grant mission is all about—bringing the university to the people and investing in rural communities.”As the cattle industry evolves, more women are stepping into decision-making roles on farms and ranches. Yet many report limited access to training and peer support—particularly in rural areas. Cow Camp addresses that gap through a supportive, no-pressure environment where participants can ask questions, try new techniques and connect with others facing similar challenges.“We’re not just teaching skills—we’re building confidence and community,” Johnson said. “And that’s what keeps women in agriculture long term.”K-State Research and Extension developed Cow Camp in response to growing demand for educational opportunities that reflect the realities of western Kansas agriculture. The program supports both beginning and experienced producers and reinforces the university’s commitment to practical, inclusive outreach as part of its land-grant heritage.The event is limited to 40 participants. Registration is $75 and includes meals, materials and all workshop sessions.Event Details: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.wkrec.org/events/cow_camp/">Cow Camp 2025</a> Dates:&nbsp; Noon Sept. 10 to Noon Sept. 11 Location:&nbsp;K-State Western Kansas Research and Extension Center, Hays Cost:&nbsp;$75 (includes all workshops and meals) Deadline to register:&nbsp;Aug. 10 Contact:&nbsp;wkrec@k-state.edu More information:&nbsp;ksre.k-state.edu/wkrecAlicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Register for Cow Camp 2025 by Aug. 10

It might seem odd how I choose to take some vacation time after the heat, humidity, long hours and stress of the fair. I love to help 4-H members learn no matter their county! I will spend several days in July judging a variety of events at other county fairs.

This opportunity to give back to 4-H members and help other agents is fun and worthwhile. Now, you’ll never find me sorting a livestock show or judging woodworking but I love to work with youth on Sewing &amp; Textiles, Fiber Arts, Photography, and a handful of other areas. Being able to share my experience both as a 4-H member in these project areas and as an adult is very gratifying!

I’ve had the opportunity to encourage a youth to consider how their love of photography and distinct perspective can become a career in journalism, advertising, graphic design, and other areas. I’ve also been able to encourage a youth in care and styling of their attire for the life skill of understanding a professional wardrobe and the necessary small details of shined shoes, appropriate accessories, and ironing skills. Last summer, I asked a young man about who starched his jeans. He was a bit affronted and proudly stated that he did! We had a great conversation about life skills and how impressed I was that he was willing to learn and practice this skill.

If you have a talent for woodworking, for arts &amp; crafts, for welding, for baking, or for photography and you are interested in sharing your knowledge and expertise, please let me know as we are always on the lookout for project leaders who are registered 4-H volunteers. Additionally, there is an opportunity for you to serve as a judge for 4-H or Open Class exhibits in other counties. If you are interested, check out the Kansas 4-H page under County Fairs/Kansas 4-H Judges Database (https://www.kansas4-h.org/educational-experiences/fair-resources/county-fairs/judgesregistration.html ). Some judging areas will need training such as Foods, Food Preservation, and Dogs. For the most part, a willingness to understand 4-H Project Learning principles and give candid but kind feedback is the most important.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="

written by: Michelle Beran - Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District." />
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written by: Michelle Beran - Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>It might seem odd how I choose to take some vacation time after the heat, humidity, long hours and stress of the fair. I love to help 4-H members learn no matter their county! I will spend several days in July judging a variety of events at other county fairs.This opportunity to give back to 4-H members and help other agents is fun and worthwhile. Now, you’ll never find me sorting a livestock show or judging woodworking but I love to work with youth on Sewing &amp; Textiles, Fiber Arts, Photography, and a handful of other areas. Being able to share my experience both as a 4-H member in these project areas and as an adult is very gratifying!I’ve had the opportunity to encourage a youth to consider how their love of photography and distinct perspective can become a career in journalism, advertising, graphic design, and other areas. I’ve also been able to encourage a youth in care and styling of their attire for the life skill of understanding a professional wardrobe and the necessary small details of shined shoes, appropriate accessories, and ironing skills. Last summer, I asked a young man about who starched his jeans. He was a bit affronted and proudly stated that he did! We had a great conversation about life skills and how impressed I was that he was willing to learn and practice this skill.If you have a talent for woodworking, for arts &amp; crafts, for welding, for baking, or for photography and you are interested in sharing your knowledge and expertise, please let me know as we are always on the lookout for project leaders who are registered 4-H volunteers. Additionally, there is an opportunity for you to serve as a judge for 4-H or Open Class exhibits in other counties. If you are interested, check out the Kansas 4-H page under County Fairs/Kansas 4-H Judges Database (https://www.kansas4-h.org/educational-experiences/fair-resources/county-fairs/judgesregistration.html ). Some judging areas will need training such as Foods, Food Preservation, and Dogs. For the most part, a willingness to understand 4-H Project Learning principles and give candid but kind feedback is the most important.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.