Understanding spray water quality is a crucial first step for successful herbicide applications for farmers. Much of the water used for herbicide applications in Kansas is inherently “hard,” and the quality of water from some wells is decreasing as water resources decrease. This article will be a shortened version that will focus on the effects of water quality on herbicide efficacy, particularly in postemergence applications. To see the full article, google K-State Agronomy eUpdates. Three main factors affect water quality in Kansas - turbidity, pH, and hardness.

Turbidity is defined as the clarity of water and is mostly affected by larger particles suspended in the water, such as algae, clay, minerals, or organic matter. Poor turbidity is more likely to exist where surface waters such as ponds, streams, or rivers are the source of spray water. These suspended particles interact with many of our herbicides and can influence uptake by the plants, chemical changes at the site-of-action (SOA), and decrease the performance of sprayer equipment. Its effect is severe on cationic (positively charged) herbicides (paraquat and diquat) and herbicides with low soil mobility (glyphosate). If turbidity is an issue, chelating agents may be available for use in holding ponds or tanks prior to mixing in the spray tank.

Spray water pH is a measure of acidity or the presence of hydrogen ions. Pure water is neutral, having a pH of 7.0, whereas values below 7 are considered acidic, and values above 7 are basic. Kansas surface and subsurface water pH typically ranges from 6.5 to 8.5. Generally, pH values of spray water in Kansas do not have a large effect on the herbicides commonly applied. However, there are some exceptions.

Water hardness is one of the largest issues impacting herbicide applications in Kansas. Hardness is caused by the presence of positively charged minerals (cations) suspended in the water, particularly calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and iron (Fe). Because many of our herbicides, notably glyphosate and glufosinate, form weak acids (negatively charged) when mixed in water, cations can bind to herbicide molecules, thus changing how the herbicide is absorbed by the plants and altering its ability to bind at the site of action.

Water hardness can be classified into the following groups based on the total number of cations present expressed in parts per million (ppm): Soft = less than 75 ppm, moderately hard = 75 to 150 ppm, hard = 150 to 300 ppm, and very hard = greater than 300 ppm.

To combat hard water antagonism, water conditioners such as ammonium sulfate (AMS) are recommended with many of our postemergence herbicides. When added to the water prior to the herbicide, AMS produces ammonium ions which bind to the herbicide and prevent other cations from interacting with it. Recommended rates of AMS range from 8.5 to 17 pounds per 100

gallons of spray water. North Dakota State University researchers developed a simple formula for calculating AMS needs based on the presence of cations in the water and their ability to interact with herbicides:

A handy Excel-based version of this formula can be found at the website: https://sprayers101.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/AMS-Calculator-Sprayers101-1.xlsx

Summary - water quality has a large impact on herbicide efficacy. As water resources decline, water quality can and does change over time. A proper water test is the best way to understand what characteristics are influencing our spray applications and how to mitigate those effects. K-State, as well as several commercial providers, can conduct water tests for a nominal charge.

During the summer of 2025, researchers at K-State will be collecting spray water samples from around the state to test for quality. If you are interested in participating in this study, please contact your local Extension agent. To read about liquid AMS replacements and the full article google K-State Agronomy eUpdates.

Information provided by Patrick Geier, Sarah Lancaster, and Jeremie Kouame, K-State Weed Management Specialist.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Understanding spray water quality is a crucial first step for successful herbicide applications for farmers. Much of the water used for herbicide applications in Kansas is inherently “hard,” and the quality of water from some wells is decreasing as water resources decrease. This article will be a shortened version that will focus on the effects of water quality on herbicide efficacy, particularly in postemergence applications. To see the full article, google K-State Agronomy eUpdates. Three main factors affect water quality in Kansas - turbidity, pH, and hardness.Turbidity is defined as the clarity of water and is mostly affected by larger particles suspended in the water, such as algae, clay, minerals, or organic matter. Poor turbidity is more likely to exist where surface waters such as ponds, streams, or rivers are the source of spray water. These suspended particles interact with many of our herbicides and can influence uptake by the plants, chemical changes at the site-of-action (SOA), and decrease the performance of sprayer equipment. Its effect is severe on cationic (positively charged) herbicides (paraquat and diquat) and herbicides with low soil mobility (glyphosate). If turbidity is an issue, chelating agents may be available for use in holding ponds or tanks prior to mixing in the spray tank.Spray water pH is a measure of acidity or the presence of hydrogen ions. Pure water is neutral, having a pH of 7.0, whereas values below 7 are considered acidic, and values above 7 are basic. Kansas surface and subsurface water pH typically ranges from 6.5 to 8.5. Generally, pH values of spray water in Kansas do not have a large effect on the herbicides commonly applied. However, there are some exceptions.Water hardness is one of the largest issues impacting herbicide applications in Kansas. Hardness is caused by the presence of positively charged minerals (cations) suspended in the water, particularly calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and iron (Fe). Because many of our herbicides, notably glyphosate and glufosinate, form weak acids (negatively charged) when mixed in water, cations can bind to herbicide molecules, thus changing how the herbicide is absorbed by the plants and altering its ability to bind at the site of action.Water hardness can be classified into the following groups based on the total number of cations present expressed in parts per million (ppm): Soft = less than 75 ppm, moderately hard = 75 to 150 ppm, hard = 150 to 300 ppm, and very hard = greater than 300 ppm.To combat hard water antagonism, water conditioners such as ammonium sulfate (AMS) are recommended with many of our postemergence herbicides. When added to the water prior to the herbicide, AMS produces ammonium ions which bind to the herbicide and prevent other cations from interacting with it. Recommended rates of AMS range from 8.5 to 17 pounds per 100gallons of spray water. North Dakota State University researchers developed a simple formula for calculating AMS needs based on the presence of cations in the water and their ability to interact with herbicides:A handy Excel-based version of this formula can be found at the website: https://sprayers101.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/AMS-Calculator-Sprayers101-1.xlsxSummary - water quality has a large impact on herbicide efficacy. As water resources decline, water quality can and does change over time. A proper water test is the best way to understand what characteristics are influencing our spray applications and how to mitigate those effects. K-State, as well as several commercial providers, can conduct water tests for a nominal charge.During the summer of 2025, researchers at K-State will be collecting spray water samples from around the state to test for quality. If you are interested in participating in this study, please contact your local Extension agent. To read about liquid AMS replacements and the full article google K-State Agronomy eUpdates.Information provided by Patrick Geier, Sarah Lancaster, and Jeremie Kouame, K-State Weed Management Specialist.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Role of water quality on effective herbicide applications

Crabgrass preventers are another name for preemergence herbicides that prevent crabgrass seeds from developing into mature plants. Many people have a somewhat foggy idea of how they work and assume they kill the weed seed.&nbsp; Such is not the case. They do not kill the seed or even keep the seed from germinating but rather kill the young plant after it germinates.&nbsp; Therefore, they do not prevent germination but prevent emergence.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Crabgrass preventers are just that – preventers. With few exceptions they have no effect on existing crabgrass plants, so they must be applied before germination. Additionally, preventers do not last forever once applied to the soil.&nbsp; Microorganisms and natural processes begin to gradually break them down soon after they are applied. If some products are applied too early, they may have lost much of their strength by the time they are needed. Most crabgrass preventers are fairly ineffective after about 60 days, but there is considerable variation among products.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

For most of Kansas, crabgrass typically begins to germinate around May 1 or a little later. April 15 is normally a good target date for applying preventer because it gives active ingredients time to evenly disperse in the soil before crabgrass germination starts.&nbsp; Even better, base timing on the bloom of ornamental plants. The Eastern Redbud tree is a good choice for this purpose. When the trees in your area approach full bloom, apply crabgrass preventer. A follow-up application will be needed about 8 weeks later unless you are using Dimension or Barricade.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Dimension and Barricade are the only two products that give season-long control of crabgrass from a single application. In fact, they can be applied earlier than April 15 and still have sufficient residual strength to last the season. Barricade can even be applied in late fall for crabgrass control the next season.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Dimension can be applied as early as March 1. Because of the added flexibility in timing, these products are favorites of lawn care companies who have many customers to service in the spring. Though Dimension is usually not applied as early as Barricade, it is the herbicide of choice if it must be applied later than recommended. It is the exception to the rule that preemergence herbicides do not kill existing weeds. Dimension can kill crabgrass as long as it is young (two- to three-leaf stage). Dimension is also the best choice if treating a lawn that was planted late last fall. Normally a preemergence herbicide is not recommended unless the lawn has been mowed two to four times. But Dimension is kind to young tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass seedlings and some formulations can be applied as early as two weeks after the first sign of germination. However, read the label of the specific product you wish to use to ensure that this use is allowed. Lawns established in the fall can be safely treated with Dimension the following spring even if they have not been mowed.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Crabgrass preventers are another name for preemergence herbicides that prevent crabgrass seeds from developing into mature plants. Many people have a somewhat foggy idea of how they work and assume they kill the weed seed.&nbsp; Such is not the case. They do not kill the seed or even keep the seed from germinating but rather kill the young plant after it germinates.&nbsp; Therefore, they do not prevent germination but prevent emergence.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Crabgrass preventers are just that – preventers. With few exceptions they have no effect on existing crabgrass plants, so they must be applied before germination. Additionally, preventers do not last forever once applied to the soil.&nbsp; Microorganisms and natural processes begin to gradually break them down soon after they are applied. If some products are applied too early, they may have lost much of their strength by the time they are needed. Most crabgrass preventers are fairly ineffective after about 60 days, but there is considerable variation among products.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For most of Kansas, crabgrass typically begins to germinate around May 1 or a little later. April 15 is normally a good target date for applying preventer because it gives active ingredients time to evenly disperse in the soil before crabgrass germination starts.&nbsp; Even better, base timing on the bloom of ornamental plants. The Eastern Redbud tree is a good choice for this purpose. When the trees in your area approach full bloom, apply crabgrass preventer. A follow-up application will be needed about 8 weeks later unless you are using Dimension or Barricade.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dimension and Barricade are the only two products that give season-long control of crabgrass from a single application. In fact, they can be applied earlier than April 15 and still have sufficient residual strength to last the season. Barricade can even be applied in late fall for crabgrass control the next season.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dimension can be applied as early as March 1. Because of the added flexibility in timing, these products are favorites of lawn care companies who have many customers to service in the spring. Though Dimension is usually not applied as early as Barricade, it is the herbicide of choice if it must be applied later than recommended. It is the exception to the rule that preemergence herbicides do not kill existing weeds. Dimension can kill crabgrass as long as it is young (two- to three-leaf stage). Dimension is also the best choice if treating a lawn that was planted late last fall. Normally a preemergence herbicide is not recommended unless the lawn has been mowed two to four times. But Dimension is kind to young tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass seedlings and some formulations can be applied as early as two weeks after the first sign of germination. However, read the label of the specific product you wish to use to ensure that this use is allowed. Lawns established in the fall can be safely treated with Dimension the following spring even if they have not been mowed.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Crabgrass preventers

If you have called or stopped by our Cottonwood Extension Offices, you have spoken to some of the most valuable members of our team!

The agents across the Cottonwood Extension District are blessed to have incredible staff to support and assist in so many ways.

Brenda and Theresa are our office professionals and they manage a multitude of tasks, well beyond answering the phone and greeting those who step through our doors. They help to keep us organized, manage the district finances and website, and occasionally “mom” us when schedules and tasks get overwhelming. In addition, they manage so many tasks for events such as the fairs, Walk Kansas, and much more. We couldn’t function without them!

Jacy is the district-wide program assistant and provides wonderful support from scheduling social media to assisting with programs to general coordination of supplies for those programs. If you happened to see our National Ag Week videos, Jacy took my crazy idea and made it happen to share two books from local authors with 4-H youth reading. Her fun and “can do” attitude make her a joy with whom to work!

We are also fortunate to have a couple of student assistants from time to time in our offices. Kiera is a Barton Community College student and a Midway-Russell 4-H member and brings a willingness to work and help wherever needed. This summer we will have a student summer assistant in each office who assist with copies, fair input, answering the phones, and whatever else is needed. One of our goals is always to expose these students to the larger world of Extension work!

Keep learning! Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>If you have called or stopped by our Cottonwood Extension Offices, you have spoken to some of the most valuable members of our team!The agents across the Cottonwood Extension District are blessed to have incredible staff to support and assist in so many ways.Brenda and Theresa are our office professionals and they manage a multitude of tasks, well beyond answering the phone and greeting those who step through our doors. They help to keep us organized, manage the district finances and website, and occasionally “mom” us when schedules and tasks get overwhelming. In addition, they manage so many tasks for events such as the fairs, Walk Kansas, and much more. We couldn’t function without them!Jacy is the district-wide program assistant and provides wonderful support from scheduling social media to assisting with programs to general coordination of supplies for those programs. If you happened to see our National Ag Week videos, Jacy took my crazy idea and made it happen to share two books from local authors with 4-H youth reading. Her fun and “can do” attitude make her a joy with whom to work!We are also fortunate to have a couple of student assistants from time to time in our offices. Kiera is a Barton Community College student and a Midway-Russell 4-H member and brings a willingness to work and help wherever needed. This summer we will have a student summer assistant in each office who assist with copies, fair input, answering the phones, and whatever else is needed. One of our goals is always to expose these students to the larger world of Extension work!Keep learning! Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

BERAN: It takes a team

Last year’s growing season brought to Kansas a new disease to corn. Corn stunt spiroplasma and its associated vector the corn leafhopper insect. It was confirmed in 26 counties in 2024. Active field scouting last year confirmed active leaf hoppers in many additional counties. Although the majority of the positive reports are from field corn, also confirmed corn stunt spiroplasma in sweet corn as well. High levels of disease were found in late-planted and double-cropped corn, leading to potential yield reduction. So be aware that late planted and double-cropped corn is more at risk of contracting corn stunt disease. Early planting of corn is advised as leafhopper infestations, and corn stunt disease will increase as the season progresses. Removal of volunteer corn plants following the growing season is also advised to reduce overwintering sites for adult corn leafhoppers.

Symptoms of the disease may include shortened internodes, which can result in a stunted stature of the corn plant as well as leaves with red discoloration. Because other factors in the environment can cause red or purple discoloration in corn, laboratory testing is important to diagnose corn stunt disease and distinguish it from other stressors. Corn stunt disease can result in yield loss due to severe plant stunting, smaller ear size and loose/lost kernels.

In the past, corn stunt disease has been limited in distribution to southern Texas, Florida, and California in the United States. Corn stunt is caused by a wall-less bacterial pathogen called corn stunt spiroplasma. The corn leafhopper can also transmit additional pathogens, either singly or in combination with the corn stunt spiroplasma. To date, only corn stunt spiroplasma has been detected in Kansas. Additional research is needed to determine the presence of other pathogens vectored by corn leafhopper in Kansas.

This disease is spread only by the corn leafhopper. Corn leafhopper acquires pathogens within minutes of feeding on infected corn plants but it can take up to 30 days for the leafhopper to be able to infect healthy corn plants during feeding events.

Although the infestation by the corn leafhoppers usually begins at the early crop stages, and the transmission of the pathogens occurs in the vegetative growth stages, symptoms of corn stunt disease only appear later in the season, generally 30 days after leafhopper feeding, when corn has already reached the reproductive stages.

Chemical Control: Corn stunt disease incidence will not be reduced by insecticide control. If you see disease symptoms in the field, the plants have already been infected. Infected plants will not show symptoms for 1 month. If the corn is mature enough, then infection may not impact corn kernels. According to Corteva Agriscience, insecticidal seed treatments consisting of imidacloprid and clothianidin can provide control of corn leafhoppers up to the V3 growth stage. After that, plants are susceptible to acquiring the corn stunt pathogens through leafhopper feeding.

The corn leafhopper is relatively simple to identify under magnification. These leafhoppers are light tan to yellowish-white in color and approximately 1/8” long. Two distinct dark spots between the antennae and eyes are very characteristic of this species. Nymphs lack wings and can vary in color. Like most leafhoppers, all stages move quickly when disturbed and hide in shaded areas of corn plants. All stages can be sampled using a sweep net; a video showing how to sample for corn leafhoppers in mature corn canopies can be found here: https://youtu.be/QgLuWWSwHWU.

If you ever have any questions or during the growing season need me to look at any of your corn fields, please give me a call at 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Last year’s growing season brought to Kansas a new disease to corn. Corn stunt spiroplasma and its associated vector the corn leafhopper insect. It was confirmed in 26 counties in 2024. Active field scouting last year confirmed active leaf hoppers in many additional counties. Although the majority of the positive reports are from field corn, also confirmed corn stunt spiroplasma in sweet corn as well. High levels of disease were found in late-planted and double-cropped corn, leading to potential yield reduction. So be aware that late planted and double-cropped corn is more at risk of contracting corn stunt disease. Early planting of corn is advised as leafhopper infestations, and corn stunt disease will increase as the season progresses. Removal of volunteer corn plants following the growing season is also advised to reduce overwintering sites for adult corn leafhoppers.Symptoms of the disease may include shortened internodes, which can result in a stunted stature of the corn plant as well as leaves with red discoloration. Because other factors in the environment can cause red or purple discoloration in corn, laboratory testing is important to diagnose corn stunt disease and distinguish it from other stressors. Corn stunt disease can result in yield loss due to severe plant stunting, smaller ear size and loose/lost kernels.In the past, corn stunt disease has been limited in distribution to southern Texas, Florida, and California in the United States. Corn stunt is caused by a wall-less bacterial pathogen called corn stunt spiroplasma. The corn leafhopper can also transmit additional pathogens, either singly or in combination with the corn stunt spiroplasma. To date, only corn stunt spiroplasma has been detected in Kansas. Additional research is needed to determine the presence of other pathogens vectored by corn leafhopper in Kansas.This disease is spread only by the corn leafhopper. Corn leafhopper acquires pathogens within minutes of feeding on infected corn plants but it can take up to 30 days for the leafhopper to be able to infect healthy corn plants during feeding events.Although the infestation by the corn leafhoppers usually begins at the early crop stages, and the transmission of the pathogens occurs in the vegetative growth stages, symptoms of corn stunt disease only appear later in the season, generally 30 days after leafhopper feeding, when corn has already reached the reproductive stages.Chemical Control: Corn stunt disease incidence will not be reduced by insecticide control. If you see disease symptoms in the field, the plants have already been infected. Infected plants will not show symptoms for 1 month. If the corn is mature enough, then infection may not impact corn kernels. According to Corteva Agriscience, insecticidal seed treatments consisting of imidacloprid and clothianidin can provide control of corn leafhoppers up to the V3 growth stage. After that, plants are susceptible to acquiring the corn stunt pathogens through leafhopper feeding.The corn leafhopper is relatively simple to identify under magnification. These leafhoppers are light tan to yellowish-white in color and approximately 1/8” long. Two distinct dark spots between the antennae and eyes are very characteristic of this species. Nymphs lack wings and can vary in color. Like most leafhoppers, all stages move quickly when disturbed and hide in shaded areas of corn plants. All stages can be sampled using a sweep net; a video showing how to sample for corn leafhoppers in mature corn canopies can be found here: https://youtu.be/QgLuWWSwHWU.If you ever have any questions or during the growing season need me to look at any of your corn fields, please give me a call at 785-628-9430.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Corn stunt disease – a new threat to Kansas corn

A Kansas Forest Service official is urging Kansans to be on the lookout for a pair of invasive species that threaten the state’s forests and ecosystems by pushing out native vegetation.

Ryan Rastok, the forest health coordinator with KFS, said Callery pear and bush honeysuckle are especially meddlesome this time of year.

“I was flying back from Georgia into Kansas City recently and as we were flying into the airport, I could see an abundance of callery pear, even from the plane,” Rastok said.

For a brief time – often in early April – the Callery pear puts on a stunning display of white flowers. But behind the beauty belies a menace.

Native to China, the Callery pear includes 26 cultivars that present significant ecological concerns in Kansas and Missouri. Among them:

· It displaces native trees and plants in the wild, which lowers ecologocial biodiversity. The tree does not host native pollinators.

· It leafs out before woodland wildflowers emerge from dormancy, robbing them of critical sunlight and preventing their growth.

· Its’ egg-shaped structure – at heights of 30-40 feet – and brittle wood make it prone to falling limbs that can damage people and property.

“Yeah, there’s been a myriad of descriptions for the smell, most of them vile and maybe some not appropriate to say out loud,” he said.

Bush Honeysuckle is another invasive that Rastok urges homeowners to identify and remove. The shrub spreads up to 15-20 feet in height with flowers that change from white to yellow; juicy red berries; and opposite, simple leaves that green up much earlier than surrounding native vegetation.

The shrub typically flowers in May or June, and unlike the Callery pear, is more fragrant.

Rastok said not counting such human activities as urban sprawl and others, bush honeysuckle “is the biggest threat to our native forests and ecosystems in Kansas, and it’s continuing to spread so we need to keep the pressure on that one, as well. The biggest issue right now is that it’s starting to establish in the state’s woodlands where it will eventually push out our native vegetation…it simplifies the ecosystem by lowering its overall floral and faunal diversity.”

Neither the Callery pear nor the bush honeysuckle are easily managed by prescribed burning, Rastok said. More information on controls, and options for replenishing areas where trees have been removed, is available from the Kansas Forest Service at www.kansasforests.org,

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>A Kansas Forest Service official is urging Kansans to be on the lookout for a pair of invasive species that threaten the state’s forests and ecosystems by pushing out native vegetation.Ryan Rastok, the forest health coordinator with KFS, said Callery pear and bush honeysuckle are especially meddlesome this time of year.“I was flying back from Georgia into Kansas City recently and as we were flying into the airport, I could see an abundance of callery pear, even from the plane,” Rastok said.For a brief time – often in early April – the Callery pear puts on a stunning display of white flowers. But behind the beauty belies a menace.Native to China, the Callery pear includes 26 cultivars that present significant ecological concerns in Kansas and Missouri. Among them:· It displaces native trees and plants in the wild, which lowers ecologocial biodiversity. The tree does not host native pollinators.· It leafs out before woodland wildflowers emerge from dormancy, robbing them of critical sunlight and preventing their growth.· Its’ egg-shaped structure – at heights of 30-40 feet – and brittle wood make it prone to falling limbs that can damage people and property.And, Rastok says, it smells.“Yeah, there’s been a myriad of descriptions for the smell, most of them vile and maybe some not appropriate to say out loud,” he said.Bush Honeysuckle is another invasive that Rastok urges homeowners to identify and remove. The shrub spreads up to 15-20 feet in height with flowers that change from white to yellow; juicy red berries; and opposite, simple leaves that green up much earlier than surrounding native vegetation.The shrub typically flowers in May or June, and unlike the Callery pear, is more fragrant.Rastok said not counting such human activities as urban sprawl and others, bush honeysuckle “is the biggest threat to our native forests and ecosystems in Kansas, and it’s continuing to spread so we need to keep the pressure on that one, as well. The biggest issue right now is that it’s starting to establish in the state’s woodlands where it will eventually push out our native vegetation…it simplifies the ecosystem by lowering its overall floral and faunal diversity.”Neither the Callery pear nor the bush honeysuckle are easily managed by prescribed burning, Rastok said. More information on controls, and options for replenishing areas where trees have been removed, is available from the Kansas Forest Service at www.kansasforests.org,Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Kansans be on the lookout for invasive shrub species 

As lawns begin to turn green, controlling weeds and applying fertilizer is important.

Cool-season grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass or tall fescue are among the most common grasses needing attention, said Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini, who shares the following maintenance calendar:

March Spot treat broadleaf weeds, if necessary. Treat on a day that is 50 degrees or warmer. Rain or irrigation within 24 hours of application will reduce effectiveness.

April Apply crabgrass preventer when redbud trees are in full bloom, usually in April. The preventer needs to be watered in before it will start to work. One-quarter inch of water will be enough to water in any of the products commonly available.

May Fertilize the lawn with a slow-release fertilizer if you water your lawn or if you normally receive enough rainfall that your turf doesn’t go drought-dormant during the summer. If there are broadleaf weeds, spot treat with a spray or use a fertilizer that includes a weed killer. Rain or irrigation within 24 hours of application will reduce effectiveness of the weed killer, but the fertilizer needs to be watered in. If you are using a product that has both fertilizer and weed killer, wait 24 hours after application before watering in. If grubs have been a problem in the past, apply a product containing imidacloprid or chlorantraniliprole during May or anytime from May through June for imidacloprid. These products work to prevent grub damage. If rainfall does not occur within 24 hours, irrigate with ¼ inch of water.

June through Mid-July Apply second round of crabgrass preventer by June 15 – unless you have used Dimension (dithiopyr) or Barricade (prodiamine) for the April application.

Late-July through August If you see grub damage, apply a grub killer that contains Dylox. Imidacloprid and chlorantraniliprole are effective against young grubs but may not be effective on late instar grubs. The grub killer containing Dylox must be watered in within 24 hours or effectiveness drops.

September Fertilize around Labor Day. This is the most important fertilization of the year. Water in the fertilizer if rainfall does not occur.

November Fertilize. This fertilizer is taken up by the roots but is not used until the following spring. Water in fertilizer. Spray for broadleaf weeds even if they are small. Broadleaf weeds are much easier to control in the fall than in the spring. Try to spray on a day that is at least 50 degrees. Use label rates for all products. Domenghini reminds homeowners that using best practices for turf management is the most effective way to manage their lawn.

“This includes watering only when needed and only applying as much as needed. Deep, infrequent watering is more efficient than frequent, shallow watering. Excessive fertilizer does not equal a healthier lawn and follow recommendations for lawn height when mowing."

She also recommends getting the soil tested to determine nutrient levels. The best start to a healthy lawn is healthy soil.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>As lawns begin to turn green, controlling weeds and applying fertilizer is important.Cool-season grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass or tall fescue are among the most common grasses needing attention, said Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini, who shares the following maintenance calendar:March Spot treat broadleaf weeds, if necessary. Treat on a day that is 50 degrees or warmer. Rain or irrigation within 24 hours of application will reduce effectiveness.April Apply crabgrass preventer when redbud trees are in full bloom, usually in April. The preventer needs to be watered in before it will start to work. One-quarter inch of water will be enough to water in any of the products commonly available.May Fertilize the lawn with a slow-release fertilizer if you water your lawn or if you normally receive enough rainfall that your turf doesn’t go drought-dormant during the summer. If there are broadleaf weeds, spot treat with a spray or use a fertilizer that includes a weed killer. Rain or irrigation within 24 hours of application will reduce effectiveness of the weed killer, but the fertilizer needs to be watered in. If you are using a product that has both fertilizer and weed killer, wait 24 hours after application before watering in. If grubs have been a problem in the past, apply a product containing imidacloprid or chlorantraniliprole during May or anytime from May through June for imidacloprid. These products work to prevent grub damage. If rainfall does not occur within 24 hours, irrigate with ¼ inch of water.June through Mid-July Apply second round of crabgrass preventer by June 15 – unless you have used Dimension (dithiopyr) or Barricade (prodiamine) for the April application.Late-July through August If you see grub damage, apply a grub killer that contains Dylox. Imidacloprid and chlorantraniliprole are effective against young grubs but may not be effective on late instar grubs. The grub killer containing Dylox must be watered in within 24 hours or effectiveness drops.September Fertilize around Labor Day. This is the most important fertilization of the year. Water in the fertilizer if rainfall does not occur.November Fertilize. This fertilizer is taken up by the roots but is not used until the following spring. Water in fertilizer. Spray for broadleaf weeds even if they are small. Broadleaf weeds are much easier to control in the fall than in the spring. Try to spray on a day that is at least 50 degrees. Use label rates for all products. Domenghini reminds homeowners that using best practices for turf management is the most effective way to manage their lawn.“This includes watering only when needed and only applying as much as needed. Deep, infrequent watering is more efficient than frequent, shallow watering. Excessive fertilizer does not equal a healthier lawn and follow recommendations for lawn height when mowing."She also recommends getting the soil tested to determine nutrient levels. The best start to a healthy lawn is healthy soil.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Cool season lawn calendar 

Sleep-related deaths are the leading cause of death for infants over 28 days and

claim 3,500 lives each year in the United States. According to the most recent data provided by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, the Kansas 2021 infant mortality rate (IMR) was 5.3 per 1,000 live births. This means nearly 200 babies did not survive to celebrate their first birthday.

The good news is that overall, the infant rate has declined significantly from 2002 to 2021. Furthermore, the 2022 Kansas State Child Death Review Board reported that 58% of all Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths (SUID) were found sleeping in an adult bed and 98% of the SIDS deaths had one or more factors contributing to an unsafe sleep environment.

“Too many babies are dying, which means too many families are grieving” says Christy Schunn,

Executive Director of Kansas Infant Death and SIDS (KIDS) Network. "While we have made progress over the last ten years, the KIDS Network remains committed to working with partners across Kansas to continue intervention efforts to decrease infant mortality and protect the lives of our state’s youngest and most vulnerable population."

Together with Cottonwood District and Infant Toddler Services- Kid Link, the KIDS Network will host a Safe Sleep Community Baby Shower, Saturday, April 5, 2025 from 11am-1pm at St. Nicholas Church, 2901 E. 13th St. Community Baby Showers are an interactive and educational event for expectant parents or new parents (under six months) and their support people to learn the ABCs of Safe Sleep—all babies should sleep Alone, on their Backs, and in Clutter-free Crib. The pregnant women who attend the shower and receive the safe sleep training will receive a free portable crib and a wearable blanket, based on availability. Breastfeeding, tobacco awareness, and mental health resources will be available in addition to many other vendors who will have giveaways and door prizes. Refreshments will be served. Do you know someone who could benefit? Encourage them to attend the Safe Sleep Community Baby Shower in either Barton or Ellis County. Educational sessions begin every 15 minutes from 11 a.m. to 12:45 p.m. Pre and post surveys will be required to receive crib and wearable blanket. To sign up for the Ellis County Community Baby Shower visit: bit.ly/ellisco-communitybabyshower

Barton County Health Department and Kansas Children’s Services League Healthy Families will be co-hosting the Barton County Community Baby Shower on Thursday April 24, 2025, from 4 to 6:30 pm. This event is at an indoor location this year at the Great Bend Events Center. Over

20 different organizations will be providing information for attendees. Door prize drawings will be held during the event. Safe sleep demonstrations will be presented throughout the event. Pregnant women or those with infants 6 months of age and under who complete the safe sleep pre- and post-test as well as the safe sleep demonstration will receive a portable crib and sleep sack until supplies run out. We will also be providing a car seat check lane in the parking lot. Certified Car Seat Technicians are available to teach attendees to properly install car seats. Technicians can also check already installed car seats to make sure they are installed properly. Tdap vaccine will be available to pregnant women or caregivers to protect newborns from pertussis. Nurses will be available to check immunization records for attendees and make recommendations if vaccines are due.

Come check out the local resources for new families at the Great Bend Events Center on Thursday, April 24, from 4 to 6:30 pm.

The KIDS Network is a nonprofit agency serving individuals who have been touched by the tragedy of infant death or SIDS in Kansas and those individuals or organizations who strive to reduce the risk of infant deaths by providing supportive services, community education, professional training and supporting associated research.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or MONIQUEK@KSU.EDU. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Sleep-related deaths are the leading cause of death for infants over 28 days andclaim 3,500 lives each year in the United States. According to the most recent data provided by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, the Kansas 2021 infant mortality rate (IMR) was 5.3 per 1,000 live births. This means nearly 200 babies did not survive to celebrate their first birthday.The good news is that overall, the infant rate has declined significantly from 2002 to 2021. Furthermore, the 2022 Kansas State Child Death Review Board reported that 58% of all Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths (SUID) were found sleeping in an adult bed and 98% of the SIDS deaths had one or more factors contributing to an unsafe sleep environment.“Too many babies are dying, which means too many families are grieving” says Christy Schunn,Executive Director of Kansas Infant Death and SIDS (KIDS) Network. "While we have made progress over the last ten years, the KIDS Network remains committed to working with partners across Kansas to continue intervention efforts to decrease infant mortality and protect the lives of our state’s youngest and most vulnerable population."Together with Cottonwood District and Infant Toddler Services- Kid Link, the KIDS Network will host a Safe Sleep Community Baby Shower, Saturday, April 5, 2025 from 11am-1pm at St. Nicholas Church, 2901 E. 13th St. Community Baby Showers are an interactive and educational event for expectant parents or new parents (under six months) and their support people to learn the ABCs of Safe Sleep—all babies should sleep Alone, on their Backs, and in Clutter-free Crib. The pregnant women who attend the shower and receive the safe sleep training will receive a free portable crib and a wearable blanket, based on availability. Breastfeeding, tobacco awareness, and mental health resources will be available in addition to many other vendors who will have giveaways and door prizes. Refreshments will be served. Do you know someone who could benefit? Encourage them to attend the Safe Sleep Community Baby Shower in either Barton or Ellis County. Educational sessions begin every 15 minutes from 11 a.m. to 12:45 p.m. Pre and post surveys will be required to receive crib and wearable blanket. To sign up for the Ellis County Community Baby Shower visit: bit.ly/ellisco-communitybabyshowerBarton County Health Department and Kansas Children’s Services League Healthy Families will be co-hosting the Barton County Community Baby Shower on Thursday April 24, 2025, from 4 to 6:30 pm. This event is at an indoor location this year at the Great Bend Events Center. Over20 different organizations will be providing information for attendees. Door prize drawings will be held during the event. Safe sleep demonstrations will be presented throughout the event. Pregnant women or those with infants 6 months of age and under who complete the safe sleep pre- and post-test as well as the safe sleep demonstration will receive a portable crib and sleep sack until supplies run out. We will also be providing a car seat check lane in the parking lot. Certified Car Seat Technicians are available to teach attendees to properly install car seats. Technicians can also check already installed car seats to make sure they are installed properly. Tdap vaccine will be available to pregnant women or caregivers to protect newborns from pertussis. Nurses will be available to check immunization records for attendees and make recommendations if vaccines are due.Come check out the local resources for new families at the Great Bend Events Center on Thursday, April 24, from 4 to 6:30 pm.The KIDS Network is a nonprofit agency serving individuals who have been touched by the tragedy of infant death or SIDS in Kansas and those individuals or organizations who strive to reduce the risk of infant deaths by providing supportive services, community education, professional training and supporting associated research.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or MONIQUEK@KSU.EDU. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Community baby showers

Although the industry has come a long way when it comes to farm safety and a decline to injuries by about 60%. The rate of fatalities of children dying in farm accidents has stayed fairly steady. Every three days, a child dies in an ag-related incident, and each day, 33 children are injured. Says farm safety expert Barbara Lee with the Nationals Children’s Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety. “I think the most revealing thing is that for both injuries and deaths, more than half of them occur to kids who are not working – they are just bystanders in the farm environment.”

In an effort to mitigate agricultural injuries and fatalities to young workers in agriculture. Several K-State Research &amp; Extension Districts and counties will be offering a Hazardous Occupation Safety Training in Agriculture (HOSTA) or Tractor and Farm Safety Course for youth on Saturday, April 26 from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. It will be held at Hoxie Implement, 933 Oak Ave. Hoxie, Kansas. Many thanks to Outdoor Bank for providing the lunch and refreshments and to Thunder Linner Memorial Fund for helping sponsor the training manuals.

In a collaboration with businesses, state and county agencies. K-State Research &amp; Extension Agents will teach this course covering farm and machinery safety, including proper tractor operation and maintenance, grain safety, implement use safety, livestock safety and more. The United States Department of Labor requires youth 14 – 15 years of age attend this safety training in order to work on a farm for someone other than their parents, and in some instances even when working on the family farm.

Participants must complete some assignments before attending the training on the 26th. To obtain this information and to pay the $10 registration fee by Tuesday, April 22nd. You will need to visit one of the following K-State Research &amp; Extension Offices – Twin Creeks 785-421-3411, Golden Prairie 785-673-4805, Phillips-Rooks 785-425-6851, Cottonwood District 785-628-9430 and Thomas County Extension 785-460-4582.

Some Extension Offices may provide transportation to the training, don’t delay and register by Friday, April 22 for the Tractor &amp; Farm Machinery Safety Course for youth 14 - 15 years of age to be held in Hoxie on Saturday, April 26.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Although the industry has come a long way when it comes to farm safety and a decline to injuries by about 60%. The rate of fatalities of children dying in farm accidents has stayed fairly steady. Every three days, a child dies in an ag-related incident, and each day, 33 children are injured. Says farm safety expert Barbara Lee with the Nationals Children’s Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety. “I think the most revealing thing is that for both injuries and deaths, more than half of them occur to kids who are not working – they are just bystanders in the farm environment.”In an effort to mitigate agricultural injuries and fatalities to young workers in agriculture. Several K-State Research &amp; Extension Districts and counties will be offering a Hazardous Occupation Safety Training in Agriculture (HOSTA) or Tractor and Farm Safety Course for youth on Saturday, April 26 from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. It will be held at Hoxie Implement, 933 Oak Ave. Hoxie, Kansas. Many thanks to Outdoor Bank for providing the lunch and refreshments and to Thunder Linner Memorial Fund for helping sponsor the training manuals.In a collaboration with businesses, state and county agencies. K-State Research &amp; Extension Agents will teach this course covering farm and machinery safety, including proper tractor operation and maintenance, grain safety, implement use safety, livestock safety and more. The United States Department of Labor requires youth 14 – 15 years of age attend this safety training in order to work on a farm for someone other than their parents, and in some instances even when working on the family farm.Participants must complete some assignments before attending the training on the 26th. To obtain this information and to pay the $10 registration fee by Tuesday, April 22nd. You will need to visit one of the following K-State Research &amp; Extension Offices – Twin Creeks 785-421-3411, Golden Prairie 785-673-4805, Phillips-Rooks 785-425-6851, Cottonwood District 785-628-9430 and Thomas County Extension 785-460-4582.Some Extension Offices may provide transportation to the training, don’t delay and register by Friday, April 22 for the Tractor &amp; Farm Machinery Safety Course for youth 14 - 15 years of age to be held in Hoxie on Saturday, April 26.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Tractor & farm safety training in agriculture

We often associate 4-H projects with the county fair but there is so much more to the 4-H year!

The 4-H year begins in October and youth select several projects to explore and increase their knowledge and skills. During winter months, this project work can involve working with a beef or swine animal to begin growing, learning about health, and start handling the animal so that it is familiar with the 4-H member. Project work for the foods project may involve learning new skills such as measuring or using a sharp knife, and helping make meals for the family. Photography members can have incredible opportunities to experiment with light, shadows, and composition with the variety of weather that Kansas provides! Additionally, club members are taking on new leadership roles in their club and improving their communication skills at each meeting.

As we move into spring, livestock projects such as sheep and goats take off as those animals are born or purchased and youth will be learning about nutrition, animal health, and showmanship skills. Photography becomes even more fun as 4-H youth can explore subjects such as animals, insects, or landscapes as we can spend more time outside. This is the time that horticulture projects really get busy as youth work on preparing garden space and selecting seeds or plants.

This past Friday, 4-H members from seven counties gathered at Great Bend High School for Regional 4-H Day. Each participant was the top placing individual or group in a variety of categories from club skits to project talks to public speaking. Preparing for their local event requires good preparation and planning, as well as a lot of practice as they improve their communication skills about a topic important to the individual youth.

Throughout the year, youth learn record keeping by working on Project Records which include setting goals, learning opportunities, project work, and financial records.

Communication, Leadership, and Community Engagement are all 4-H project areas but there is a piece of each of these in every 4-H project! These are lifetime

skills that help youth be good family members, good employees, and good community members.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. " />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. </figcaption>
 </figure>We often associate 4-H projects with the county fair but there is so much more to the 4-H year!The 4-H year begins in October and youth select several projects to explore and increase their knowledge and skills. During winter months, this project work can involve working with a beef or swine animal to begin growing, learning about health, and start handling the animal so that it is familiar with the 4-H member. Project work for the foods project may involve learning new skills such as measuring or using a sharp knife, and helping make meals for the family. Photography members can have incredible opportunities to experiment with light, shadows, and composition with the variety of weather that Kansas provides! Additionally, club members are taking on new leadership roles in their club and improving their communication skills at each meeting.As we move into spring, livestock projects such as sheep and goats take off as those animals are born or purchased and youth will be learning about nutrition, animal health, and showmanship skills. Photography becomes even more fun as 4-H youth can explore subjects such as animals, insects, or landscapes as we can spend more time outside. This is the time that horticulture projects really get busy as youth work on preparing garden space and selecting seeds or plants.This past Friday, 4-H members from seven counties gathered at Great Bend High School for Regional 4-H Day. Each participant was the top placing individual or group in a variety of categories from club skits to project talks to public speaking. Preparing for their local event requires good preparation and planning, as well as a lot of practice as they improve their communication skills about a topic important to the individual youth.Throughout the year, youth learn record keeping by working on Project Records which include setting goals, learning opportunities, project work, and financial records.Communication, Leadership, and Community Engagement are all 4-H project areas but there is a piece of each of these in every 4-H project! These are lifetimeskills that help youth be good family members, good employees, and good community members.Keep learning! Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

BERAN: Life skills all year

Our Hypertension Awareness and Prevention Program, which launched in January, includes nutrition workshops that are open to the public. Are you looking to make healthier nutrition choices? Unsure where to start? Small changes tend to be more sustainable than large, drastic shifts, and once these habits are established, you can build on them over time.

We have three upcoming nutrition programs left:

· Shake off Excess Sodium: Learn about the impact of sodium on health and discover which foods are high in sodium and which are healthier alternatives.

· Cooking with Herbs and Spices: Explore how to enhance the flavor of your meals without relying on salt.

· Heart Smart Eating When Out and About: Gain useful tips for navigating dining out and making heart-healthy choices.

Each session includes a food demonstration, allowing you to see how to prepare these nutritious meals and taste them for yourself. Healthy eating can be flavorful and exciting!

We’d love for you to join us! More details are below.

Event Details Time: 6:00 - 7:00 pm Location: 601 Main St., Hays, KS Dates:

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Our Hypertension Awareness and Prevention Program, which launched in January, includes nutrition workshops that are open to the public. Are you looking to make healthier nutrition choices? Unsure where to start? Small changes tend to be more sustainable than large, drastic shifts, and once these habits are established, you can build on them over time.We have three upcoming nutrition programs left:· Shake off Excess Sodium: Learn about the impact of sodium on health and discover which foods are high in sodium and which are healthier alternatives.· Cooking with Herbs and Spices: Explore how to enhance the flavor of your meals without relying on salt.· Heart Smart Eating When Out and About: Gain useful tips for navigating dining out and making heart-healthy choices.Each session includes a food demonstration, allowing you to see how to prepare these nutritious meals and taste them for yourself. Healthy eating can be flavorful and exciting!We’d love for you to join us! More details are below.Event Details Time: 6:00 - 7:00 pm Location: 601 Main St., Hays, KS Dates:· March 25 · April 29 · May 27Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Nutrition workshops

This summer, thousands of Kansas teenagers will begin their first job working for a farmer or rancher. For those that are ages 14 or 15, they must complete a tractor safety course in order to be legally employed. A thirteen-year-old may enroll in the training if turning 14 before the next year’s class is offered, but the certificate will not be issued until their fourteenth birthday.

To help prepare some of those youth for the upcoming work season. The Midway district, along with the collaboration of the Cottonwood extension district, will be hosting an in-person tractor safety class on April 5 starting at 8:15 am at the Ellsworth Carrico Implement location 1104 E 8th St, Ellsworth, KS 67439.

This course will meet the requirements of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Hazardous Occupations Order for Agriculture (HOOA). The HOOA regulations state that youth 14 and 15 years of age who wish to work as a hired employee for someone other than a parent or legal guardian and operate a farm tractor that is 20 HP or greater must successfully pass a tractor safety training program.

The course will be held on Saturday, April 5, at Ellsworth Carrico Implement starting at 8:15 am. The cost of the program is 15 dollars to cover the cost of materials for the course. Those wanting to enroll should visit and complete the “Tractor Safety Registration Form.” Enrollment is due by Friday, March 28 for the Ellsworth location.

Other tractor safety courses will be held at later dates April 26,&nbsp;Beloit, KS, at Carrico Implement May 22,&nbsp;Solomon, KS, at KanEquip

Prospective students can check availability and ask questions prior to registering by calling &nbsp;or emailing Extension Agents Craig Dinkel, Clinton Laflin or Alicia Boor. Craig and Clint can be reached by phone at 785-472-4442, or email,&nbsp;<a href="mailto:cadinkel@ksu.edu">cadinkel@ksu.edu</a>,&nbsp;<a href="mailto:cllaflin@ksu.edu">cllaflin@ksu.edu</a>. Alicia Boor can be reached by phone at 620-793-1910, or email,&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>This summer, thousands of Kansas teenagers will begin their first job working for a farmer or rancher. For those that are ages 14 or 15, they must complete a tractor safety course in order to be legally employed. A thirteen-year-old may enroll in the training if turning 14 before the next year’s class is offered, but the certificate will not be issued until their fourteenth birthday.To help prepare some of those youth for the upcoming work season. The Midway district, along with the collaboration of the Cottonwood extension district, will be hosting an in-person tractor safety class on April 5 starting at 8:15 am at the Ellsworth Carrico Implement location 1104 E 8th St, Ellsworth, KS 67439.This course will meet the requirements of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Hazardous Occupations Order for Agriculture (HOOA). The HOOA regulations state that youth 14 and 15 years of age who wish to work as a hired employee for someone other than a parent or legal guardian and operate a farm tractor that is 20 HP or greater must successfully pass a tractor safety training program.The course will be held on Saturday, April 5, at Ellsworth Carrico Implement starting at 8:15 am. The cost of the program is 15 dollars to cover the cost of materials for the course. Those wanting to enroll should visit and complete the “Tractor Safety Registration Form.” Enrollment is due by Friday, March 28 for the Ellsworth location.Other tractor safety courses will be held at later dates April 26,&nbsp;Beloit, KS, at Carrico Implement May 22,&nbsp;Solomon, KS, at KanEquipProspective students can check availability and ask questions prior to registering by calling &nbsp;or emailing Extension Agents Craig Dinkel, Clinton Laflin or Alicia Boor. Craig and Clint can be reached by phone at 785-472-4442, or email,&nbsp;<a href="mailto:cadinkel@ksu.edu">cadinkel@ksu.edu</a>,&nbsp;<a href="mailto:cllaflin@ksu.edu">cllaflin@ksu.edu</a>. Alicia Boor can be reached by phone at 620-793-1910, or email,&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Tractor safety classes offered in Ellsworth

Alfalfa weevil eggs are laid inside alfalfa stems in the fall and spring. Larvae feed on terminal and upper plant leaves early in the spring. Resulting in damage occurring before the first cutting.

Alfalfa weevil degree days are a great way to estimate what might be going on in the field and serve as a useful tool to know when to time scouting. Alfalfa weevil eggs begin hatching after 300 degree days have accumulated. Since we cannot determine if eggs present were laid the previous fall or the current spring, in Kansas, scouting should start after 180 degree days have accumulated starting from January 1.

How do I know how many degree days have accumulated?

For the most up-to-date alfalfa weevil degree day accumulations, visit the Kansas Mesonet Degree Days Calculator https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/degreedays/ then find the Mesonet weather station closest to you--click onto it, then click onto Alfalfa Weevil and click submit. That will show you the Alfalfa Weevil Growing Degrees accumulation. The Hays Mesonet has 167 degree days accumulation at the time of this writing.

For a complete guide to alfalfa weevil management recommendations, please refer to the upcoming K-State Research &amp; Extension publication 2025 Alfalfa Insect Pest Management Guide that will be available online soon. Just google it and you should find it.

Be aware of insecticide resistance - while warmer spring temperatures allow for faster alfalfa weevil development, be aware that dramatic temperature drops can slow down alfalfa growth, making the plants unable to keep up with feeding damage. Treatment may be warranted in shorter fields between 3 and 7 inches tall when feeding is evident on the top inch of growth and 1 to 2 larvae are present. If a field is treated, it is important to verify that the expected amount of control was achieved. In 2020, populations of alfalfa weevil resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II w/Zeon Tech) were verified in northwest and southwest Kansas and Oklahoma. While this resistance has not appeared to become a widespread problem for Kansas producers, be aware and after application continue to scout fields. Oklahoma continues to have resistance statewide. Numerous products are available for alfalfa weevil control in Kansas. When making management decisions, it is important to rotate modes of action, i.e. pyrethroid and organophosphate, this is one way to slow down the development of resistance. For a comprehensive list and description of all currently recognized insecticide modes of action, consult https://irac-online.org

One update to control options to be aware of was in 2024 a reversal of the EPA’s ruling to ban chlorpyrifos (Lorsban and others). Following that, the EPA issued a technical correction in which 11 special uses of chlorpyriphos were allowed. Among the 11 special uses pertinent to Kansas are alfalfa, cotton, soybean, and winter wheat.

If you have any questions contact your local county or district extension office. Information provided by Anthony Zukoff, K-State Extension Entomologist.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Alfalfa weevil eggs are laid inside alfalfa stems in the fall and spring. Larvae feed on terminal and upper plant leaves early in the spring. Resulting in damage occurring before the first cutting.Alfalfa weevil degree days are a great way to estimate what might be going on in the field and serve as a useful tool to know when to time scouting. Alfalfa weevil eggs begin hatching after 300 degree days have accumulated. Since we cannot determine if eggs present were laid the previous fall or the current spring, in Kansas, scouting should start after 180 degree days have accumulated starting from January 1.How do I know how many degree days have accumulated?For the most up-to-date alfalfa weevil degree day accumulations, visit the Kansas Mesonet Degree Days Calculator https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/degreedays/ then find the Mesonet weather station closest to you--click onto it, then click onto Alfalfa Weevil and click submit. That will show you the Alfalfa Weevil Growing Degrees accumulation. The Hays Mesonet has 167 degree days accumulation at the time of this writing.For a complete guide to alfalfa weevil management recommendations, please refer to the upcoming K-State Research &amp; Extension publication 2025 Alfalfa Insect Pest Management Guide that will be available online soon. Just google it and you should find it.Be aware of insecticide resistance - while warmer spring temperatures allow for faster alfalfa weevil development, be aware that dramatic temperature drops can slow down alfalfa growth, making the plants unable to keep up with feeding damage. Treatment may be warranted in shorter fields between 3 and 7 inches tall when feeding is evident on the top inch of growth and 1 to 2 larvae are present. If a field is treated, it is important to verify that the expected amount of control was achieved. In 2020, populations of alfalfa weevil resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II w/Zeon Tech) were verified in northwest and southwest Kansas and Oklahoma. While this resistance has not appeared to become a widespread problem for Kansas producers, be aware and after application continue to scout fields. Oklahoma continues to have resistance statewide. Numerous products are available for alfalfa weevil control in Kansas. When making management decisions, it is important to rotate modes of action, i.e. pyrethroid and organophosphate, this is one way to slow down the development of resistance. For a comprehensive list and description of all currently recognized insecticide modes of action, consult https://irac-online.orgOne update to control options to be aware of was in 2024 a reversal of the EPA’s ruling to ban chlorpyrifos (Lorsban and others). Following that, the EPA issued a technical correction in which 11 special uses of chlorpyriphos were allowed. Among the 11 special uses pertinent to Kansas are alfalfa, cotton, soybean, and winter wheat.If you have any questions contact your local county or district extension office. Information provided by Anthony Zukoff, K-State Extension Entomologist.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Start monitoring alfalfa weevils using degree days

From an early age, we learn that nutritious foods and physical activity can help us stay healthy. Growing evidence now suggests that social connections may also be key to good health. Socially connected people tend to live longer. They’re at lower risk for serious health problems. Social bonds are also linked to our mental health, eating habits, and much more.

Despite the links between our social ties and health, there’s been a troubling increase in social disconnection around the world. About 1 in 3 adults nationwide report feeling lonely. About 1 in 4 say they lack social and emotional support.

Many factors can contribute to a person feeling lonely. These include the quality of your personal relationships, your community, and society in general. Your personal health, life stage, and personality can also have an impact.

People who are socially isolated or feel lonely are more likely to have heart disease, obesity, high blood pressure, depression, or anxiety. They’re also at increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease or other types of dementia, and for early death.

Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic affected our relationships and feelings of isolation. But the breakdown of social bonds was growing long before the pandemic. Over the past few decades, fewer people have been joining community groups or faith-based organizations. There’s also been a rise in single-person households. Digital technologies have made it easier to connect with others. But they can also expose us to harms like bullying.

Scientists are working to better understand the links between social bonds and our health. And they’re looking for ways to counteract the effects of loneliness and social isolation.

“Humans are a social species. We are highly dependent on others from birth,” says Dr. Elizabeth Necka, an NIH expert on social and behavioral science. “So feeling socially isolated can make you feel as though you’re in a very stressful situation. And stress has been associated with chronic inflammation, which can have effects on cardiovascular health.” Long-lasting inflammation has also been linked to cancer and other health problems. And our ability to biologically respond to stressors weakens with age.

Necka notes that there’s a difference between social isolation and loneliness, but the two are related. Social isolation means you have few connections or contacts with others. Loneliness has to do with how you feel about being alone, or your perception.

“Some people can be objectively socially isolated but not feel lonely. They may enjoy the solitude,” Necka explains. “Others can be surrounded by people and yet feel very lonely because those relationships aren’t satisfying to them.” Both loneliness and social isolation can be harmful to health. Even people who feel OK about being socially isolated are at increased risk for poorer health.

Everyone feels lonely now and then. But certain factors can raise the likelihood of persistent loneliness or social isolation. These include living alone, having trouble walking or moving, or having problems with vision or hearing. Other risk factors include financial struggles and mental health issues. Living in a rural, unsafe, or hard to reach neighborhood also raises your risk. So do major life changes like retirement or the death of a loved one.

Many studies have found that older adults are especially likely to feel lonely or socially isolated. But a recent analysis of more than 128,000 people from over 20 countries reports that young adults are also vulnerable. “Over the course of the adult lifespan, we found that loneliness is higher in young adulthood and older adulthood. It dips during mid-life,” says psychologist Dr. Eileen Graham at Northwestern University.

Graham and others have found that “generativity”—the urge to nurture younger people—can play a protective role. “People who are high in generativity are more socially resilient,” Graham says. “They feel they’re contributing to society, and they’re teaching new generations. It promotes well-being.” And it may help buffer against the harms of social isolation and loneliness.

“There’s an interesting thing that happens in late life,” Necka adds. “People tend to focus more on relationships that are high quality and on the positive and meaningful impacts of those relationships. There’s less focus on relationships that are a bit more casual. Research suggests that tendency in late life actually can be protective for older adults.”

“Marital status, or intimate relationships, are also an important feature of our social networks,” says Dr. David Sbarra, a psychologist and researcher at the University of Arizona. Married people tend to live longer and have other health benefits compared to the unmarried. But the quality of the relationship, whether supportive or fraught, can have an impact. “In a high-quality relationship, your needs are taken under consideration, and you perceive that your partner cares for you,” Sbarra says. “This perceived responsiveness, or empathy, is key to intimacy.”

Sbarra’s team has found that divorce and separation are linked with changes to structures deep within cells called telomeres, which are associated with aging. Such changes are linked to health problems, including cancer and shorter life.

The team is now using brain imaging and smartphone apps to assess the quality of couples’ relationships. They’re studying whether repetitive negative thoughts in one partner leads to stress and health problems for both.

“If you’re feeling lonely or socially disconnected, it can feel intimidating to try to form new connections,” Necka says. “High-quality connections are best. But even brief interactions can make a difference. It can be a first step.”

For example, you might go to the grocery store at the same time every week and see the same clerk. You can smile and strike up a brief conversation. Or you notice that someone at your regular bus stop always wears purple. You could chat about favorite colors. Over time, you might feel more comfortable connecting with others in different ways.

“If you see someone in your community, maybe an older adult who lives alone or a single parent, check in and ask what they might need. Let them know that you’re available,” Graham adds. “Offer to bring them dinner, play cards, or other things. We can reach out and help each other connect.” See the Wise Choices box for more tips, and in the process improve your health.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>The Power of Personal ConnectionsFrom an early age, we learn that nutritious foods and physical activity can help us stay healthy. Growing evidence now suggests that social connections may also be key to good health. Socially connected people tend to live longer. They’re at lower risk for serious health problems. Social bonds are also linked to our mental health, eating habits, and much more.Despite the links between our social ties and health, there’s been a troubling increase in social disconnection around the world. About 1 in 3 adults nationwide report feeling lonely. About 1 in 4 say they lack social and emotional support.Social BondsMany factors can contribute to a person feeling lonely. These include the quality of your personal relationships, your community, and society in general. Your personal health, life stage, and personality can also have an impact.People who are socially isolated or feel lonely are more likely to have heart disease, obesity, high blood pressure, depression, or anxiety. They’re also at increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease or other types of dementia, and for early death.Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic affected our relationships and feelings of isolation. But the breakdown of social bonds was growing long before the pandemic. Over the past few decades, fewer people have been joining community groups or faith-based organizations. There’s also been a rise in single-person households. Digital technologies have made it easier to connect with others. But they can also expose us to harms like bullying.Scientists are working to better understand the links between social bonds and our health. And they’re looking for ways to counteract the effects of loneliness and social isolation.“Humans are a social species. We are highly dependent on others from birth,” says Dr. Elizabeth Necka, an NIH expert on social and behavioral science. “So feeling socially isolated can make you feel as though you’re in a very stressful situation. And stress has been associated with chronic inflammation, which can have effects on cardiovascular health.” Long-lasting inflammation has also been linked to cancer and other health problems. And our ability to biologically respond to stressors weakens with age.Necka notes that there’s a difference between social isolation and loneliness, but the two are related. Social isolation means you have few connections or contacts with others. Loneliness has to do with how you feel about being alone, or your perception.“Some people can be objectively socially isolated but not feel lonely. They may enjoy the solitude,” Necka explains. “Others can be surrounded by people and yet feel very lonely because those relationships aren’t satisfying to them.” Both loneliness and social isolation can be harmful to health. Even people who feel OK about being socially isolated are at increased risk for poorer health.Who’s at Risk?Everyone feels lonely now and then. But certain factors can raise the likelihood of persistent loneliness or social isolation. These include living alone, having trouble walking or moving, or having problems with vision or hearing. Other risk factors include financial struggles and mental health issues. Living in a rural, unsafe, or hard to reach neighborhood also raises your risk. So do major life changes like retirement or the death of a loved one.Many studies have found that older adults are especially likely to feel lonely or socially isolated. But a recent analysis of more than 128,000 people from over 20 countries reports that young adults are also vulnerable. “Over the course of the adult lifespan, we found that loneliness is higher in young adulthood and older adulthood. It dips during mid-life,” says psychologist Dr. Eileen Graham at Northwestern University.Graham and others have found that “generativity”—the urge to nurture younger people—can play a protective role. “People who are high in generativity are more socially resilient,” Graham says. “They feel they’re contributing to society, and they’re teaching new generations. It promotes well-being.” And it may help buffer against the harms of social isolation and loneliness.“There’s an interesting thing that happens in late life,” Necka adds. “People tend to focus more on relationships that are high quality and on the positive and meaningful impacts of those relationships. There’s less focus on relationships that are a bit more casual. Research suggests that tendency in late life actually can be protective for older adults.”Coupling Up“Marital status, or intimate relationships, are also an important feature of our social networks,” says Dr. David Sbarra, a psychologist and researcher at the University of Arizona. Married people tend to live longer and have other health benefits compared to the unmarried. But the quality of the relationship, whether supportive or fraught, can have an impact. “In a high-quality relationship, your needs are taken under consideration, and you perceive that your partner cares for you,” Sbarra says. “This perceived responsiveness, or empathy, is key to intimacy.”Sbarra’s team has found that divorce and separation are linked with changes to structures deep within cells called telomeres, which are associated with aging. Such changes are linked to health problems, including cancer and shorter life.The team is now using brain imaging and smartphone apps to assess the quality of couples’ relationships. They’re studying whether repetitive negative thoughts in one partner leads to stress and health problems for both.New Connections“If you’re feeling lonely or socially disconnected, it can feel intimidating to try to form new connections,” Necka says. “High-quality connections are best. But even brief interactions can make a difference. It can be a first step.”For example, you might go to the grocery store at the same time every week and see the same clerk. You can smile and strike up a brief conversation. Or you notice that someone at your regular bus stop always wears purple. You could chat about favorite colors. Over time, you might feel more comfortable connecting with others in different ways.“If you see someone in your community, maybe an older adult who lives alone or a single parent, check in and ask what they might need. Let them know that you’re available,” Graham adds. “Offer to bring them dinner, play cards, or other things. We can reach out and help each other connect.” See the Wise Choices box for more tips, and in the process improve your health.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Build social bonds to protect health

The Barton County Conservation District and the Cottonwood Extension District will host a Prescribed Burn Association (PBA) formation meeting for Barton County and the surrounding area. The meeting will be at 4 p.m. on Tuesday, March 18 at the Great Bend office of the Cottonwood Extension District.

Attendees will hear from leaders of a neighboring county PBA about considerations and a timeline involved in forming a PBA.

This meeting is a follow up to the brush management workshop “Keeping Grass Grass” presented in January by the conservation district and the extension district at the Hoisington Activity Center.

What is a Prescribed Burn? Prescribed burning is a safe, effective land management tool used to restore ecosystems, manage vegetation, and reduce fire hazards. It’s an important practice for maintaining healthy landscapes and preventing wildfires.

Prescribed burn associations are driven by volunteer member landowners who assist one another in planning and implementing a burn according to guidelines provided by conservation agencies. Through an association, access to equipment and training are facilitated, and it allows a landowner to show due diligence has been followed.

Meeting Details: 📅 Date: March 18, 2025 ⏰ Time: 4 p.m. 📍 Location: Great Bend office of the Cottonwood Extension Agency (or, if not available, the USDA conference room at 10th and Patton) 📝 RSVP: Barton County Conservation District 620-792-3346 ext. 303

· Gain valuable knowledge and resources to safely incorporate prescribed burning into your land management plan.

· Learn from experts and network with local landowners and professionals who share your goals.

· Discover how to collaborate with the Prescribed Burn Association for assistance with equipment and burn planning.

Together, we can work to protect and restore our land while preventing the dangers of uncontrolled wildfires.

For more information or to RSVP, contact Veronica at the Barton County Conservation District, 620-792-3346 ext. 303.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>The Barton County Conservation District and the Cottonwood Extension District will host a Prescribed Burn Association (PBA) formation meeting for Barton County and the surrounding area. The meeting will be at 4 p.m. on Tuesday, March 18 at the Great Bend office of the Cottonwood Extension District.Attendees will hear from leaders of a neighboring county PBA about considerations and a timeline involved in forming a PBA.This meeting is a follow up to the brush management workshop “Keeping Grass Grass” presented in January by the conservation district and the extension district at the Hoisington Activity Center.What is a Prescribed Burn? Prescribed burning is a safe, effective land management tool used to restore ecosystems, manage vegetation, and reduce fire hazards. It’s an important practice for maintaining healthy landscapes and preventing wildfires.Prescribed burn associations are driven by volunteer member landowners who assist one another in planning and implementing a burn according to guidelines provided by conservation agencies. Through an association, access to equipment and training are facilitated, and it allows a landowner to show due diligence has been followed.Meeting Details: 📅 Date: March 18, 2025 ⏰ Time: 4 p.m. 📍 Location: Great Bend office of the Cottonwood Extension Agency (or, if not available, the USDA conference room at 10th and Patton) 📝 RSVP: Barton County Conservation District 620-792-3346 ext. 303Why Attend?· Gain valuable knowledge and resources to safely incorporate prescribed burning into your land management plan.· Learn from experts and network with local landowners and professionals who share your goals.· Discover how to collaborate with the Prescribed Burn Association for assistance with equipment and burn planning.Together, we can work to protect and restore our land while preventing the dangers of uncontrolled wildfires.For more information or to RSVP, contact Veronica at the Barton County Conservation District, 620-792-3346 ext. 303.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Meeting for prescribed burns

Since I have had some questions recently on soil sampling, I thought it might be worth re-visiting. Not always a fun activity but the return on investment (ROI) is guaranteed!

First and foremost what are you sampling for? This will determine how deep of a sample you will need to get. For instance if you are sampling for Phosphorus, Potassium, soil pH and even micronutrients such as Zinc, and Iron. Then a 0 to 6 inch sample is necessary, a piece of cake.

However if you also need to sample for Nitrogen (N), and possibly even Chloride and Sulfur then it gets tougher. Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Chloride easily move with water and therefore considered mobile in the soil, as opposed to Phosphorus that only moves a little in the soil. To sample properly for N, S, and Cl. K-State recommendations are to sample to a depth of 24 inches.

I will be the first to admit that sampling to a depth of two feet can be a bit tiring with a hand probe, even when soil moisture is good. But if you really want a more accurate N, S &amp; Cl soil test, you should sample to 24 inches. If the soil is dry sample as deep as you can and record what the average sampling depth was on the form that goes to the lab.

For example if you probe to an average depth of 16 inches, make sure it is recorded on the form. Be sure you completely fill out the entire form, it will ask what the intended yield goal is and crop to be grown, what the previous crop was, dryland or irrigated, and if any manure has been applied make note of that too. The more information the lab has the better the recommendations will be.

Some folks are using cordless drills and an auger type of bit to pull the 24 inch samples. We have the auger bit and bucket for check-out, as well as hand probes for check-out at our offices.

If you are using a hand probe take along a can of WD-40 and oil up the probe tube before using it, the soil cores come out so much easier, and no the WD-40 will not affect the soil in any way to foul up the results. Other items needed are two clean plactic buckets to put the 0 to 6 and 0 to 24 inch samples in. The soil sample form from the lab you use, bags to put the soil into to mail to the lab—about a pint of soil is needed.

K-State recommends taking at least 20 to 30 cores per field, which is a bitter pill to swallow that most don’t. The more cores you take the better representation of the field you will get to a point. I would recommend taking at least 12 to 15 cores per field, mix thoroughly in a clean bucket, and then fill your soil container from this mixture. It is

actually recommended to divide your fields into uniform areas. For example if the field has differences in topography--bottom ground, hill sides or sloping, soil texture, etc.

On fields that have been reduced-tilled or no-tilled for several years, a split sample from the top 6 inches (i.e. 0 to 3 inches and 3 to 6 inches) is encouraged to assess pH to determine if there is any nutrient stratification—decrease in soil pH near the surface.

Avoid sampling in old fence rows, dead furrows, low spots, feeding areas, and other areas that might give unusual results. If information is desired on these unusual areas, obtain a separate sample from that area.

County Extension Offices have the soil sample forms and bags, and most if not all will have a soil probe you can check out and use.

I better quit while I still might be ahead. If I keep pointing out all of the fine details that Land grant universities and soil scientists recommend in order to take soil samples--I will probably scare off all that read this. The key is to just get started and at least try sampling a few fields, and with time and some experience it will get easier and you will probably learn some tricks to make the experience less time consuming and labor intensive. The other alternative is to have someone who does this service come out and pull the samples. Either way it will still pay dividends and you will know how much fertilizer to apply, rather than guessing.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Since I have had some questions recently on soil sampling, I thought it might be worth re-visiting. Not always a fun activity but the return on investment (ROI) is guaranteed!First and foremost what are you sampling for? This will determine how deep of a sample you will need to get. For instance if you are sampling for Phosphorus, Potassium, soil pH and even micronutrients such as Zinc, and Iron. Then a 0 to 6 inch sample is necessary, a piece of cake.However if you also need to sample for Nitrogen (N), and possibly even Chloride and Sulfur then it gets tougher. Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Chloride easily move with water and therefore considered mobile in the soil, as opposed to Phosphorus that only moves a little in the soil. To sample properly for N, S, and Cl. K-State recommendations are to sample to a depth of 24 inches.I will be the first to admit that sampling to a depth of two feet can be a bit tiring with a hand probe, even when soil moisture is good. But if you really want a more accurate N, S &amp; Cl soil test, you should sample to 24 inches. If the soil is dry sample as deep as you can and record what the average sampling depth was on the form that goes to the lab.For example if you probe to an average depth of 16 inches, make sure it is recorded on the form. Be sure you completely fill out the entire form, it will ask what the intended yield goal is and crop to be grown, what the previous crop was, dryland or irrigated, and if any manure has been applied make note of that too. The more information the lab has the better the recommendations will be.Some folks are using cordless drills and an auger type of bit to pull the 24 inch samples. We have the auger bit and bucket for check-out, as well as hand probes for check-out at our offices.If you are using a hand probe take along a can of WD-40 and oil up the probe tube before using it, the soil cores come out so much easier, and no the WD-40 will not affect the soil in any way to foul up the results. Other items needed are two clean plactic buckets to put the 0 to 6 and 0 to 24 inch samples in. The soil sample form from the lab you use, bags to put the soil into to mail to the lab—about a pint of soil is needed.K-State recommends taking at least 20 to 30 cores per field, which is a bitter pill to swallow that most don’t. The more cores you take the better representation of the field you will get to a point. I would recommend taking at least 12 to 15 cores per field, mix thoroughly in a clean bucket, and then fill your soil container from this mixture. It isactually recommended to divide your fields into uniform areas. For example if the field has differences in topography--bottom ground, hill sides or sloping, soil texture, etc.On fields that have been reduced-tilled or no-tilled for several years, a split sample from the top 6 inches (i.e. 0 to 3 inches and 3 to 6 inches) is encouraged to assess pH to determine if there is any nutrient stratification—decrease in soil pH near the surface.Avoid sampling in old fence rows, dead furrows, low spots, feeding areas, and other areas that might give unusual results. If information is desired on these unusual areas, obtain a separate sample from that area.County Extension Offices have the soil sample forms and bags, and most if not all will have a soil probe you can check out and use.I better quit while I still might be ahead. If I keep pointing out all of the fine details that Land grant universities and soil scientists recommend in order to take soil samples--I will probably scare off all that read this. The key is to just get started and at least try sampling a few fields, and with time and some experience it will get easier and you will probably learn some tricks to make the experience less time consuming and labor intensive. The other alternative is to have someone who does this service come out and pull the samples. Either way it will still pay dividends and you will know how much fertilizer to apply, rather than guessing.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Soil sampling pays big dividends

Brain health: It’s a topic that many of us are concerned about. Most of us know someone who has dementia, and there’s good reason why experts call Alzheimer’s “the biggest health crisis facing the world today.” In fact, about 6.7 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s, and the number is expected to double by 2060.

Watching loved ones suffer from deteriorating brain health can be extremely challenging. It can also be uncomfortable to realize your own risk of developing dementia as statistics rise. So, what if you knew the disease was in your future? Would you act now?

The good news is that there are steps you can take today to reduce the risk of cognitive decline for you and your loved ones. It’s also important to remember that it is never too late to adopt a healthy lifestyle. Here are a few ways to boost brain health:

Get good quality sleep. Six to eight hours of restful sleep allows the immune system to repair and renew the body. This is also true for the brain. When one doesn’t get enough sleep, inflammation is hard to control, which contributes to brain-related disease.

Learn something new. You’ve heard the saying, “Use it or lose it.” Activities that challenge the brain, such as learning and intellectual hobbies, strengthen synapses between brain cells. Overall, this can improve brain health.

Stay socially connected. According to the CDC, social isolation is associated with about a 50% increased risk of dementia. Maintaining relationships helps to provide a sense of purpose, and it helps to prevent cognitive decline.

Take care of your mental health. Studies have shown that a history of depression increases the risk of cognitive decline. Reducing stress, participating in hobbies you enjoy, and finding support can help to improve mental health.

These steps to boost brain health are just a few ways to take action. If you are interested in taking care of your brain health or helping a loved one, resources are closer than you may think.

A Different Mindset Association, located in Hays, Kansas, aims to support caregivers, provide education, network resources, and promote awareness about Dementia. Currently, the group hosts caregiver support group meetings via Zoom and in person. The group also offers respite services for caregivers on the 1st and 3rd Tuesday of every month.

To support the impactful resources that A Different Mindset Association provides, consider attending A Rock “N” Roll Night to Remember on March 22nd and enjoy an evening of music by Jimmy Dee and The Fabulous Destinations. The event will include a meal and drinks along with a crowded dance floor and a silent auction. Join A Different Mindset Association at the Ellis County Fairgrounds at 5:30 pm to support local dementia resources. Don’t forget to grab your tickets at https://www.adiffmindsetassoc.org/adm/fundraisers/

Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1697484540273.jpeg" alt="written by: Karissa Winkel - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Karissa Winkel - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Brain health: It’s a topic that many of us are concerned about. Most of us know someone who has dementia, and there’s good reason why experts call Alzheimer’s “the biggest health crisis facing the world today.” In fact, about 6.7 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s, and the number is expected to double by 2060.Watching loved ones suffer from deteriorating brain health can be extremely challenging. It can also be uncomfortable to realize your own risk of developing dementia as statistics rise. So, what if you knew the disease was in your future? Would you act now?The good news is that there are steps you can take today to reduce the risk of cognitive decline for you and your loved ones. It’s also important to remember that it is never too late to adopt a healthy lifestyle. Here are a few ways to boost brain health:Get good quality sleep. Six to eight hours of restful sleep allows the immune system to repair and renew the body. This is also true for the brain. When one doesn’t get enough sleep, inflammation is hard to control, which contributes to brain-related disease.Learn something new. You’ve heard the saying, “Use it or lose it.” Activities that challenge the brain, such as learning and intellectual hobbies, strengthen synapses between brain cells. Overall, this can improve brain health.Stay socially connected. According to the CDC, social isolation is associated with about a 50% increased risk of dementia. Maintaining relationships helps to provide a sense of purpose, and it helps to prevent cognitive decline.Take care of your mental health. Studies have shown that a history of depression increases the risk of cognitive decline. Reducing stress, participating in hobbies you enjoy, and finding support can help to improve mental health.These steps to boost brain health are just a few ways to take action. If you are interested in taking care of your brain health or helping a loved one, resources are closer than you may think.A Different Mindset Association, located in Hays, Kansas, aims to support caregivers, provide education, network resources, and promote awareness about Dementia. Currently, the group hosts caregiver support group meetings via Zoom and in person. The group also offers respite services for caregivers on the 1st and 3rd Tuesday of every month.To support the impactful resources that A Different Mindset Association provides, consider attending A Rock “N” Roll Night to Remember on March 22nd and enjoy an evening of music by Jimmy Dee and The Fabulous Destinations. The event will include a meal and drinks along with a crowded dance floor and a silent auction. Join A Different Mindset Association at the Ellis County Fairgrounds at 5:30 pm to support local dementia resources. Don’t forget to grab your tickets at https://www.adiffmindsetassoc.org/adm/fundraisers/Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

WINKEL: Boost brain health & support local dementia resources

Have you ever worked on a jigsaw puzzle and, initially, the pieces and colors seem to make no sense? We’ve had a puzzle set up in our back room for several weeks and it is a good brain break. It also made me think about how we approach problems.

I start a jigsaw puzzle by trying to find all of the border pieces. This helps me to have a framework for how to get started. Next, I will start with a small area to identify colors or details that seem to go together. There are times when everything just feels like a jumble but finding the right spot for one or two pieces can keep me engaged and encourage me to keep looking for the next small step.

The first H in the 4-H Pledge is “head” as in, I pledge my head to clearer thinking. This is all about helping our young people learn to evaluate options and practice good decision-making skills. We use a lot of different techniques to help youth learn about and develop good decision-making skills. Some of these are fun such as a judging contest. Some are more serious such as decisions to be voted on during a club or project meeting. Sometimes, the decision-making practice comes as a part of another activity – if you don’t agree with a judge’s decision, YOU have a decision to make such as truly listening to the feedback and choosing to find parts of it to improve in some way. Additionally, parents can and should model this behavior by not bashing a judge (or referee or other official) when you don’t agree with their determination. Sometimes, we have to agree to disagree but I am a firm believer that there is always something that can be learned from each interaction; we just have to make a decision to be open to the lesson.

There are times when problems feel like a jigsaw puzzle and the solution is not clear, the details are confusing, and it is hard to know where to start. Stopping to find your border and then identifying 1-2 ways to get started is usually best. At some point – in puzzles and problem-solving – we can begin to see not only what is missing but what or WHO can fill that spot.

Just like I can’t quite get that puzzle piece in the right spot, youth aren’t always going to make the best decisions every time. But with guidance and support to evaluate and grow, they will make better decisions more often!

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. " />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. </figcaption>
 </figure>Have you ever worked on a jigsaw puzzle and, initially, the pieces and colors seem to make no sense? We’ve had a puzzle set up in our back room for several weeks and it is a good brain break. It also made me think about how we approach problems.I start a jigsaw puzzle by trying to find all of the border pieces. This helps me to have a framework for how to get started. Next, I will start with a small area to identify colors or details that seem to go together. There are times when everything just feels like a jumble but finding the right spot for one or two pieces can keep me engaged and encourage me to keep looking for the next small step.The first H in the 4-H Pledge is “head” as in, I pledge my head to clearer thinking. This is all about helping our young people learn to evaluate options and practice good decision-making skills. We use a lot of different techniques to help youth learn about and develop good decision-making skills. Some of these are fun such as a judging contest. Some are more serious such as decisions to be voted on during a club or project meeting. Sometimes, the decision-making practice comes as a part of another activity – if you don’t agree with a judge’s decision, YOU have a decision to make such as truly listening to the feedback and choosing to find parts of it to improve in some way. Additionally, parents can and should model this behavior by not bashing a judge (or referee or other official) when you don’t agree with their determination. Sometimes, we have to agree to disagree but I am a firm believer that there is always something that can be learned from each interaction; we just have to make a decision to be open to the lesson.There are times when problems feel like a jigsaw puzzle and the solution is not clear, the details are confusing, and it is hard to know where to start. Stopping to find your border and then identifying 1-2 ways to get started is usually best. At some point – in puzzles and problem-solving – we can begin to see not only what is missing but what or WHO can fill that spot.Just like I can’t quite get that puzzle piece in the right spot, youth aren’t always going to make the best decisions every time. But with guidance and support to evaluate and grow, they will make better decisions more often!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.