We all know that relationships are an important part of life, but they are more impactful than we give them credit for. Dependable family members, stress-relieving friendships, and supportive coworkers bring color to life. These connections even support healthy behaviors, enhance mental health, and bolster brain function.

Who would have thought that relationships could have such a large stake in physical health? When we think about ways to improve well-being, many of us envision a leafy green salad, not a game of cards. However, the people we surround ourselves with (or don’t) have a larger role than we imagine.

First, quality connections give us purpose. If you’ve heard of the Blue Zones, you likely know the term “ikigai” that Okinawan centurions use to describe their purpose in life. In this culture, people have a distinct reason for waking up each morning, and for many, ikigai revolves around loved ones. Whether it is providing for children, caring for parents, or spending time with friends, what a person can give, adds meaning to life. This sense of purpose provides a deep understanding of the big picture which fuels optimism and resilience that strengthens mental health. People with a strong ikigai, are also more likely to prioritize healthy behaviors so they can achieve their ultimate purpose.

Relationships not only give meaning to life, they can provide a mental workout. Engaging in social activities stimulate various regions of the brain by strengthening neural circuits, producing hormones, and increasing connectivity. Social butterflies are more likely to have good cognition and memory while isolated people have a 50% increased risk of developing dementia. Just like physical exercise is good for the body, socialization is a workout for the brain.

A sense of community can give meaning to life, encourage healthy behaviors, and protect the brain. It can also support the immune system and strengthen the heart! So, how can you enrich your relationships?

1. Be curious. Take an interest in others and ask lots of questions. This opens up a door for conversation and lets others know you care about them. When you are curious, you may realize how much you have in common with others.

2. Practice generosity. We can’t control how people engage with us, but practicing the golden rule can help others reciprocate generosity in time and kindness.

3. Listen to understand. Sometimes we engage in conversation only to hear ourselves talk. Instead of trying to prove a point, slowing down and listening intently to what another has to say provides an atmosphere for connection. It also is a great way to learn through others' experiences.

4. Check in often. Creating lasting relationships takes time and effort. The more you engage with a person, the stronger your bond can grow. Be sure to schedule regular gatherings and phone calls to strengthen your social circle.

Relationships are a valuable part of life and the proof is evident. Investing in others provides physical benefits, strengthens mental well-being, and provides a sense of purpose. Taking an interest in our social fitness not only supports others, but it sustains physical health and happiness.

Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1697546908793.jpeg" alt="

written by: Karissa Winkel - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>

written by: Karissa Winkel - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>We all know that relationships are an important part of life, but they are more impactful than we give them credit for. Dependable family members, stress-relieving friendships, and supportive coworkers bring color to life. These connections even support healthy behaviors, enhance mental health, and bolster brain function.Who would have thought that relationships could have such a large stake in physical health? When we think about ways to improve well-being, many of us envision a leafy green salad, not a game of cards. However, the people we surround ourselves with (or don’t) have a larger role than we imagine.First, quality connections give us purpose. If you’ve heard of the Blue Zones, you likely know the term “ikigai” that Okinawan centurions use to describe their purpose in life. In this culture, people have a distinct reason for waking up each morning, and for many, ikigai revolves around loved ones. Whether it is providing for children, caring for parents, or spending time with friends, what a person can give, adds meaning to life. This sense of purpose provides a deep understanding of the big picture which fuels optimism and resilience that strengthens mental health. People with a strong ikigai, are also more likely to prioritize healthy behaviors so they can achieve their ultimate purpose.Relationships not only give meaning to life, they can provide a mental workout. Engaging in social activities stimulate various regions of the brain by strengthening neural circuits, producing hormones, and increasing connectivity. Social butterflies are more likely to have good cognition and memory while isolated people have a 50% increased risk of developing dementia. Just like physical exercise is good for the body, socialization is a workout for the brain.A sense of community can give meaning to life, encourage healthy behaviors, and protect the brain. It can also support the immune system and strengthen the heart! So, how can you enrich your relationships?1. Be curious. Take an interest in others and ask lots of questions. This opens up a door for conversation and lets others know you care about them. When you are curious, you may realize how much you have in common with others.2. Practice generosity. We can’t control how people engage with us, but practicing the golden rule can help others reciprocate generosity in time and kindness.3. Listen to understand. Sometimes we engage in conversation only to hear ourselves talk. Instead of trying to prove a point, slowing down and listening intently to what another has to say provides an atmosphere for connection. It also is a great way to learn through others' experiences.4. Check in often. Creating lasting relationships takes time and effort. The more you engage with a person, the stronger your bond can grow. Be sure to schedule regular gatherings and phone calls to strengthen your social circle.Relationships are a valuable part of life and the proof is evident. Investing in others provides physical benefits, strengthens mental well-being, and provides a sense of purpose. Taking an interest in our social fitness not only supports others, but it sustains physical health and happiness.Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

WINKEL: Social fitness to sustain physical health

Imagine a gathering with nine of your friends and family members. Now imagine that at least one of you has a disease that can lead to blindness, amputation, or stroke. The reality is not far-fetched.

About 1 in 9 adults in Kansas have been diagnosed with diabetes, a chronic disease characterized by elevated blood sugar. This is a result of insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance.

Now imagine if tools were available to help you and loved ones cope with the daunting disease. Would you sleep better at night knowing that you can be in control of glucose levels and reduce the risk of developing other health conditions like heart disease, kidney disease, or retinopathy?

Dining with Diabetes is one tool available to help you take control and regain peace of mind. This national program is designed to boost the health of those with prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes. The program serves to educate family members and caregivers while connecting participants to resources.

Through Dining with Diabetes, you will have the chance to learn the best ways to take care of yourself and your loved ones. This includes nutrition education and hands-on cooking demonstrations to help you gain confidence in preparing enjoyable meals that balance blood sugar. Also, participants will learn the importance of physical activity and how to realistically include it in day-to-day life.

The class will take place at the Hays Recreation Commission on June 6, 13, 20, and 27 from 4-6 pm. The cost is $35 for the 6- hours of hands-on learning experience. Please give us a call with any questions or to register at 785-628-9430.

Encounter support through Dining with Diabetes and connect with others who experience similar challenges. Find relief in knowing that diabetes management is possible for you!

Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1697484540273.jpeg" alt="written by: Karissa Winkel - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Karissa Winkel - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Imagine a gathering with nine of your friends and family members. Now imagine that at least one of you has a disease that can lead to blindness, amputation, or stroke. The reality is not far-fetched.About 1 in 9 adults in Kansas have been diagnosed with diabetes, a chronic disease characterized by elevated blood sugar. This is a result of insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance.Now imagine if tools were available to help you and loved ones cope with the daunting disease. Would you sleep better at night knowing that you can be in control of glucose levels and reduce the risk of developing other health conditions like heart disease, kidney disease, or retinopathy?Dining with Diabetes is one tool available to help you take control and regain peace of mind. This national program is designed to boost the health of those with prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes. The program serves to educate family members and caregivers while connecting participants to resources.Through Dining with Diabetes, you will have the chance to learn the best ways to take care of yourself and your loved ones. This includes nutrition education and hands-on cooking demonstrations to help you gain confidence in preparing enjoyable meals that balance blood sugar. Also, participants will learn the importance of physical activity and how to realistically include it in day-to-day life.The class will take place at the Hays Recreation Commission on June 6, 13, 20, and 27 from 4-6 pm. The cost is $35 for the 6- hours of hands-on learning experience. Please give us a call with any questions or to register at 785-628-9430.Encounter support through Dining with Diabetes and connect with others who experience similar challenges. Find relief in knowing that diabetes management is possible for you!Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

WINKEL: Take back control - dining with diabetes

Asymbiotic or non-symbiotic N-Fixing organisms, usually species of bacteria, have the ability to ‘fix’ nitrogen (N) from the atmosphere where it is abundant as N2 gas, and produce NH3 without being associated with plant or fungi.

The process used to fix N by asymbiotic organisms is highly energy intensive. The enzyme that serves as the fixation facilitator in bacteria is nitrogenase. To convert on molecule of N2 to one molecule of NH3, this required 16 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules (the chemical fuel for many biological reactions) and 8 electrons. This compares to only 5 ATP to produce one peptide bond in the production amino acids, which is classified itself as a ‘high energy requirement’ (Smercina et al., 2019).

The energy required by asymbiotic organisms to fix N may come from a variety of sources depending on their spatial presence in the surface soil biome. The sources may consist of soil organic matter, and intermediary compounds during the process of plant/animal decay, or the decay of other microorganisms. A rich source of energy also comes from root exudates of growing plants. If N-fixing organisms are active inside living plant tissue, the energy for N-fixation has to come from the plant itself.

Lately, biological-based products have been marketed to enhance crop production. One class of products essentially consists of seed inoculants whose marketers claim they will either infect the seed, which enables them to perform N-Fixation functions similar to Rhizobia in legumes, or to inhabit the immediate soil outside the root (the rhizosphere) and use plant-root exudates as food-stuffs, enabling the N-fixing organisms to fix N from the air. There is much more marketing information available to corn growers on these products than there is availability of published unbiased data from the North Central Region (NCR) of the U.S.

Trials to determine the yield benefit from one or more of these products added to different rates of N fertilizer were conducted by researchers from most of the land-grant universities in the NCR through the 2022 growing season to determine their possible value to farmers.

Overall summary – sixty-one site years of N rate trials with and without the use of biological N fixing products were conducted in corn, spring wheat, sugar beet and canola in 10 states including Kansas within the NCR. Of the 61 site-years, 59 site-years had no yield increase with use of the product over N rate alone. Two site-years in corn had yield increases due to product use over the N rates alone. Given the low rate of positive benefits to the use of these products, growers should be skeptical of products that claim to provide asymbiotic/nonsymbiotic N-fixation for the purpose of allowing a farmer to decrease fertilizer N rate. It is good for farmers to be curious; however, the wise grower needs to test products of interest on their own farm in a replicated manner and search for unbiased data on product performance before using them on whole fields. There is a recently published primer on how one might conduct on-farm research. Titled “Promoting adoption of precision nitrogen management technologies through on-farm research” by Thompson et al., 2022.

This information came from NDSU Extension publication SF2080 (April 2023).

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Asymbiotic or non-symbiotic N-Fixing organisms, usually species of bacteria, have the ability to ‘fix’ nitrogen (N) from the atmosphere where it is abundant as N2 gas, and produce NH3 without being associated with plant or fungi.The process used to fix N by asymbiotic organisms is highly energy intensive. The enzyme that serves as the fixation facilitator in bacteria is nitrogenase. To convert on molecule of N2 to one molecule of NH3, this required 16 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules (the chemical fuel for many biological reactions) and 8 electrons. This compares to only 5 ATP to produce one peptide bond in the production amino acids, which is classified itself as a ‘high energy requirement’ (Smercina et al., 2019).The energy required by asymbiotic organisms to fix N may come from a variety of sources depending on their spatial presence in the surface soil biome. The sources may consist of soil organic matter, and intermediary compounds during the process of plant/animal decay, or the decay of other microorganisms. A rich source of energy also comes from root exudates of growing plants. If N-fixing organisms are active inside living plant tissue, the energy for N-fixation has to come from the plant itself.Lately, biological-based products have been marketed to enhance crop production. One class of products essentially consists of seed inoculants whose marketers claim they will either infect the seed, which enables them to perform N-Fixation functions similar to Rhizobia in legumes, or to inhabit the immediate soil outside the root (the rhizosphere) and use plant-root exudates as food-stuffs, enabling the N-fixing organisms to fix N from the air. There is much more marketing information available to corn growers on these products than there is availability of published unbiased data from the North Central Region (NCR) of the U.S.Trials to determine the yield benefit from one or more of these products added to different rates of N fertilizer were conducted by researchers from most of the land-grant universities in the NCR through the 2022 growing season to determine their possible value to farmers.Overall summary – sixty-one site years of N rate trials with and without the use of biological N fixing products were conducted in corn, spring wheat, sugar beet and canola in 10 states including Kansas within the NCR. Of the 61 site-years, 59 site-years had no yield increase with use of the product over N rate alone. Two site-years in corn had yield increases due to product use over the N rates alone. Given the low rate of positive benefits to the use of these products, growers should be skeptical of products that claim to provide asymbiotic/nonsymbiotic N-fixation for the purpose of allowing a farmer to decrease fertilizer N rate. It is good for farmers to be curious; however, the wise grower needs to test products of interest on their own farm in a replicated manner and search for unbiased data on product performance before using them on whole fields. There is a recently published primer on how one might conduct on-farm research. Titled “Promoting adoption of precision nitrogen management technologies through on-farm research” by Thompson et al., 2022.This information came from NDSU Extension publication SF2080 (April 2023).Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Performance of N-fixing products in crop production

It’s no coincidence that Kansas State University wildlife expert Drew Ricketts’ phone rings a bit more often this time of year with residents feeling a little bit batty.

The dark, flying mammals come out of hibernation beginning in May and are more active through August. Ricketts says he gets phone calls from “people who are also starting to detect signs that they might have bats living in the house.”

So long as the bats are not in the home’s main living space, Ricketts might suggest leaving them alone. That's because some control measures could create a bigger issue.

“If the bats are in the attic, or they’re living in the upper portion of the house, it’s really hard to go in there and actually find all of those bats, catch them effectively and try to take them back outside the house,” Ricketts said. “So, that’s not the way we do it.”

The most efficient way, he notes, is to install a ‘bat excluder’ or ‘bat valve’ in a spot where the homeowner believes the bats are getting in.

“These can be a homemade device made out of an insect type material that we staple really tightly around the entryway and then it hangs down,” Ricketts said. “The bats can get out, but they can’t figure out how to get back under the device to get back in.”

Doing so, keeps that bat out of the attic, but it may not resolve the problem. Bat babies – called pups – are often born in April or early May, and are unable to fly through at least August. If the female can’t get back in to feed its pups, they are likely going to starve to death.

“When those pups die in the attic, that creates odor issues,” Ricketts said. “It’s also a sanitary issue. So when we do have a maternal colony in the attic…as long as they’re not getting into the living space of the house, really the best thing to do is to wait until August and put those bat excluders up there so they can fly out.”

Ricketts said there are some protected species and some endangered species of bats in Kansas. For that reason, homeowners may opt to hire a certified control company to remove the bats outside the May through August timeframe.

Another reason homeowners shouldn’t attempt the job themselves: Bats can carry rabies.

“Bats have got really small mouths, and it’s very easy for a bat to bite you and you not know it,” Ricketts said. “So if you do have bats in the living space, you need to get those caught and moved out. If there is every anybody in the room that can’t say with 100% certainty that the bat has not been on me, then it’s important to collect that bat and submit it for rabies testing.”

If a bat bite is suspected, or you can’t be absolutely sure if you’ve been bitten, see a medical professional or county health department official immediately.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>It’s no coincidence that Kansas State University wildlife expert Drew Ricketts’ phone rings a bit more often this time of year with residents feeling a little bit batty.The dark, flying mammals come out of hibernation beginning in May and are more active through August. Ricketts says he gets phone calls from “people who are also starting to detect signs that they might have bats living in the house.”So long as the bats are not in the home’s main living space, Ricketts might suggest leaving them alone. That's because some control measures could create a bigger issue.“If the bats are in the attic, or they’re living in the upper portion of the house, it’s really hard to go in there and actually find all of those bats, catch them effectively and try to take them back outside the house,” Ricketts said. “So, that’s not the way we do it.”The most efficient way, he notes, is to install a ‘bat excluder’ or ‘bat valve’ in a spot where the homeowner believes the bats are getting in.“These can be a homemade device made out of an insect type material that we staple really tightly around the entryway and then it hangs down,” Ricketts said. “The bats can get out, but they can’t figure out how to get back under the device to get back in.”Doing so, keeps that bat out of the attic, but it may not resolve the problem. Bat babies – called pups – are often born in April or early May, and are unable to fly through at least August. If the female can’t get back in to feed its pups, they are likely going to starve to death.“When those pups die in the attic, that creates odor issues,” Ricketts said. “It’s also a sanitary issue. So when we do have a maternal colony in the attic…as long as they’re not getting into the living space of the house, really the best thing to do is to wait until August and put those bat excluders up there so they can fly out.”Ricketts said there are some protected species and some endangered species of bats in Kansas. For that reason, homeowners may opt to hire a certified control company to remove the bats outside the May through August timeframe.Another reason homeowners shouldn’t attempt the job themselves: Bats can carry rabies.“Bats have got really small mouths, and it’s very easy for a bat to bite you and you not know it,” Ricketts said. “So if you do have bats in the living space, you need to get those caught and moved out. If there is every anybody in the room that can’t say with 100% certainty that the bat has not been on me, then it’s important to collect that bat and submit it for rabies testing.”If a bat bite is suspected, or you can’t be absolutely sure if you’ve been bitten, see a medical professional or county health department official immediately.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Removing bats from the house

The Kansas Senior Farmer’s Market Nutrition Program is set to kick off on June 3. 2024. Are you at least 60 years old and meet income guidelines? Are you 55 years old and a member of an Indian Tribal Organization? Then you might qualify to receive free fruits, vegetables, cut herbs and honey from local farmers markets. Eligibility is determined by household size, but benefits are distributed individually, meaning any others in your household also meeting the age and income requirements may apply for and receive their own benefits.

1. Age: A senior must be 60 years old or older, or at least 55 years old and a member of an Indian Tribal Organization, on the day the coupons are issued.

Benefits are given out on a first-come, first-serve basis. If you qualify you will receive a booklet of 10, $5 coupons for a one-time annual benefit of $50 to purchase eligible foods from authorized farmers.

Goals of the Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program include:

· Increase consumption of fruits and vegetables for optimal health

· Increase direct marketing of Kansas foods

· Provide resources in the form of fresh, nutritious, unprepared, locally grown fruits, vegetables, herbs and honey from farmers markets to low income seniors

· Increase the domestic consumption of agricultural commodities by expanding or aiding in the expansion of domestic farmers markets

· Develop or aid in the development of new and additional farmers markets

The Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program is a project of the United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. The program is coordinated by the Kansas Department of Health and

Environment (KDHE), which is collaborating with local partners to identify and distribute checks to eligible seniors.

To apply in Ellis County please come down to the Cottonwood Extension office located at 601 Main Street and fill out an application. The office is open 8am-12 noon and 1-5pm. To apply in Barton County please contact the Barton County Health Department located at 1300 Kansas Avenue from 9am-5pm. 620-793-1902.

If an individual cannot come into the office to fill out the paperwork they can appoint someone as a proxy to help them apply as well as pick up the produce for them. Please let us know if you have any other questions at the contact information below.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>The Kansas Senior Farmer’s Market Nutrition Program is set to kick off on June 3. 2024. Are you at least 60 years old and meet income guidelines? Are you 55 years old and a member of an Indian Tribal Organization? Then you might qualify to receive free fruits, vegetables, cut herbs and honey from local farmers markets. Eligibility is determined by household size, but benefits are distributed individually, meaning any others in your household also meeting the age and income requirements may apply for and receive their own benefits.Eligibility Criteria1. Age: A senior must be 60 years old or older, or at least 55 years old and a member of an Indian Tribal Organization, on the day the coupons are issued.2. Income:<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/5/1716216431725.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Benefits are given out on a first-come, first-serve basis. If you qualify you will receive a booklet of 10, $5 coupons for a one-time annual benefit of $50 to purchase eligible foods from authorized farmers.Goals of the Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program include:· Increase consumption of fruits and vegetables for optimal health· Increase direct marketing of Kansas foods· Provide resources in the form of fresh, nutritious, unprepared, locally grown fruits, vegetables, herbs and honey from farmers markets to low income seniors· Increase the domestic consumption of agricultural commodities by expanding or aiding in the expansion of domestic farmers markets· Develop or aid in the development of new and additional farmers marketsThe Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program is a project of the United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. The program is coordinated by the Kansas Department of Health andEnvironment (KDHE), which is collaborating with local partners to identify and distribute checks to eligible seniors.To apply in Ellis County please come down to the Cottonwood Extension office located at 601 Main Street and fill out an application. The office is open 8am-12 noon and 1-5pm. To apply in Barton County please contact the Barton County Health Department located at 1300 Kansas Avenue from 9am-5pm. 620-793-1902.If an individual cannot come into the office to fill out the paperwork they can appoint someone as a proxy to help them apply as well as pick up the produce for them. Please let us know if you have any other questions at the contact information below.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Kansas Senior Farmer’s Market Nutrition Program

Sometimes, the simplest things can help families stay within their monthly budget.

There are, for certain, common ways to save a few bucks this summer: turn down the air conditioner a tad, shut off the lights when you leave a room, watch less TV, draw the curtains when the sun is shining in.

But maybe there’s another way to think about saving money.

We’re coming into the longer days of summer, so think about what we can do outside that might not cost so much money, especially before it gets really hot. Maybe it’s just walking around the neighborhood, hanging out with your family outside in the yard. There are a lot of activities you can do instead of ‘doing something’ or ‘going somewhere’ that costs money.

During the recent COVID pandemic, the ‘Stay-cation’ became more popular, as families were forced to stay home rather than travel for vacation. The concept caught on, and even as the world opened up, many saw value in planning activities around their home base.

It’s a lot less stressful than traveling, and it’s a chance to unwind. Sometimes we schedule a vacation thinking we’ve got to go somewhere and we’ve got to do something and be active and that involves a lot of eating out and traveling. But there’s nothing wrong with staying around the house and doing some project, or just relaxing.

Another idea is visiting someplace close by that is unique and doesn’t involve much travel or eating out. We can always pack some food to take along especially for breakfast or lunch. And save the eating out for dinner.

Feeling time- or money-stretched is a sign that one needs to slow down and think about how they’re spending their time. It often can coincide with a boost to the family’s savings account.

When thinking about managing a family’s resources, it includes intentional, thoughtful choices that we all can make, but sometimes we get on auto pilot. Maybe we go to the grocery store and buy the same thing every week. That’s an opportunity for us to intentionally review what we’re regularly buying and eating.

There are rhythms and rituals. The rhythm of your day, the rhythm of your week and year. And then we have rituals, which are more like the daily things we do. It’s important to match the rhythms of your life to the rituals that you want in order to have a good life, and I think planning ahead can be very helpful to cut down on the stress in your life.

Food costs always seem to rise to the forefront when thinking of saving money. Planning menus each week can help consumers cut the bite of rising costs at the grocery store.

This is not all so serious that you can’t have any fun or you can’t have any treats. I think it gets back to intentionality of what it is you’re trying to accomplish.

There are ebbs and flows in managing money. We have different needs and wants. We have different income levels over time and across our lives. And so, it’s not like you make a plan that lasts forever. You plan and see how it works, and then adjust from there.

More information on personal well-being, including family resource management, is also available at local extension offices in Kansas.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.&nbsp;K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Sometimes, the simplest things can help families stay within their monthly budget.There are, for certain, common ways to save a few bucks this summer: turn down the air conditioner a tad, shut off the lights when you leave a room, watch less TV, draw the curtains when the sun is shining in.But maybe there’s another way to think about saving money.We’re coming into the longer days of summer, so think about what we can do outside that might not cost so much money, especially before it gets really hot. Maybe it’s just walking around the neighborhood, hanging out with your family outside in the yard. There are a lot of activities you can do instead of ‘doing something’ or ‘going somewhere’ that costs money.During the recent COVID pandemic, the ‘Stay-cation’ became more popular, as families were forced to stay home rather than travel for vacation. The concept caught on, and even as the world opened up, many saw value in planning activities around their home base.It’s a lot less stressful than traveling, and it’s a chance to unwind. Sometimes we schedule a vacation thinking we’ve got to go somewhere and we’ve got to do something and be active and that involves a lot of eating out and traveling. But there’s nothing wrong with staying around the house and doing some project, or just relaxing.Another idea is visiting someplace close by that is unique and doesn’t involve much travel or eating out. We can always pack some food to take along especially for breakfast or lunch. And save the eating out for dinner.Feeling time- or money-stretched is a sign that one needs to slow down and think about how they’re spending their time. It often can coincide with a boost to the family’s savings account.When thinking about managing a family’s resources, it includes intentional, thoughtful choices that we all can make, but sometimes we get on auto pilot. Maybe we go to the grocery store and buy the same thing every week. That’s an opportunity for us to intentionally review what we’re regularly buying and eating.There are rhythms and rituals. The rhythm of your day, the rhythm of your week and year. And then we have rituals, which are more like the daily things we do. It’s important to match the rhythms of your life to the rituals that you want in order to have a good life, and I think planning ahead can be very helpful to cut down on the stress in your life.Food costs always seem to rise to the forefront when thinking of saving money. Planning menus each week can help consumers cut the bite of rising costs at the grocery store.This is not all so serious that you can’t have any fun or you can’t have any treats. I think it gets back to intentionality of what it is you’re trying to accomplish.Finances are a process.There are ebbs and flows in managing money. We have different needs and wants. We have different income levels over time and across our lives. And so, it’s not like you make a plan that lasts forever. You plan and see how it works, and then adjust from there.More information on personal well-being, including family resource management, is also available at local extension offices in Kansas.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.&nbsp;K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Tips to save on the family’s budget this summer

In 2023, soybean gall midge was found infesting soybean and sweet clover in Marshall and Nemaha counties. Since this pest can overwinter in Kansas, producers should be on the lookout for additional infestations in 2024.

The Soybean Gall Midge (Resseliella maxima) was first observed in Nebraska in 2011 but was not officially described as a new species until 2018 when this tiny fly established itself as an emerging pest of soybeans in South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Iowa. New infestations have been documented every year since and its range has expanded into Missouri. Soybean gall midge has been documented in Nebraska along the Kansas border as recently as 2021. This pest should be actively scouted for during the growing season, especially in counties along the Nebraska border.

Losses from soybean gall midge infestation are due to plant death and lodging. Heavily infested fields have shown the potential for complete yield losses from the edge of the field up to 100 feet into the field and a 20% yield loss from 200 to 400 feet into the field.

Identification and Lifecycle -Adults: tiny (2-3mm), delicate flies with an orange abdomen, slender bodies and mottled wings. Long legs are banded with alternating light and dark markings. Larvae: small, legless, maggots that are clear to white-colored when young but turn bright orange when mature.

Soybean gall midge overwinters as larvae in the first few inches of soil. After pupation in the early spring, adult midges emerge and lay their eggs on the lower portions of stems or at the base of soybean plants. The eggs hatch and the larvae feed within the stems. Infestation does not occur until the V2 stage when natural fissures and cracks appear in stems allowing entry by larvae. Infestation can continue into the reproductive growth stages. So far, there appear to be at least two generations per growing season. The adult soybean gall midges do not feed on soybeans.

Scouting - begin scouting soybean plants at the V2 growth stage. Symptoms of infestation include:

1. wilting or dead soybeans along field edges with decreasing damage into the center of the field,

2. darkening and swelling at the base of stems,

3. brittle stems that break easily near their base, and

4. small orange larvae present in split open stems.

Management - as such a new pest, no published research-based management recommendations are currently available. On-farm studies in impacted states are examining the effects of cultural practices and insecticides on preventing losses. Seed treatments have not been shown to be effective.

Please report any occurrence of soybean gall midge to your local extension professional or contact the K-State Entomology Department. The Soybean Gall Midge Alert Network, https://soybeangallmidge.org/, can be used to track developments regarding this new pest.

Information provided by Anthony Zukoff, K-State Extension Entomology, Southwest Research and Extension Center.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>In 2023, soybean gall midge was found infesting soybean and sweet clover in Marshall and Nemaha counties. Since this pest can overwinter in Kansas, producers should be on the lookout for additional infestations in 2024.The Soybean Gall Midge (Resseliella maxima) was first observed in Nebraska in 2011 but was not officially described as a new species until 2018 when this tiny fly established itself as an emerging pest of soybeans in South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Iowa. New infestations have been documented every year since and its range has expanded into Missouri. Soybean gall midge has been documented in Nebraska along the Kansas border as recently as 2021. This pest should be actively scouted for during the growing season, especially in counties along the Nebraska border.Losses from soybean gall midge infestation are due to plant death and lodging. Heavily infested fields have shown the potential for complete yield losses from the edge of the field up to 100 feet into the field and a 20% yield loss from 200 to 400 feet into the field.Identification and Lifecycle -Adults: tiny (2-3mm), delicate flies with an orange abdomen, slender bodies and mottled wings. Long legs are banded with alternating light and dark markings. Larvae: small, legless, maggots that are clear to white-colored when young but turn bright orange when mature.Soybean gall midge overwinters as larvae in the first few inches of soil. After pupation in the early spring, adult midges emerge and lay their eggs on the lower portions of stems or at the base of soybean plants. The eggs hatch and the larvae feed within the stems. Infestation does not occur until the V2 stage when natural fissures and cracks appear in stems allowing entry by larvae. Infestation can continue into the reproductive growth stages. So far, there appear to be at least two generations per growing season. The adult soybean gall midges do not feed on soybeans.Scouting - begin scouting soybean plants at the V2 growth stage. Symptoms of infestation include:1. wilting or dead soybeans along field edges with decreasing damage into the center of the field,2. darkening and swelling at the base of stems,3. brittle stems that break easily near their base, and4. small orange larvae present in split open stems.Management - as such a new pest, no published research-based management recommendations are currently available. On-farm studies in impacted states are examining the effects of cultural practices and insecticides on preventing losses. Seed treatments have not been shown to be effective.Please report any occurrence of soybean gall midge to your local extension professional or contact the K-State Entomology Department. The Soybean Gall Midge Alert Network, https://soybeangallmidge.org/, can be used to track developments regarding this new pest.Information provided by Anthony Zukoff, K-State Extension Entomology, Southwest Research and Extension Center.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Be on the lookout for Soybean Gall Midge

Musk Thistle is usually a biennial or winter annual, but it will occasionally occur as a summer annual. As a biennial, it produces a rosette the first year and develops flowers and seeds the second year. As a summer annual, this thistle completes its life cycle from germination through seed production in the same growing season. Seedlings may emerge anytime during the growing season, but the plants usually remain in the rosette stage for about 90% of their life cycle.

Musk thistle usually begins flowering in May and may bloom from seven to nine weeks. Seed dispersal begins seven to ten days after a head begins to bloom and an average of 11,000 seeds can be produced per plant with around 5,000 of the seeds capable of germination.

Musk Thistle was declared a noxious week in Kansas in 1963. Kansas law requires all persons and organizations prevent its spread and eradicate it.

There are several different methods for controlling thistle. The first line of defense is proper grazing management. Invasion of thistle is slowed on grasslands that are properly stocked to maintain a good cover of competing vegetation. Burning does not control the thistle, but it makes control more effective. Burn according to your burn plan, and then spray 10-14 days after. For the most effective control, apply herbicides while the musk thistle is in the rosette stage and actively growing, usually early May. For fall, October 1st to soil freeze is an excellent time. During the fall, most musk thistles are in the rosette stage and are most susceptible to herbicides. Use herbicides when they are growing rapidly under good soil moisture and favorable air temperatures (70-90 degrees F). A 6-12 hours rain-free period after application at the recommended rate is adequate to allow herbicide absorption.

For control in pastures that have a scattered issue, you can remove them by hand. Dig the plant below the crow to prevent further development. Dig, remove the plant, and burn the flowers that are in late bud or bloom stage. Research shows that mowing is the most effective at full bloom, but must be repeated as necessary for effective control.

For questions over what herbicides are labeled for use, consult K-State Research and Extension’s Chemical Weed Control guide. Available online or you can pick up a copy at most Extension offices.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Musk Thistle is usually a biennial or winter annual, but it will occasionally occur as a summer annual. As a biennial, it produces a rosette the first year and develops flowers and seeds the second year. As a summer annual, this thistle completes its life cycle from germination through seed production in the same growing season. Seedlings may emerge anytime during the growing season, but the plants usually remain in the rosette stage for about 90% of their life cycle.Musk thistle usually begins flowering in May and may bloom from seven to nine weeks. Seed dispersal begins seven to ten days after a head begins to bloom and an average of 11,000 seeds can be produced per plant with around 5,000 of the seeds capable of germination.Musk Thistle was declared a noxious week in Kansas in 1963. Kansas law requires all persons and organizations prevent its spread and eradicate it.There are several different methods for controlling thistle. The first line of defense is proper grazing management. Invasion of thistle is slowed on grasslands that are properly stocked to maintain a good cover of competing vegetation. Burning does not control the thistle, but it makes control more effective. Burn according to your burn plan, and then spray 10-14 days after. For the most effective control, apply herbicides while the musk thistle is in the rosette stage and actively growing, usually early May. For fall, October 1st to soil freeze is an excellent time. During the fall, most musk thistles are in the rosette stage and are most susceptible to herbicides. Use herbicides when they are growing rapidly under good soil moisture and favorable air temperatures (70-90 degrees F). A 6-12 hours rain-free period after application at the recommended rate is adequate to allow herbicide absorption.For control in pastures that have a scattered issue, you can remove them by hand. Dig the plant below the crow to prevent further development. Dig, remove the plant, and burn the flowers that are in late bud or bloom stage. Research shows that mowing is the most effective at full bloom, but must be repeated as necessary for effective control.For questions over what herbicides are labeled for use, consult K-State Research and Extension’s Chemical Weed Control guide. Available online or you can pick up a copy at most Extension offices.Column adapted from publication L-231Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Musk thistle usually begins flowering in May

Nobody ever expects to be a victim of a natural disaster.

However, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that since 1980, the United States has sustained 355 weather and climate disasters at an average expense of $57.8 billion per year.

Unfortunately, we can’t change the weather, but we can keep ourselves safe and prepare for disaster.

Kansas State University Family Resource Management Specialist, Elizabeth Kiss, shares more:

“One of the best things to do is to start or add to what’s called a ‘Grab and Go’ box,” Kiss says. “If bad weather is approaching…and you need to evacuate your house, just take the box with you and go, and you’ll have the things you need to recover from any eventual loss.”

Items that should be stored in a Grab and Go box, according to Kiss, include originals or paper copies of such items as:

· Insurance policies, particularly property insurance.

Then, consider some personal items such as photos, letters and various keepsakes, and even a small amount of money. The box should be waterproof and/or fireproof, Kiss said.

“We have become very dependent on things being online, but depending on the severity of any sort of emergency, we may be able to recover faster with paper copies,” Kiss said. “We just don’t know.”

Preparing a household inventory and building a Grab and Go box may seem daunting, but Kiss says it begins by doing just a little bit at a time.

“In terms of the household inventory, we recommend starting with one room, or even one part of a room at a time,” she said.

“Something is better than nothing. You can even videotape documents with your phone these days, or take pictures…that’s a start. You do need to have some documentation about when things were purchased and what their value was, but video or pictures is a start. Then be sure you take your documentation from your phone and store it in a way electronically that you can access it if something were to happen to your phone.”

Kiss also suggests talking with insurance agents to make sure you’re adequately covered for loss to the home and personal property; and consider storing copies of your important documents off-site – such as in the home of a trusted friend or relative.

“Much of the Grab N Go Box is records that you would be keeping anyway,” Kiss said. “It’s a form of record keeping, and it’s just being proactive to have it in one place in case of an emergency.”

More information on preparing important documents ahead of disaster is available in the K-State Research and Extension publication, Get Financially Prepared: Take Steps Ahead of Disaster.

Information is also available online from K-State Research and Extension, and from the U.S. government website, https://www.ready.gov.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1697484540273.jpeg" alt="written by: Karissa Winkel - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Karissa Winkel - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Nobody ever expects to be a victim of a natural disaster.However, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that since 1980, the United States has sustained 355 weather and climate disasters at an average expense of $57.8 billion per year.Unfortunately, we can’t change the weather, but we can keep ourselves safe and prepare for disaster.Kansas State University Family Resource Management Specialist, Elizabeth Kiss, shares more:“One of the best things to do is to start or add to what’s called a ‘Grab and Go’ box,” Kiss says. “If bad weather is approaching…and you need to evacuate your house, just take the box with you and go, and you’ll have the things you need to recover from any eventual loss.”Items that should be stored in a Grab and Go box, according to Kiss, include originals or paper copies of such items as:· Birth certificates.· Social security cards.· Marriage certificates.· Passports· Driver’s license.· Credit cards.· Titles for vehicles.· Insurance policies, particularly property insurance.· Household inventoryThen, consider some personal items such as photos, letters and various keepsakes, and even a small amount of money. The box should be waterproof and/or fireproof, Kiss said.“We have become very dependent on things being online, but depending on the severity of any sort of emergency, we may be able to recover faster with paper copies,” Kiss said. “We just don’t know.”Preparing a household inventory and building a Grab and Go box may seem daunting, but Kiss says it begins by doing just a little bit at a time.“In terms of the household inventory, we recommend starting with one room, or even one part of a room at a time,” she said.“Something is better than nothing. You can even videotape documents with your phone these days, or take pictures…that’s a start. You do need to have some documentation about when things were purchased and what their value was, but video or pictures is a start. Then be sure you take your documentation from your phone and store it in a way electronically that you can access it if something were to happen to your phone.”Kiss also suggests talking with insurance agents to make sure you’re adequately covered for loss to the home and personal property; and consider storing copies of your important documents off-site – such as in the home of a trusted friend or relative.“Much of the Grab N Go Box is records that you would be keeping anyway,” Kiss said. “It’s a form of record keeping, and it’s just being proactive to have it in one place in case of an emergency.”More information on preparing important documents ahead of disaster is available in the K-State Research and Extension publication, Get Financially Prepared: Take Steps Ahead of Disaster.Information is also available online from K-State Research and Extension, and from the U.S. government website, https://www.ready.gov.Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

WINKEL: Grab ‘N Go - Be prepared for severe weather

While I deal specifically with the 4-H side of the Barton County Fair, there are lots of ways for you to be involved!

The theme for the Barton County Fair is Blue Jeans and Big Dreams and it will be happening June 26th-30th. Exhibits are due to the fairgrounds for most categories on Wednesday, June 26th. Our 4-H members must pre-enter their exhibits while Open Class entries can be entered online ahead of time or on-site on the 26th.

Judging is handled a bit differently for 4-H and Open Class. Consultative judging is used to provide one-on-one feedback about project learning and the exhibit as an important part of the learning opportunity for the 4-H member and all members receive a ribbon on their entry. We use the Danish system for 4-H exhibits which defines a Purple as exemplary, a Blue as above average, a Red as average, and a White as having substantial deficiencies. For Open Class, the judge will evaluate the exhibit item and determine if it receives one of the top three placings awarded per class.

Each year, the Barton County Fair Association has several special award categories for Open Class which tie to the theme. Be on the lookout for the announcements about these and all Open Class opportunities. Open Class offers a youth (16 and younger), Adult (17-65), Senior (65 and better), and a Professional class for those who teach about or make a practice of selling their work.

Entries aren’t open just yet for 4-H or Open Class but keep an eye on bartoncountyfair.com for updates, schedules, and entry information.

Come join us June 26th through 30th to watch the livestock shows, check out the 4-H and Open Class exhibits, listen to a concert, share a meal with friends, support all ages across our community as they showcase their interests from horticulture to horses!

We look forward to seeing your entry for Blue Jeans and Big Dreams!

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. " />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. </figcaption>
 </figure>While I deal specifically with the 4-H side of the Barton County Fair, there are lots of ways for you to be involved!The theme for the Barton County Fair is Blue Jeans and Big Dreams and it will be happening June 26th-30th. Exhibits are due to the fairgrounds for most categories on Wednesday, June 26th. Our 4-H members must pre-enter their exhibits while Open Class entries can be entered online ahead of time or on-site on the 26th.Judging is handled a bit differently for 4-H and Open Class. Consultative judging is used to provide one-on-one feedback about project learning and the exhibit as an important part of the learning opportunity for the 4-H member and all members receive a ribbon on their entry. We use the Danish system for 4-H exhibits which defines a Purple as exemplary, a Blue as above average, a Red as average, and a White as having substantial deficiencies. For Open Class, the judge will evaluate the exhibit item and determine if it receives one of the top three placings awarded per class.Each year, the Barton County Fair Association has several special award categories for Open Class which tie to the theme. Be on the lookout for the announcements about these and all Open Class opportunities. Open Class offers a youth (16 and younger), Adult (17-65), Senior (65 and better), and a Professional class for those who teach about or make a practice of selling their work.Entries aren’t open just yet for 4-H or Open Class but keep an eye on bartoncountyfair.com for updates, schedules, and entry information.Come join us June 26th through 30th to watch the livestock shows, check out the 4-H and Open Class exhibits, listen to a concert, share a meal with friends, support all ages across our community as they showcase their interests from horticulture to horses!We look forward to seeing your entry for Blue Jeans and Big Dreams!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: Blue Jeans and Big Dreams

I have been getting more phone calls this year than normal about wheat fields being infected with Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV).

As a reminder volunteer wheat ideally needs to be completely dead/killed two weeks before wheat is drilled in the Fall. Volunteer wheat, or wheat leftover from past crops, houses the wheat curl mite. Mite populations, ultimately, depend on the amount of volunteer wheat within an area. If you had some wheat in a neighboring field that survived after harvest, or maybe it was hidden in some double crop field nearby, that's where those curl mites survive. They can then blow into your field or a neighbor’s field in either the fall or the early spring and that's typically when you start to see damage.

You can get wheat samples tested for WSMV at the K-State plant pathology lab, just to confirm it. You can contact your local Extension Office to bring in your sample.

You get kind of a fan appearance, so it is worse on the edge of the field and gets progressively better as you move towards the center of the field.

Warm weather conditions induce the appearance of wheat streak mosaic within fields. While plants may be infected during the winter and times of cold, hot temperatures activate the viruses’ symptoms. “Usually, you don't see that streaking symptom until the weather starts to warm, so we can have some infection cooking there over the winter”, says K-State wheat disease specialist Kelsey Anderson Onofre.

Increased moisture and other weather events during the 2023 harvest contributed to more volunteer wheat and desirable conditions for the wheat streak mosaic virus to thrive in the current growing season.

One last note or observation from my experience is that in the spring when volunteer wheat gets terminated either with tillage or herbicide. If there is nearby wheat it will get WSMV. Because the curl mite must have green and living tissue to survive on. Once the wheat is dying or killed, the mite will leave the plants using the wind because they do not have wings. They will then infest other nearby healthy fields with the wheat curl mite and thus WSMV.

For further information about WSMV just search on-line for Wheat Streak Mosaic, KSU. If you have any questions give me a call at 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>I have been getting more phone calls this year than normal about wheat fields being infected with Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV).As a reminder volunteer wheat ideally needs to be completely dead/killed two weeks before wheat is drilled in the Fall. Volunteer wheat, or wheat leftover from past crops, houses the wheat curl mite. Mite populations, ultimately, depend on the amount of volunteer wheat within an area. If you had some wheat in a neighboring field that survived after harvest, or maybe it was hidden in some double crop field nearby, that's where those curl mites survive. They can then blow into your field or a neighbor’s field in either the fall or the early spring and that's typically when you start to see damage.You can get wheat samples tested for WSMV at the K-State plant pathology lab, just to confirm it. You can contact your local Extension Office to bring in your sample.You get kind of a fan appearance, so it is worse on the edge of the field and gets progressively better as you move towards the center of the field.Warm weather conditions induce the appearance of wheat streak mosaic within fields. While plants may be infected during the winter and times of cold, hot temperatures activate the viruses’ symptoms. “Usually, you don't see that streaking symptom until the weather starts to warm, so we can have some infection cooking there over the winter”, says K-State wheat disease specialist Kelsey Anderson Onofre.Increased moisture and other weather events during the 2023 harvest contributed to more volunteer wheat and desirable conditions for the wheat streak mosaic virus to thrive in the current growing season.One last note or observation from my experience is that in the spring when volunteer wheat gets terminated either with tillage or herbicide. If there is nearby wheat it will get WSMV. Because the curl mite must have green and living tissue to survive on. Once the wheat is dying or killed, the mite will leave the plants using the wind because they do not have wings. They will then infest other nearby healthy fields with the wheat curl mite and thus WSMV.For further information about WSMV just search on-line for Wheat Streak Mosaic, KSU. If you have any questions give me a call at 785-628-9430.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus

The explosive cracking sounds of trees crashing to the ground are sickening to the stomach. With the damaging storms that have affected the area lately, trees will require special care and can make a full recovery.

Remove debris, then assess the damage The first step in caring for damaged trees is to remove all debris. This is mainly a safety factor, but also enables you to completely assess the extent of the damage.

Can the tree be saved? Next, determine whether the tree can be saved. Most trees will be salvageable and will need time to recover. If there is heavy splitting of the bark and the cambium, growth layer is exposed, or the main trunk is split, the tree will probably not survive and should be removed.

Also, if there are so many broken limbs that the form of the tree is destroyed, replacement may be the best option.

Once it has been determined that the tree can be saved then pruning begins. Broken branches should be cut back to the next larger branch or back to the trunk. Never leave a stub when making a pruning cut. Stubs lead to rot and decay, and slow the healing process.

When cutting back to the next larger crotch or branch angle, do not cut flush with the branch. Instead make the cut in the area referred to as the branch collar. The collar is a transition area between the branch and the trunk. Cutting flush with the branch or trunk leaves a larger wound, which takes longer to heal. The collar area is raised with bark tissue, much like the crease on your hand where your thumb joins the other fingers.

Larger limbs should be taken off in stages. Cutting a large branch at once often leads to a strip of bark being ripped from the tree increasing the amount of damage. The following steps to removing large branches are:

1. First cut about fifteen inches from the trunk or next larger branch. Start from the bottom and cut about one third of the way up through the branch.

2. The second cut should be made from the top down, a few inches out from the first under cut. The branch will break away at the first cut as you make the second cut.

3. Lastly, cut the remaining branch at the collar, which can be supported to prevent the bark stripping.

Avoid "door knockers." Hire a local reputable tree company Large trees are best handled by a reputable tree care service. When selecting a firm always ask for a certified arborist and never pay in advance. Quality companies will bill or collect after the work is completed.

Topping is not a recommended practice of repairing storm damage. Topping weakens trees and makes them more susceptible to disease. If the damage is this severe then the tree should be removed. Also, no wound dressings are needed.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>The explosive cracking sounds of trees crashing to the ground are sickening to the stomach. With the damaging storms that have affected the area lately, trees will require special care and can make a full recovery.Remove debris, then assess the damage The first step in caring for damaged trees is to remove all debris. This is mainly a safety factor, but also enables you to completely assess the extent of the damage.Can the tree be saved? Next, determine whether the tree can be saved. Most trees will be salvageable and will need time to recover. If there is heavy splitting of the bark and the cambium, growth layer is exposed, or the main trunk is split, the tree will probably not survive and should be removed.Also, if there are so many broken limbs that the form of the tree is destroyed, replacement may be the best option.Once it has been determined that the tree can be saved then pruning begins. Broken branches should be cut back to the next larger branch or back to the trunk. Never leave a stub when making a pruning cut. Stubs lead to rot and decay, and slow the healing process.When cutting back to the next larger crotch or branch angle, do not cut flush with the branch. Instead make the cut in the area referred to as the branch collar. The collar is a transition area between the branch and the trunk. Cutting flush with the branch or trunk leaves a larger wound, which takes longer to heal. The collar area is raised with bark tissue, much like the crease on your hand where your thumb joins the other fingers.Larger limbs should be taken off in stages. Cutting a large branch at once often leads to a strip of bark being ripped from the tree increasing the amount of damage. The following steps to removing large branches are:1. First cut about fifteen inches from the trunk or next larger branch. Start from the bottom and cut about one third of the way up through the branch.2. The second cut should be made from the top down, a few inches out from the first under cut. The branch will break away at the first cut as you make the second cut.3. Lastly, cut the remaining branch at the collar, which can be supported to prevent the bark stripping.Avoid "door knockers." Hire a local reputable tree company Large trees are best handled by a reputable tree care service. When selecting a firm always ask for a certified arborist and never pay in advance. Quality companies will bill or collect after the work is completed.Topping is not a recommended practice of repairing storm damage. Topping weakens trees and makes them more susceptible to disease. If the damage is this severe then the tree should be removed. Also, no wound dressings are needed.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Pruning after storms

By Kelsey Andersen Onofre, K-State Extension Plant Pathologist Submitted by Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District, Hays

The wheat crop is ahead of schedule and there is a dramatic difference in yield potential in parts of the state that have received moisture and parts that have not. Here, we review some key wheat fungicide considerations.

As of May 2, stripe rust has been detected in 24 Kansas counties. It’s important to note that most of these observations have been at very low or trace levels (Figure 1). You can keep up-to-date with reports here: https://wheat.agpestmonitor.org/. Up until this point, the disease has largely been limited by lack of moisture. Reports in the northwest portion of the state are most concerning, as the crop in this region is still in earlier growth stages, and there is ample time for stripe rust to take hold if the environment stays favorable. There are some counties where stripe rust has been detected on flag leaves at an elevated incidence. These fields should be carefully scouted and may be candidates for fungicide applications.

As a reminder, fungicides have pre-harvest intervals based on growth stages or the number of days before harvest. This publication lists some common fungicides and their pre-harvest intervals: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/ep130.pdf. It is always a good idea to consult the label prior to application. We are now fielding questions about the value of a fungicide application in fields that are between flag leaf and flowering growth stages. Here are some factors to consider as we make those decisions:

1. First and foremost, what variety is planted? Varieties rated 3 or below will likely have enough genetic resistance and will not benefit from a fungicide application. Check your variety rating here: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/mf991.pdf

2. Has disease been detected in the field? If weather conditions are favorable, fields with already established stripe rust are at the highest risk of the disease increasing in the coming days. K-State research demonstrates that if stripe rust is detected on flag leaves at the heading growth stage, there is a 90% chance your fungicide application will pay off. This is a year when scouting will be critical.

3. What is the crop's yield potential? Does the yield potential justify an application? K-State research has shown that under moderate to high stripe rust pressure, a fungicide application can provide a 10-15% yield benefit. However, in the absence of disease, we

do not expect any economically significant yield benefit from a fungicide application.

4. What kind of moisture has been received? As a reminder, it takes about 10 days from the time of infection to symptom development for stripe rust. Areas that have recently received moisture (Figure 2) and are still in the window for a fungicide application (flag leaf to flowering) should be more mindful of scouting over the coming days.

5. What is the fusarium head scab risk? Fields approaching early flowering with a history of head scab may be able to use a single application to control both diseases this year. All fungicides that are recommended for head scab are also recommended for stripe rust control. The risk of head scab may be elevated in fields that receive rainfall at or around flowering.

Leaf rust has now been reported in Oklahoma but has not taken hold in Kansas. We will continue to monitor for it over the coming weeks.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/5/1714747564991.jpeg" alt="Picture of stripe rust on winter wheat" />
 <figcaption>Picture of stripe rust on winter wheat</figcaption>
 </figure>By Kelsey Andersen Onofre, K-State Extension Plant Pathologist Submitted by Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District, HaysThe wheat crop is ahead of schedule and there is a dramatic difference in yield potential in parts of the state that have received moisture and parts that have not. Here, we review some key wheat fungicide considerations.As of May 2, stripe rust has been detected in 24 Kansas counties. It’s important to note that most of these observations have been at very low or trace levels (Figure 1). You can keep up-to-date with reports here: https://wheat.agpestmonitor.org/. Up until this point, the disease has largely been limited by lack of moisture. Reports in the northwest portion of the state are most concerning, as the crop in this region is still in earlier growth stages, and there is ample time for stripe rust to take hold if the environment stays favorable. There are some counties where stripe rust has been detected on flag leaves at an elevated incidence. These fields should be carefully scouted and may be candidates for fungicide applications.As a reminder, fungicides have pre-harvest intervals based on growth stages or the number of days before harvest. This publication lists some common fungicides and their pre-harvest intervals: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/ep130.pdf. It is always a good idea to consult the label prior to application. We are now fielding questions about the value of a fungicide application in fields that are between flag leaf and flowering growth stages. Here are some factors to consider as we make those decisions:1. First and foremost, what variety is planted? Varieties rated 3 or below will likely have enough genetic resistance and will not benefit from a fungicide application. Check your variety rating here: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/mf991.pdf2. Has disease been detected in the field? If weather conditions are favorable, fields with already established stripe rust are at the highest risk of the disease increasing in the coming days. K-State research demonstrates that if stripe rust is detected on flag leaves at the heading growth stage, there is a 90% chance your fungicide application will pay off. This is a year when scouting will be critical.3. What is the crop's yield potential? Does the yield potential justify an application? K-State research has shown that under moderate to high stripe rust pressure, a fungicide application can provide a 10-15% yield benefit. However, in the absence of disease, wedo not expect any economically significant yield benefit from a fungicide application.4. What kind of moisture has been received? As a reminder, it takes about 10 days from the time of infection to symptom development for stripe rust. Areas that have recently received moisture (Figure 2) and are still in the window for a fungicide application (flag leaf to flowering) should be more mindful of scouting over the coming days.5. What is the fusarium head scab risk? Fields approaching early flowering with a history of head scab may be able to use a single application to control both diseases this year. All fungicides that are recommended for head scab are also recommended for stripe rust control. The risk of head scab may be elevated in fields that receive rainfall at or around flowering.Leaf rust has now been reported in Oklahoma but has not taken hold in Kansas. We will continue to monitor for it over the coming weeks.

CAMPBELL: Wheat stripe rust update and fungicide considerations

Do you have diabetes? Do you support someone you know that has diabetes? This class if for you!

Dining with Diabetes is a K-State Research and Extension health and wellness program that consist of a series of four classes that includes learning, demonstrations, physical activity and tasting healthy foods. The program's focus is to help individuals learn strategies to lessen the health risks of diabetes.

· Increase knowledge about healthy foods

· Present healthy versions of familiar foods and taste testing of recipes

· Provide basic information regarding diabetes and nutrition

· Provide opportunities for sharing and learning from one another and from diabetes health professionals

Program Description Dining with Diabetes is a national extension program provided to Kansans by K-State Research and Extension Family and Consumer Sciences professionals and community health partners. The program is a series of four 2-hour classes that are held once a week. Classes consist of a presentation on diabetes self-care or healthful food choices; a five to ten-minute low-impact physical activity; presentations on tasty, healthy familiar foods, sampling foods, and demonstrations of cooking techniques using artificial sweeteners, reduced-fat foods, herbs, and spices.

Who can participate? The program is designed for people with diabetes, pre-diabetes, or at risk for diabetes and their family members, caregivers, and support persons.

Why Dining with Diabetes? Diabetes is an expensive disease. The recent research report, "Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017" estimates that the total cost of diagnosed diabetes has risen to $327 billion in 2017, this cost was estimated to be $245 billion in 2012. This represents a 26% increase over a five-

year period. This cost includes direct medical expenses ($237 billion) and the cost of reduced productivity ($90 billion). According to this study, people with diabetes spend an average of 2.3 times the amount people without diabetes spend each year on their health. That works out to an average of $16,752 a year per person, about $9,601 of which is directly attributed to diabetes. Source: American Diabetes Association, March 2018.

Diabetes is one of the costliest health conditions in Kansas. Diabetes and prediabetes cost an estimated $2.6 billion in Kansas each year (CDC). More than 50% of spending on type 2 diabetes is for treating health problems that could have been prevented with better diabetes management. Research shows that diabetes can be treated and managed by healthful eating, regular physical activity, and medications to lower blood glucose levels. The Dining with Diabetes program provides education and training focused on behaviors shown to help people with diabetes stay healthy.

Approximately 255,215 people in Kansas, or 11.4% of the adult population, have diagnosed diabetes.

An additional 66,000 people in Kansas have diabetes but don’t know it, greatly increasing their health risk.

There are 782,000 people in Kansas, 35.3% of the adult population, who have prediabetes with blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes.

Every year an estimated 20,271 people in Kansas are diagnosed with diabetes.

*Reference- American Diabetes Association October 2021 Report

Dining with Diabetes classes will be offered on June 6, 13, 20, and 27, 2024 from 4-6pm at the Hays Recreation Center Marcy Allenbaugh Conference Room. For more information or to sign up please call 785-628-9430 or email moniquek@ksu.edu. Cost is $35/person.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Do you have diabetes? Do you support someone you know that has diabetes? This class if for you!Dining with Diabetes is a K-State Research and Extension health and wellness program that consist of a series of four classes that includes learning, demonstrations, physical activity and tasting healthy foods. The program's focus is to help individuals learn strategies to lessen the health risks of diabetes.Program Objectives· Increase knowledge about healthy foods· Present healthy versions of familiar foods and taste testing of recipes· Demonstrate new cooking techniques· Provide basic information regarding diabetes and nutrition· Provide opportunities for sharing and learning from one another and from diabetes health professionalsProgram Description Dining with Diabetes is a national extension program provided to Kansans by K-State Research and Extension Family and Consumer Sciences professionals and community health partners. The program is a series of four 2-hour classes that are held once a week. Classes consist of a presentation on diabetes self-care or healthful food choices; a five to ten-minute low-impact physical activity; presentations on tasty, healthy familiar foods, sampling foods, and demonstrations of cooking techniques using artificial sweeteners, reduced-fat foods, herbs, and spices.Who can participate? The program is designed for people with diabetes, pre-diabetes, or at risk for diabetes and their family members, caregivers, and support persons.Why Dining with Diabetes? Diabetes is an expensive disease. The recent research report, "Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017" estimates that the total cost of diagnosed diabetes has risen to $327 billion in 2017, this cost was estimated to be $245 billion in 2012. This represents a 26% increase over a five-year period. This cost includes direct medical expenses ($237 billion) and the cost of reduced productivity ($90 billion). According to this study, people with diabetes spend an average of 2.3 times the amount people without diabetes spend each year on their health. That works out to an average of $16,752 a year per person, about $9,601 of which is directly attributed to diabetes. Source: American Diabetes Association, March 2018.Diabetes is one of the costliest health conditions in Kansas. Diabetes and prediabetes cost an estimated $2.6 billion in Kansas each year (CDC). More than 50% of spending on type 2 diabetes is for treating health problems that could have been prevented with better diabetes management. Research shows that diabetes can be treated and managed by healthful eating, regular physical activity, and medications to lower blood glucose levels. The Dining with Diabetes program provides education and training focused on behaviors shown to help people with diabetes stay healthy.Diabetes by the numbers in Kansas*Approximately 255,215 people in Kansas, or 11.4% of the adult population, have diagnosed diabetes.An additional 66,000 people in Kansas have diabetes but don’t know it, greatly increasing their health risk.There are 782,000 people in Kansas, 35.3% of the adult population, who have prediabetes with blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes.Every year an estimated 20,271 people in Kansas are diagnosed with diabetes.*Reference- American Diabetes Association October 2021 ReportDining with Diabetes classes will be offered on June 6, 13, 20, and 27, 2024 from 4-6pm at the Hays Recreation Center Marcy Allenbaugh Conference Room. For more information or to sign up please call 785-628-9430 or email moniquek@ksu.edu. Cost is $35/person.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.&nbsp;K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Dining with Diabetes will be offered in June 2024

By MIKE COURSON Great Bend Post

Some chances of rain have made the forecast for Barton County and Central Kansas in recent weeks but barely anything has reached the ground. The lack of precipitation is starting to take its toll on area wheat crops. Optimism was high after rainfall totals of 10 inches at Eagle Radio in Great Bend from mid-July through October. Stacy Campbell, crop production agent with K-State Research and Extension - Cottonwood District, said much has changed in recent months.

"Four weeks ago, or five or six, the wheat was still looking good overall for the most part," he said. "We just haven't had any measurable precipitation. There have been some scattered spots, at least in (Ellis County) that have gotten a little more rain than others, but the wheat has really declined in its yield potential."

Many variables beyond precipitation go into the success or failure of a wheat crop. Campbell said rain now could still benefit fields that have been double-cropped, or some fields that were planted behind failed crops last year are still looking okay. Some farmers are still having insurance adjusters come out and take a look.

"They hardly ever zero-out wheat unless it's just been hailed out," Campbell said. "They'll estimate what yield might be. It might only be six-tenths of a bushel or two bushels but it's hardly ever truly zeroed out."

Precipitation now may only be marginally beneficial to the current wheat crop, but farmers also have the future to worry about. The U.S. Drought Monitor has much of Central Kansas, including Barton County, classified as severe drought. The drought has been furthered by average temperatures 13 degrees above normal for this time of year.

"We're going to need it throughout the summer," Campbell said. "In a perfect scenario, if we could get a decent rain every week or two, that would be wonderful. We need quite a bit of rain. The pastures aren't looking good either. There's not much grass out there. It's slow in greening up. We need rain soon, and we need it to keep coming, ideally, through the summer."

Campbell said one farm near Galatia has not reported measurable precipitation since early February. The Cottonwood District also has test plots with several wheat varieties in Ellis and Barton Counties. Wednesday night, Campbell made the decision to cancel Field Days for those plots.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/3/1678800407970.jpeg" alt="Photo courtesy of Kansas State University" />
 <figcaption>Photo courtesy of Kansas State University</figcaption>
 </figure>By MIKE COURSON Great Bend PostSome chances of rain have made the forecast for Barton County and Central Kansas in recent weeks but barely anything has reached the ground. The lack of precipitation is starting to take its toll on area wheat crops. Optimism was high after rainfall totals of 10 inches at Eagle Radio in Great Bend from mid-July through October. Stacy Campbell, crop production agent with K-State Research and Extension - Cottonwood District, said much has changed in recent months."Four weeks ago, or five or six, the wheat was still looking good overall for the most part," he said. "We just haven't had any measurable precipitation. There have been some scattered spots, at least in (Ellis County) that have gotten a little more rain than others, but the wheat has really declined in its yield potential."Many variables beyond precipitation go into the success or failure of a wheat crop. Campbell said rain now could still benefit fields that have been double-cropped, or some fields that were planted behind failed crops last year are still looking okay. Some farmers are still having insurance adjusters come out and take a look."They hardly ever zero-out wheat unless it's just been hailed out," Campbell said. "They'll estimate what yield might be. It might only be six-tenths of a bushel or two bushels but it's hardly ever truly zeroed out."Precipitation now may only be marginally beneficial to the current wheat crop, but farmers also have the future to worry about. The U.S. Drought Monitor has much of Central Kansas, including Barton County, classified as severe drought. The drought has been furthered by average temperatures 13 degrees above normal for this time of year."We're going to need it throughout the summer," Campbell said. "In a perfect scenario, if we could get a decent rain every week or two, that would be wonderful. We need quite a bit of rain. The pastures aren't looking good either. There's not much grass out there. It's slow in greening up. We need rain soon, and we need it to keep coming, ideally, through the summer."Campbell said one farm near Galatia has not reported measurable precipitation since early February. The Cottonwood District also has test plots with several wheat varieties in Ellis and Barton Counties. Wednesday night, Campbell made the decision to cancel Field Days for those plots."Normally, I've been able to have a Field Day about every year even though there are some years it doesn't look real good," he said. "This year, it's so poor that we're not even going to have a Field Day."