If you follow me at all, you know that I have closed each week for the last year with “Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness”.

In a world that has grown increasingly hostile and fraught with divisiveness, I have recently seen several social media posts that gave me pause.

The first stated, “Your beliefs don’t make you a better person; your behavior does”. As a youth development professional, I try to model this every day. I have a solid faith and ethics foundation but if I allow my frustration and fear to erode the principles that I believe in, my behavior doesn’t follow. I can be angry and upset at circumstances without taking that out on others by name-calling and undermining.

Another post said, “Be careful not to dehumanize those you disagree with. In our self-righteousness, we can become the very things we criticize in others…..and not even know it.” It is easy to decry those who have different goals and standards than we do but it is harder when the person with different goals or standards is someone we know and care about. I often ask myself about the model that I or others are setting for young people. Are we modeling respectful discourse and conversation with young people? If they see us willing to throw stones, real or metaphorical, how can we expect them to act and speak respectfully?

The final post reads, “Sometimes miracles are simply good people with kind hearts”. In a world that feels weird and off-kilter, there are good people everywhere doing really good things! It is just easy to miss their kindness in the clamor.

Do you see a theme here? Hold open a door; take a deep breath before responding; buy the cup of coffee for someone else, walk away for a minute before hitting send/post. Look for – and BE – one of those showing kindness. The youth in our world deserve our best example. For young people, find a mentor who consistently sets an example of steady beliefs, positive behavior, and kindness.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1579114162620.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>If you follow me at all, you know that I have closed each week for the last year with “Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness”.In a world that has grown increasingly hostile and fraught with divisiveness, I have recently seen several social media posts that gave me pause.The first stated, “Your beliefs don’t make you a better person; your behavior does”. As a youth development professional, I try to model this every day. I have a solid faith and ethics foundation but if I allow my frustration and fear to erode the principles that I believe in, my behavior doesn’t follow. I can be angry and upset at circumstances without taking that out on others by name-calling and undermining.Another post said, “Be careful not to dehumanize those you disagree with. In our self-righteousness, we can become the very things we criticize in others…..and not even know it.” It is easy to decry those who have different goals and standards than we do but it is harder when the person with different goals or standards is someone we know and care about. I often ask myself about the model that I or others are setting for young people. Are we modeling respectful discourse and conversation with young people? If they see us willing to throw stones, real or metaphorical, how can we expect them to act and speak respectfully?The final post reads, “Sometimes miracles are simply good people with kind hearts”. In a world that feels weird and off-kilter, there are good people everywhere doing really good things! It is just easy to miss their kindness in the clamor.Do you see a theme here? Hold open a door; take a deep breath before responding; buy the cup of coffee for someone else, walk away for a minute before hitting send/post. Look for – and BE – one of those showing kindness. The youth in our world deserve our best example. For young people, find a mentor who consistently sets an example of steady beliefs, positive behavior, and kindness.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Kindness

Every five years USDA publishes the updated Dietary Guidelines. The latest version will be followed until 2025. If you are wondering what the purpose of this report is? Here is a direct quote from the publication: “This edition of the Dietary Guidelines presents overall guidance on choosing nutrient-dense foods and beverages in place of less healthy choices and also discusses special nutrition considerations for individuals at each life stage.”

While many things remain the same in the guidelines, the most noticeable change is the “lifespan” approach. They have added guidelines for babies and toddlers and there are special sections for pregnancy and breastfeeding. The limits for salt, saturated fat, sugar and alcohol are somewhat simpler to understand.

Another area that was recognized and reflected is "The Dietary Guidelines is meant to be adaptable to personal preferences, cultural foodways and budgetary considerations”. It is obvious that people have different preferences for certain types of food and this was addressed. The last area that is discussed is that chronic disease is a serious issue and the importance of shifting towards a healthy diet is of utmost importance.

Overall, the four main strategies or areas of focus are:

1. Follow a healthy dietary pattern at every life stage.

2. Eat nutrient dense foods. Nutrient dense means the food is rich in many important nutrients but still low in calories.

3. Focus on nutrients needed and calories allotted.

4. Limit sugar, sodium, saturated fat and alcohol.

If you are interested in reading the entire report it can be found here: https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov

If you are still in need of a calendar for the new year, we have a limited number of Healthy and Homemade 2021 Nutrition and Fitness Calendars. Stop by the Extension Office in Hays or Great Bend for these fantastic recipe ideas included in the calendar.

Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at bunruh@ksu.edu. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="written by: Berny Unruh - Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Berny Unruh - Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Every five years USDA publishes the updated Dietary Guidelines. The latest version will be followed until 2025. If you are wondering what the purpose of this report is? Here is a direct quote from the publication: “This edition of the Dietary Guidelines presents overall guidance on choosing nutrient-dense foods and beverages in place of less healthy choices and also discusses special nutrition considerations for individuals at each life stage.”While many things remain the same in the guidelines, the most noticeable change is the “lifespan” approach. They have added guidelines for babies and toddlers and there are special sections for pregnancy and breastfeeding. The limits for salt, saturated fat, sugar and alcohol are somewhat simpler to understand.Another area that was recognized and reflected is "The Dietary Guidelines is meant to be adaptable to personal preferences, cultural foodways and budgetary considerations”. It is obvious that people have different preferences for certain types of food and this was addressed. The last area that is discussed is that chronic disease is a serious issue and the importance of shifting towards a healthy diet is of utmost importance.Overall, the four main strategies or areas of focus are:1. Follow a healthy dietary pattern at every life stage.2. Eat nutrient dense foods. Nutrient dense means the food is rich in many important nutrients but still low in calories.3. Focus on nutrients needed and calories allotted.4. Limit sugar, sodium, saturated fat and alcohol.If you are interested in reading the entire report it can be found here: https://www.dietaryguidelines.govIf you are still in need of a calendar for the new year, we have a limited number of Healthy and Homemade 2021 Nutrition and Fitness Calendars. Stop by the Extension Office in Hays or Great Bend for these fantastic recipe ideas included in the calendar.Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at bunruh@ksu.edu. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

UNRUH: The new Dietary Guidelines

written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District

K-State Research and Extension will host the 18th annual Cover Your Acres Winter Conference for crop producers and consultants on Tuesday, January 19 from 1:00 to 5:00 pm (CST) in an online format.

Cover Your Acres is a producer-driven meeting focused on new ideas and research-based updates in crop production in northwest Kansas and the central High Plains region.

The conference, which typically draws more than 400 attendees from Kansas and other states, highlights the latest technology, methods, and conservation practices to improve crop production in the region. This year it will feature a shorter, half-day format with university specialists discussing the following topics:

· Water Use of Weeds in Dryland Systems, Jourdan Bell, Texas A&amp;M Panhandle Agronomist, Amarillo · Current Weed Control Research in Western Kansas Vipan Kumar, Weed Scientist, K-State Ag Research Center, Hays · Managing the Highs and Lows of Soil pH Dorivar Ruiz Diaz, Soil Fertility Specialist, K-State Dept. of Agronomy, Manhattan · Economics of Dryland Rotations and Tillage Systems Lucas Haag, Area Agronomist, K-State Northwest Research-Extension Center, Colby · New Frontiers in Sorghum Weed Control Sarah Lancaster, Weed Management Specialist, K-State Dept. of Agronomy, Manhattan

The sessions will be streamed live via Zoom and YouTube from 1:00 to 5:00 pm CST. Attendees will be able to submit questions on those platforms and via email. Additionally, locations have been established where attendees can participate in the conference while taking appropriate COVID precautions:

Current Locations to Participate-in-Person (COVID precautions must be followed)

· Finney County - Fairgrounds, Grandstand Meeting Room · Ness County - Fairgrounds, 4-H Building · Norton County - Fairgrounds, 4-H Building · Scott County - Fairgrounds, Wm. Carpenter 4-H Building · Stevens County - Extension Office Mtg. Room, 114 East 5th, Hugoton

There is no charge for the conference thanks to our sponsors, however attendees do need to register regardless if they are participating at their own home/office or at one of the watch locations.

To view the conference details and for online registration, visit www.northwest.ksu.edu/coveryouracres. For questions, call 785-462-6281.

Premier sponsors of this year’s conference include American Ag Labs, Hoxie Implement, Bayer Crop Science, Lang Diesel, National Sunflower Association, AKRS Equipment Solutions, and SureFire Ag Systems. CCA credits have been applied for.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/1/1610555002704.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension DistrictK-State Research and Extension will host the 18th annual Cover Your Acres Winter Conference for crop producers and consultants on Tuesday, January 19 from 1:00 to 5:00 pm (CST) in an online format.Cover Your Acres is a producer-driven meeting focused on new ideas and research-based updates in crop production in northwest Kansas and the central High Plains region.The conference, which typically draws more than 400 attendees from Kansas and other states, highlights the latest technology, methods, and conservation practices to improve crop production in the region. This year it will feature a shorter, half-day format with university specialists discussing the following topics:· Water Use of Weeds in Dryland Systems, Jourdan Bell, Texas A&amp;M Panhandle Agronomist, Amarillo · Current Weed Control Research in Western Kansas Vipan Kumar, Weed Scientist, K-State Ag Research Center, Hays · Managing the Highs and Lows of Soil pH Dorivar Ruiz Diaz, Soil Fertility Specialist, K-State Dept. of Agronomy, Manhattan · Economics of Dryland Rotations and Tillage Systems Lucas Haag, Area Agronomist, K-State Northwest Research-Extension Center, Colby · New Frontiers in Sorghum Weed Control Sarah Lancaster, Weed Management Specialist, K-State Dept. of Agronomy, ManhattanThe sessions will be streamed live via Zoom and YouTube from 1:00 to 5:00 pm CST. Attendees will be able to submit questions on those platforms and via email. Additionally, locations have been established where attendees can participate in the conference while taking appropriate COVID precautions:Current Locations to Participate-in-Person (COVID precautions must be followed)· Finney County - Fairgrounds, Grandstand Meeting Room · Ness County - Fairgrounds, 4-H Building · Norton County - Fairgrounds, 4-H Building · Scott County - Fairgrounds, Wm. Carpenter 4-H Building · Stevens County - Extension Office Mtg. Room, 114 East 5th, HugotonThere is no charge for the conference thanks to our sponsors, however attendees do need to register regardless if they are participating at their own home/office or at one of the watch locations.To view the conference details and for online registration, visit www.northwest.ksu.edu/coveryouracres. For questions, call 785-462-6281.Premier sponsors of this year’s conference include American Ag Labs, Hoxie Implement, Bayer Crop Science, Lang Diesel, National Sunflower Association, AKRS Equipment Solutions, and SureFire Ag Systems. CCA credits have been applied for.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1578070283981.png" alt="Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430." />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.</figcaption>
 </figure>

Cover Your Acres Winter Conference goes virtual, Jan. 19

As our day to day schedule continues to be affected by the COVID pandemic, my hope is that you are staying well and finding ways to calm your mind and body each day. It is easy to get overloaded with news stories that we have no control over. Taking time each day for what I call “self-care” is more important than ever. Carving out time for whatever brings you peace of mind may look different for you than it does for me. Those of you who know me, can guess that part of my self-care includes a bike ride, every chance I get.

A “Mindful Meditation and Do-In” (pronounced Doe-een) class is set to begin February 2nd at the Great Bend Activity Center. The class meets on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 10 – 11 AM through February 18th. A $10 fee paid at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Great Bend will hold your spot. Due to COVID restrictions, class size is limited to ten participants. If you are reading this and have an interest in learning more about meditation and do-in exercises but are not quite comfortable with a face to face class there is an alternative. A link to the recorded session titled, Everyday Mindfulness, can be found on our Cottonwood Extension District web page www.cottonwood.ksu.edu Click on the Health and Nutrition link on the left side of the front page and you will see the Everyday Mindfulness link.

This was a recording I was asked to do at one of our agent updates. Extension colleagues, Charlotte Shoup-Olsen and Debra Bolton, join me as we share the benefits of taking deep breaths and clearing the many thoughts racing through our minds. About 31 minutes into the recording, my husband, John, a retired chiropractor with extensive training in acupuncture, leads the short meditation and Do-In exercises.

Mindfulness was a hot topic before the COVID-19 pandemic. Now, more than ever, people are hoping to find a way to cope with the feelings of anxiousness and uncertainty. I encourage you to take time to read the “Everyday Mindfulness” fact sheet I helped write a couple of years ago. It highlights the following benefits that come from a regular meditation practice:

· Increased ability to relax · Improved concentration · Increased energy and enthusiasm for life · Increased creativity · Increased self-awareness · Improved self-esteem · Improved work/school performance

If you are interested in checking out the fact sheet and leaders guide, it can be found on the KSRE web site. You can search by the publication title, “Everyday Mindfulness” or publication numbers MF3424 and MF3425.

Donna Krug is the District Director and the Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>As our day to day schedule continues to be affected by the COVID pandemic, my hope is that you are staying well and finding ways to calm your mind and body each day. It is easy to get overloaded with news stories that we have no control over. Taking time each day for what I call “self-care” is more important than ever. Carving out time for whatever brings you peace of mind may look different for you than it does for me. Those of you who know me, can guess that part of my self-care includes a bike ride, every chance I get.A “Mindful Meditation and Do-In” (pronounced Doe-een) class is set to begin February 2nd at the Great Bend Activity Center. The class meets on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 10 – 11 AM through February 18th. A $10 fee paid at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Great Bend will hold your spot. Due to COVID restrictions, class size is limited to ten participants. If you are reading this and have an interest in learning more about meditation and do-in exercises but are not quite comfortable with a face to face class there is an alternative. A link to the recorded session titled, Everyday Mindfulness, can be found on our Cottonwood Extension District web page www.cottonwood.ksu.edu Click on the Health and Nutrition link on the left side of the front page and you will see the Everyday Mindfulness link.This was a recording I was asked to do at one of our agent updates. Extension colleagues, Charlotte Shoup-Olsen and Debra Bolton, join me as we share the benefits of taking deep breaths and clearing the many thoughts racing through our minds. About 31 minutes into the recording, my husband, John, a retired chiropractor with extensive training in acupuncture, leads the short meditation and Do-In exercises.Mindfulness was a hot topic before the COVID-19 pandemic. Now, more than ever, people are hoping to find a way to cope with the feelings of anxiousness and uncertainty. I encourage you to take time to read the “Everyday Mindfulness” fact sheet I helped write a couple of years ago. It highlights the following benefits that come from a regular meditation practice:· Increased ability to relax · Improved concentration · Increased energy and enthusiasm for life · Increased creativity · Increased self-awareness · Improved self-esteem · Improved work/school performanceIf you are interested in checking out the fact sheet and leaders guide, it can be found on the KSRE web site. You can search by the publication title, “Everyday Mindfulness” or publication numbers MF3424 and MF3425.Donna Krug is the District Director and the Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KRUG: Practice mindfulness everyday

The clearance aisles are full and the prices are great, but when is a good deal not a good deal? There are pros and cons to buying things on sale for a great price. I love saving money, but sometimes when I find a good deal, it is easy to overbuy. When you buy more, you are not necessarily saving money. You are just getting more things for the amount you would have spent anyway. By buying more than you need, you may eat more or use more than necessary.

Going to garage sales or the thrift store can save you a lot of money. Have you ever gone to the thrift store and come home with more than you were looking for? Could you have bought one thing you really wanted instead? Is it worth it to sacrifice what you really want for lots of inexpensive stuff? Most people don't realize how much they really spend getting good deals. Keep track of it and you may be surprised.

Another reason not to buy more than you need is the amount of time it takes to care for the things you have. How much is your time really worth? The amount of clothing you have is a good example. How many clothes do you really need? By going through our clothes and cutting back, we may spend less time doing laundry. By having fewer clothes, you not only save money, but you also save time.

The main advantage of getting things on sale is that you can afford luxuries that you couldn't afford at a regular price. This might be true with beautiful Christmas decorations that you absolutely love. If you can wait, we all know that Christmas decorations will eventually go on sale. Or maybe you have found a beautiful coat that you would never buy for the full price but if you are patient, it may still be there at the end of the season.

As you go bargain hunting, ask yourself the following questions before making a purchase:

2. Do I really need it or will I really use it?

3. How many do I really need or how many will I really use?

4. What could I do with that money if I didn't buy it?

5. Do I want to have this clutter up my home and be responsible for it?

Is there something you already own that will work instead of adding more to the stash? More stuff means more clutter, more to clean, and more to be responsible for. By being wise about purchases, your money can be used to invest in your future or live more comfortably on your income.

The key to avoiding “the good deal dilemma” is to buy only what you need and what you will actually use. Wishing you the best in this new year!

Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at bunruh@ksu.edu

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/12/1576703253818.png" alt="written by: Berny Unruh - Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Berny Unruh - Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>The clearance aisles are full and the prices are great, but when is a good deal not a good deal? There are pros and cons to buying things on sale for a great price. I love saving money, but sometimes when I find a good deal, it is easy to overbuy. When you buy more, you are not necessarily saving money. You are just getting more things for the amount you would have spent anyway. By buying more than you need, you may eat more or use more than necessary.Going to garage sales or the thrift store can save you a lot of money. Have you ever gone to the thrift store and come home with more than you were looking for? Could you have bought one thing you really wanted instead? Is it worth it to sacrifice what you really want for lots of inexpensive stuff? Most people don't realize how much they really spend getting good deals. Keep track of it and you may be surprised.Another reason not to buy more than you need is the amount of time it takes to care for the things you have. How much is your time really worth? The amount of clothing you have is a good example. How many clothes do you really need? By going through our clothes and cutting back, we may spend less time doing laundry. By having fewer clothes, you not only save money, but you also save time.The main advantage of getting things on sale is that you can afford luxuries that you couldn't afford at a regular price. This might be true with beautiful Christmas decorations that you absolutely love. If you can wait, we all know that Christmas decorations will eventually go on sale. Or maybe you have found a beautiful coat that you would never buy for the full price but if you are patient, it may still be there at the end of the season.As you go bargain hunting, ask yourself the following questions before making a purchase:1. Do I really like it?2. Do I really need it or will I really use it?3. How many do I really need or how many will I really use?4. What could I do with that money if I didn't buy it?5. Do I want to have this clutter up my home and be responsible for it?Is there something you already own that will work instead of adding more to the stash? More stuff means more clutter, more to clean, and more to be responsible for. By being wise about purchases, your money can be used to invest in your future or live more comfortably on your income.The key to avoiding “the good deal dilemma” is to buy only what you need and what you will actually use. Wishing you the best in this new year!Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at bunruh@ksu.edu

UNRUH: Is it a Good Deal?

What gas is odorless, colorless, and tasteless, but is cited as the leading cause of lung cancer in non-smokers? If you guessed radon you are absolutely right. January is noted as Radon Action Awareness Month so it is the perfect time to share up-to-date information on this important topic.

Most likely you are spending more time in your home, during the pandemic. This could potentially result in more exposure to radon. So how does radon find its way into your living space and create this health hazard? The most common way is it can seep from the soil beneath the foundation through cracks or joints. Another factor, soil porosity, under and around the basement or foundation, also affects the radon levels in homes and public buildings.

Surveys show that 6 percent of homes in the U.S. have average concentrations above the recommended maximum level. However, the Kansas statistics showed that one in four homes were high.

Detection of radon is relatively simple. We recommend purchasing a short-term radon detection kit. We have these available for $6.50 at both of our Cottonwood District offices, (Great Bend and Hays). Radon tests may also be found at hardware stores and on the Internet, usually for $25 or less.

Testing is important because it is the only way to tell how much of the gas is present. We advise people to test in the lowest level where they spend time, such as a bedroom, living, or family room. Avoid testing in a kitchen or bathroom, since the higher humidity in those areas can alter the test results. The testing device needs to be at least 20 inches above the floor and be left in place for two to four days. The goal is to measure the potential for elevated concentrations that come from the soil beneath the homes’ foundation.

If the initial test result is 4 picocuries per liter of air or higher, a follow-up test is recommended. If you find that you need to contact a contractor to help mitigate radon, we have an up-to-date list of certified mitigation technicians and laboratories providing services in Kansas. Certification through the Kansas Department of Health and Environment for radon professionals was required starting in July 2011.

In Kansas, since July 1, 2009, residential real estate contracts must contain a specific paragraph recommending radon testing in real estate transactions and disclosure of test results. There are, however, currently no laws requiring such tests or mitigation of high levels of radon.

Kansas Governor Laura Kelly sums it up in the last statement of her

proclamation of 2021 Radon Action Awareness Month when she says, “All Kansans

should be aware of this potential threat to our health and act now to reduce the risk of

Consider testing your home soon. The cost of the test kit is a small price to pay for the peace of mind knowing the radon level in your home.

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District – Great Bend Office. You may reach her at:(620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>What gas is odorless, colorless, and tasteless, but is cited as the leading cause of lung cancer in non-smokers? If you guessed radon you are absolutely right. January is noted as Radon Action Awareness Month so it is the perfect time to share up-to-date information on this important topic.Most likely you are spending more time in your home, during the pandemic. This could potentially result in more exposure to radon. So how does radon find its way into your living space and create this health hazard? The most common way is it can seep from the soil beneath the foundation through cracks or joints. Another factor, soil porosity, under and around the basement or foundation, also affects the radon levels in homes and public buildings.Surveys show that 6 percent of homes in the U.S. have average concentrations above the recommended maximum level. However, the Kansas statistics showed that one in four homes were high.Detection of radon is relatively simple. We recommend purchasing a short-term radon detection kit. We have these available for $6.50 at both of our Cottonwood District offices, (Great Bend and Hays). Radon tests may also be found at hardware stores and on the Internet, usually for $25 or less.Testing is important because it is the only way to tell how much of the gas is present. We advise people to test in the lowest level where they spend time, such as a bedroom, living, or family room. Avoid testing in a kitchen or bathroom, since the higher humidity in those areas can alter the test results. The testing device needs to be at least 20 inches above the floor and be left in place for two to four days. The goal is to measure the potential for elevated concentrations that come from the soil beneath the homes’ foundation.If the initial test result is 4 picocuries per liter of air or higher, a follow-up test is recommended. If you find that you need to contact a contractor to help mitigate radon, we have an up-to-date list of certified mitigation technicians and laboratories providing services in Kansas. Certification through the Kansas Department of Health and Environment for radon professionals was required starting in July 2011.In Kansas, since July 1, 2009, residential real estate contracts must contain a specific paragraph recommending radon testing in real estate transactions and disclosure of test results. There are, however, currently no laws requiring such tests or mitigation of high levels of radon.Kansas Governor Laura Kelly sums it up in the last statement of herproclamation of 2021 Radon Action Awareness Month when she says, “All Kansansshould be aware of this potential threat to our health and act now to reduce the risk ofdeveloping lung cancer in the future.”Consider testing your home soon. The cost of the test kit is a small price to pay for the peace of mind knowing the radon level in your home.Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District – Great Bend Office. You may reach her at:(620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider.

KRUG: January is Radon Action Awareness Month

Despite being native to the Great Plains, eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) escapes from shelterbelt and ornamental plantings have resulted in widespread infestation of range and pasture that often require management. It is thought that the tree was originally confined to ridges and bluffs, but is now found in diverse sites, ranging from rocky uplands to swampy bottomlands. Eastern redcedars do provide food and shelter for many wild animals, but consuming leaves may be harmful to pregnant cows.&nbsp;

Identification&nbsp; Eastern redcedar can be recognized by its opposite, evergreen leaves. Each leaf is actually a small (0.05-inch-long) triangle that pressed tightly over the margins of neighboring leaves. Younger leaves are not pressed together and are actually longer than more mature leaves. The canopy is pyramid-shaped, comprised of slender gray branches. It is a relatively slow-growing species with mature trees reaching heights of up to 65 feet. Bark is reddish brown and shreds into long, narrow strips.&nbsp;

Eastern redcedar is a dioecious species, meaning some plants only produce male reproductive structures while others only female structures. Eastern redcedar ‘berries’ are actually female cones. Cones are small (1/10 to 1/3-inch diameter), blue to purple colored spheres covered with a white wax. Each cone contains one to three small, egg-shaped seeds. Pollen cones are found at the end of branches.&nbsp;

Management&nbsp; Eastern redcedar can be managed with prescribed fire, especially trees that are less than 3 feet tall. For larger trees, cutting below the lowest branches is effective because eastern redcedar does not resprout. Grazon P+D, Surmount, and Tordon 22K are among the more effective herbicides; however, control by broadcast applications decreases rapidly as trees height increases. Soil-applied herbicides that can control eastern redcedar include Velpar L and Prononone Power Pellets.&nbsp;&nbsp;In addition, grazing management that promotes a health grass sward is important to preventing the spread of eastern redcedar.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Despite being native to the Great Plains, eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) escapes from shelterbelt and ornamental plantings have resulted in widespread infestation of range and pasture that often require management. It is thought that the tree was originally confined to ridges and bluffs, but is now found in diverse sites, ranging from rocky uplands to swampy bottomlands. Eastern redcedars do provide food and shelter for many wild animals, but consuming leaves may be harmful to pregnant cows.&nbsp;Identification&nbsp; Eastern redcedar can be recognized by its opposite, evergreen leaves. Each leaf is actually a small (0.05-inch-long) triangle that pressed tightly over the margins of neighboring leaves. Younger leaves are not pressed together and are actually longer than more mature leaves. The canopy is pyramid-shaped, comprised of slender gray branches. It is a relatively slow-growing species with mature trees reaching heights of up to 65 feet. Bark is reddish brown and shreds into long, narrow strips.&nbsp;Eastern redcedar is a dioecious species, meaning some plants only produce male reproductive structures while others only female structures. Eastern redcedar ‘berries’ are actually female cones. Cones are small (1/10 to 1/3-inch diameter), blue to purple colored spheres covered with a white wax. Each cone contains one to three small, egg-shaped seeds. Pollen cones are found at the end of branches.&nbsp;Management&nbsp; Eastern redcedar can be managed with prescribed fire, especially trees that are less than 3 feet tall. For larger trees, cutting below the lowest branches is effective because eastern redcedar does not resprout. Grazon P+D, Surmount, and Tordon 22K are among the more effective herbicides; however, control by broadcast applications decreases rapidly as trees height increases. Soil-applied herbicides that can control eastern redcedar include Velpar L and Prononone Power Pellets.&nbsp;&nbsp;In addition, grazing management that promotes a health grass sward is important to preventing the spread of eastern redcedar.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

BOOR: Ecology of eastern redcedar

The start of the new year may be the best time to find your favorite system for clearing out the clutter in your home. Everyone has their own way of doing things, so I will share my plan and you can adapt it to fit your style.

The strategy I use is to start with a small space such as a closet or a drawer instead of cleaning and organizing the entire room. If it is a drawer, I dump the entire contents out into a box or on to the bed. If I am cleaning a closet, I take all the contents out and they may cover the entire floor. Then I start sorting the contents into three categories: Toss, Keep and Decide.

The “Toss Box” can be a trash bag or box for any item that is going to be thrown away. There might be obvious things that you nor any other person will ever use. Any item that is broken, worn out, ripped or stained needs to be disposed of. Be kind to your local thrift store and do not take them stained, torn or non-working items.

Once you have gotten rid of a few items, then more difficult decisions have to be made. Most of the items in the “Keep Box” will go back into the drawer or closet you are cleaning out. However, if that closet is overflowing, is it possible that some of the out-of-season items can be stored in a vacuum seal bag or a storage container until the next season rolls around? Believe it or not, I have notecards in my dresser drawer with a list of what is up in the very top cupboard in each room!

I only put back into the drawer or the closet the items that I will be using on a regular basis. There may be items in the “Keep Box” that may have strayed from their original

designated spot in your home and they need to be returned to a more appropriate location. If it is easier for you to add an extra box in your sorting system, feel free to do so.

The “Decide Box” can also be called the “maybe box” and to me it is the most difficult part of my system. If I have not used an item for four or five years, what are the chances that I will ever use it? One year I got rid of a large piece of striped fabric that had been stored for ten years and the next year we needed some striped fabric for a big circus tent! Oh well!

Some of the items from the “Decide Box” may be donated to a local thrift store or given to a family in need. Some items might be placed in a container for the next garage sale. A very few of those items might be placed in the out-of-season storage box, but then you will have to make the same decision again next summer.

It is beneficial if you can involve family members in your cleaning and de-cluttering project, so they have some ownership in what is thrown away and given away. With younger members of the family, plan the project so it only lasts for a short time. After an hour, the sorting project becomes less fun.

It is every family member’s job to keep items picked up and put away. If a little bit of cleaning is done every day it does not become such an overwhelming task. More information can be found in the K-State Research and Extension publication “Cut the Clutter and Get Organized” http://bookstore.ksre.k-state.edu/pubs/mf2879.pdf.

Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at bunruh@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="written by: Berny Unruh - Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Berny Unruh - Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>The start of the new year may be the best time to find your favorite system for clearing out the clutter in your home. Everyone has their own way of doing things, so I will share my plan and you can adapt it to fit your style.The strategy I use is to start with a small space such as a closet or a drawer instead of cleaning and organizing the entire room. If it is a drawer, I dump the entire contents out into a box or on to the bed. If I am cleaning a closet, I take all the contents out and they may cover the entire floor. Then I start sorting the contents into three categories: Toss, Keep and Decide.The “Toss Box” can be a trash bag or box for any item that is going to be thrown away. There might be obvious things that you nor any other person will ever use. Any item that is broken, worn out, ripped or stained needs to be disposed of. Be kind to your local thrift store and do not take them stained, torn or non-working items.Once you have gotten rid of a few items, then more difficult decisions have to be made. Most of the items in the “Keep Box” will go back into the drawer or closet you are cleaning out. However, if that closet is overflowing, is it possible that some of the out-of-season items can be stored in a vacuum seal bag or a storage container until the next season rolls around? Believe it or not, I have notecards in my dresser drawer with a list of what is up in the very top cupboard in each room!I only put back into the drawer or the closet the items that I will be using on a regular basis. There may be items in the “Keep Box” that may have strayed from their originaldesignated spot in your home and they need to be returned to a more appropriate location. If it is easier for you to add an extra box in your sorting system, feel free to do so.The “Decide Box” can also be called the “maybe box” and to me it is the most difficult part of my system. If I have not used an item for four or five years, what are the chances that I will ever use it? One year I got rid of a large piece of striped fabric that had been stored for ten years and the next year we needed some striped fabric for a big circus tent! Oh well!Some of the items from the “Decide Box” may be donated to a local thrift store or given to a family in need. Some items might be placed in a container for the next garage sale. A very few of those items might be placed in the out-of-season storage box, but then you will have to make the same decision again next summer.It is beneficial if you can involve family members in your cleaning and de-cluttering project, so they have some ownership in what is thrown away and given away. With younger members of the family, plan the project so it only lasts for a short time. After an hour, the sorting project becomes less fun.It is every family member’s job to keep items picked up and put away. If a little bit of cleaning is done every day it does not become such an overwhelming task. More information can be found in the K-State Research and Extension publication “Cut the Clutter and Get Organized” http://bookstore.ksre.k-state.edu/pubs/mf2879.pdf.Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at bunruh@ksu.edu.

UNRUH: Clear the clutter

written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District

With this year quickly wrapping up, it is definitely time to start talking about agricultural leases for the coming year. For the most part, there is speculation within the agriculture community that tenants and landlords may not talk to each other enough. This then leads to the number one problem that some of us in Extension run into with ag leases, lack of communication.

I know of situations where leases have been in existence between families, and non-family members for over 30 years. In many cases, the terms of those leases haven’t changed much in those three decades. Yet, if you look at agriculture over that same time frame, there has been significant changes.

It is imperative that landlords and tenants get together and talk. Talk about how the crops did this year. Talk about cropping plans for next year if you need to, talk about the uncomfortable stuff.

When you start getting down to the nitty gritty and talk about cash rental rates, shares or what expenses the landlord is going to share, it can get uncomfortable. This is why far too many landlord/tenant discussions don’t get that deep and that is a shame.

Frustration can build up with either party, or the tenant simply can’t afford to continue with a current lease. At this time the tenant may let go of a lease or the landlord decides it’s easier to find a different tenant than to negotiate new terms.

We can easily look at what crop production expenses are shared and figure out how the crop should be shared. But sometimes landlords come into the lease and state what share of the crop they want, and what expenses they are willing to share. Without even seeing if the crop expenses share is equitable to the amount of the crop they want. This process seems to be backwards of what it should be.

Then ideally the discussion can take an even deeper track. Let’s talk about all the things that come up that are never talked about. Can the tenant double crop after corn or soybeans? Can the tenant graze the crop residue after harvest? Can the tenant fall or spring graze the wheat crop or cover crops if cover crops are planted? Actually, if it’s a verbal lease, a tenant has a right to do all of these things. Their lease may not be renewed if it wasn’t discussed, but in the eyes of the law, they have the right. This is why communication is so vitally important.

For many years now it has been talked about at Extension programs that written leases vs. verbal leases are important in spelling out the specifics, which should help to alleviate problems later on.

A K-State Research &amp; Extension, County and District Extension office is in every county of Kansas and will have simple and more complex written leases available and other info. on leasing laws and arrangements.

Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430, if after hours please leave a voice-mail for a return call.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/12/1609362989329.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension DistrictWith this year quickly wrapping up, it is definitely time to start talking about agricultural leases for the coming year. For the most part, there is speculation within the agriculture community that tenants and landlords may not talk to each other enough. This then leads to the number one problem that some of us in Extension run into with ag leases, lack of communication.I know of situations where leases have been in existence between families, and non-family members for over 30 years. In many cases, the terms of those leases haven’t changed much in those three decades. Yet, if you look at agriculture over that same time frame, there has been significant changes.It is imperative that landlords and tenants get together and talk. Talk about how the crops did this year. Talk about cropping plans for next year if you need to, talk about the uncomfortable stuff.When you start getting down to the nitty gritty and talk about cash rental rates, shares or what expenses the landlord is going to share, it can get uncomfortable. This is why far too many landlord/tenant discussions don’t get that deep and that is a shame.Frustration can build up with either party, or the tenant simply can’t afford to continue with a current lease. At this time the tenant may let go of a lease or the landlord decides it’s easier to find a different tenant than to negotiate new terms.We can easily look at what crop production expenses are shared and figure out how the crop should be shared. But sometimes landlords come into the lease and state what share of the crop they want, and what expenses they are willing to share. Without even seeing if the crop expenses share is equitable to the amount of the crop they want. This process seems to be backwards of what it should be.Then ideally the discussion can take an even deeper track. Let’s talk about all the things that come up that are never talked about. Can the tenant double crop after corn or soybeans? Can the tenant graze the crop residue after harvest? Can the tenant fall or spring graze the wheat crop or cover crops if cover crops are planted? Actually, if it’s a verbal lease, a tenant has a right to do all of these things. Their lease may not be renewed if it wasn’t discussed, but in the eyes of the law, they have the right. This is why communication is so vitally important.For many years now it has been talked about at Extension programs that written leases vs. verbal leases are important in spelling out the specifics, which should help to alleviate problems later on.A K-State Research &amp; Extension, County and District Extension office is in every county of Kansas and will have simple and more complex written leases available and other info. on leasing laws and arrangements.Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430, if after hours please leave a voice-mail for a return call.

CAMPBELL: Time to start talking about ag leases

Happy New Year! Everyone I have visited with recently is more than ready for a new year. No doubt you have been thinking about something you would like to resolve to do in the coming year. Many times, resolutions focus on things like weight loss, getting out of debt, or breaking a bad habit. Research shows that success in achieving these resolutions is often low. In fact, studies show that after six months, fewer than half the people who make New Year’s resolutions have stuck with them, and, after a year, that number declines to around ten percent. Today I want to encourage you to take a different approach to a change you want to make.

You have heard me talk about “Action Plans” in the past. The concept isn’t new but I think it bears repeating. First you must determine something YOU want to do. Next it needs to be something reasonable, like something you can expect to be able to accomplish in a week or a month. A true action plan is behavior specific. Losing weight is not a behavior; but replacing one sugary snack with a piece of fruit at least three days a week or replacing one 20-ounce soda with water at least four times a week is.

An action plan answers these questions: What? How much? When? How often? The final piece of a successful action plan is to assess the confidence level that you will fulfill the contract. On a scale of 1 to 10 where 1 represents little confidence and 10 represents total confidence, your plan should rank at least a 7. If your confidence is below 7, then you should look again at your action plan. Ask yourself why you are not confident.

What problems do you foresee? Then see if you can either solve the problems or change your plan to make yourself more confident of success.

Once you have drawn up a plan you are happy with, write it down and post it where you will see it every day. Keep track of how you are doing and the problems you encounter. Make sure that whatever you choose to work on that you start slowly from where you are. If you can walk only for a minute, start your walking program by walking one minute once every hour or two, not by walking a mile. If you want to lose weight set a goal based on your existing eating behaviors, such as including a fruit or vegetable at every snack or meal.

I hope by now you are thinking about forming an action plan instead of a New Year’s resolution this year. If the action plan is well written and realistic, fulfilling it is achievable. Ask family or friends to check with you on how you are doing. Having to report your progress can provide good motivation.

May 2021 bring health and happiness to each of you!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Happy New Year! Everyone I have visited with recently is more than ready for a new year. No doubt you have been thinking about something you would like to resolve to do in the coming year. Many times, resolutions focus on things like weight loss, getting out of debt, or breaking a bad habit. Research shows that success in achieving these resolutions is often low. In fact, studies show that after six months, fewer than half the people who make New Year’s resolutions have stuck with them, and, after a year, that number declines to around ten percent. Today I want to encourage you to take a different approach to a change you want to make.You have heard me talk about “Action Plans” in the past. The concept isn’t new but I think it bears repeating. First you must determine something YOU want to do. Next it needs to be something reasonable, like something you can expect to be able to accomplish in a week or a month. A true action plan is behavior specific. Losing weight is not a behavior; but replacing one sugary snack with a piece of fruit at least three days a week or replacing one 20-ounce soda with water at least four times a week is.An action plan answers these questions: What? How much? When? How often? The final piece of a successful action plan is to assess the confidence level that you will fulfill the contract. On a scale of 1 to 10 where 1 represents little confidence and 10 represents total confidence, your plan should rank at least a 7. If your confidence is below 7, then you should look again at your action plan. Ask yourself why you are not confident.What problems do you foresee? Then see if you can either solve the problems or change your plan to make yourself more confident of success.Once you have drawn up a plan you are happy with, write it down and post it where you will see it every day. Keep track of how you are doing and the problems you encounter. Make sure that whatever you choose to work on that you start slowly from where you are. If you can walk only for a minute, start your walking program by walking one minute once every hour or two, not by walking a mile. If you want to lose weight set a goal based on your existing eating behaviors, such as including a fruit or vegetable at every snack or meal.I hope by now you are thinking about forming an action plan instead of a New Year’s resolution this year. If the action plan is well written and realistic, fulfilling it is achievable. Ask family or friends to check with you on how you are doing. Having to report your progress can provide good motivation.May 2021 bring health and happiness to each of you!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider.

KRUG: Replace resolution with an action plan in 2021

With in-person interactions across the state severely limited due to the continuing pandemic, staying connected can be quite challenging. The Cottonwood Extension District in Barton and Ellis County has several social media accounts and other digital resources available, including a quarterly newsletter. Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube, in addition to our website, www.cottonwood.ksu.edu

The Cottonwood Extension District is part of the land-grant university—Cooperative Extension System, better known as K-State Research &amp; Extension. We are part of Kansas State University the College of Agriculture and the College of Health and Human Sciences. Our goal is to bring the university to the people, through unbiased research-based information and education. Primarily in the core areas of Family, Consumer Sciences and Wellness, 4-H Youth Development, Community Development, Horticulture, Agriculture and Natural Resources.

Cottonwood District has an active Facebook page providing current updates, videos, events and activities hosted by us https://www.facebook.com/ksrecottonwood/ This year during both the Barton and Ellis County Fairs the style revues and junior livestock shows were posted on Facebook Live.

Cottonwood District has become active on Twitter posting current news and updates mainly in agriculture and horticulture--videos, events, activities and upcoming programs. You can follow the Cottonwood Extension District on Twitter at @CottonwoodExt. Also the two agriculture agents in the district have Twitter accounts. Alicia Boor’s Twitter account focuses primarily on livestock and forage production at @lishboor and Stacy Campbell’s Twitter account focuses primarily on crop production at @scampbel_stacy.

Within the last year the Cottonwood District has started a YouTube channel in an effort to try and reach more folks with our research based information and education. A few short and informative videos are posted as well as some in depth programs and presentations on specific topics. Stay tuned to this channel https://bit.ly/3nlUOG2 we will continue to add more content.

Last but not least, Cottonwood Extension District puts out a digital quarterly newsletter. We send out an email notification to those that have subscribed to our newsletter when it is available. If you would like to subscribe to the quarterly newsletter let our Hays Office Professional, Theresa Meis know, she can be contacted at tam3@ksu.edu. You can also access the newsletter on our web site at www.cottonwood.ksu.edu

Be sure to check out these social media and digital resources and get them book marked or subscribe to these free resources!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/12/1608731657036.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>With in-person interactions across the state severely limited due to the continuing pandemic, staying connected can be quite challenging. The Cottonwood Extension District in Barton and Ellis County has several social media accounts and other digital resources available, including a quarterly newsletter. Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube, in addition to our website, www.cottonwood.ksu.eduThe Cottonwood Extension District is part of the land-grant university—Cooperative Extension System, better known as K-State Research &amp; Extension. We are part of Kansas State University the College of Agriculture and the College of Health and Human Sciences. Our goal is to bring the university to the people, through unbiased research-based information and education. Primarily in the core areas of Family, Consumer Sciences and Wellness, 4-H Youth Development, Community Development, Horticulture, Agriculture and Natural Resources.Cottonwood District has an active Facebook page providing current updates, videos, events and activities hosted by us https://www.facebook.com/ksrecottonwood/ This year during both the Barton and Ellis County Fairs the style revues and junior livestock shows were posted on Facebook Live.Cottonwood District has become active on Twitter posting current news and updates mainly in agriculture and horticulture--videos, events, activities and upcoming programs. You can follow the Cottonwood Extension District on Twitter at @CottonwoodExt. Also the two agriculture agents in the district have Twitter accounts. Alicia Boor’s Twitter account focuses primarily on livestock and forage production at @lishboor and Stacy Campbell’s Twitter account focuses primarily on crop production at @scampbel_stacy.Within the last year the Cottonwood District has started a YouTube channel in an effort to try and reach more folks with our research based information and education. A few short and informative videos are posted as well as some in depth programs and presentations on specific topics. Stay tuned to this channel https://bit.ly/3nlUOG2 we will continue to add more content.Last but not least, Cottonwood Extension District puts out a digital quarterly newsletter. We send out an email notification to those that have subscribed to our newsletter when it is available. If you would like to subscribe to the quarterly newsletter let our Hays Office Professional, Theresa Meis know, she can be contacted at tam3@ksu.edu. You can also access the newsletter on our web site at www.cottonwood.ksu.eduBe sure to check out these social media and digital resources and get them book marked or subscribe to these free resources!<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1578070143255.png" alt="Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430, if after hours please leave a voice-mail for a return call." />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430, if after hours please leave a voice-mail for a return call.</figcaption>
 </figure>

CAMPBELL: Stay connected to Cottonwood Extension District with social media & digital resources

Does your family have a tradition that has continued for many, many years? As a child I knew that Christmas Eve was spent at the Rasmussen’s for a Swedish supper, Christmas morning was at our own house and later on Christmas Day we were at Grandma Pachta’s house for roast duck and dumplings. Many of our family members lived within fifteen miles of each other so it all worked. Eventually the traditions had to change. However, there is still someone who brings Lutfisk to the family Christmas gathering!

Traditions often give us a feeling that even though some things have changed, there are still things that we know will always be the same. Traditions can give us that sense of security that everything is going to be alright.

In a Utah State University Extension publication, “Strengthening Family Ties - A Workbook of Activities Designed to Strengthen Family Relationships”, there are activities related to five areas of family functioning including: Building Trust, Family Support, Kindness, Communication, and Working Together.

One activity is to identify what family traditions exist and decide what new ones might be started to ensure family stability.

1. Give everyone in your family a piece of paper and ask them to list the traditions in your family. These can include some things done every day and others done only once a year.

2. Then compare lists. It might be surprising to hear what traditions others think are important.

3. Evaluate. Are there some everyone would like to do more? Are there some that are no longer enjoyable.

4. Add to the list. Is there something you would like to become a new tradition? Is there anything you would like your family to be known for? Starting new traditions can be especially important when the family situation has changed - such as when a new step-family has been formed.

Continue to re-evaluate. Over the years there may be changes that need to be made. Make sure that your family does not outgrow the tradition. Research is clear that children who feel securely attached and have strong family relationships have healthier relationships and better mental health later in life.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="written by: Berny Unruh - Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Berny Unruh - Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Does your family have a tradition that has continued for many, many years? As a child I knew that Christmas Eve was spent at the Rasmussen’s for a Swedish supper, Christmas morning was at our own house and later on Christmas Day we were at Grandma Pachta’s house for roast duck and dumplings. Many of our family members lived within fifteen miles of each other so it all worked. Eventually the traditions had to change. However, there is still someone who brings Lutfisk to the family Christmas gathering!Traditions often give us a feeling that even though some things have changed, there are still things that we know will always be the same. Traditions can give us that sense of security that everything is going to be alright.In a Utah State University Extension publication, “Strengthening Family Ties - A Workbook of Activities Designed to Strengthen Family Relationships”, there are activities related to five areas of family functioning including: Building Trust, Family Support, Kindness, Communication, and Working Together.One activity is to identify what family traditions exist and decide what new ones might be started to ensure family stability.1. Give everyone in your family a piece of paper and ask them to list the traditions in your family. These can include some things done every day and others done only once a year.2. Then compare lists. It might be surprising to hear what traditions others think are important.3. Evaluate. Are there some everyone would like to do more? Are there some that are no longer enjoyable.4. Add to the list. Is there something you would like to become a new tradition? Is there anything you would like your family to be known for? Starting new traditions can be especially important when the family situation has changed - such as when a new step-family has been formed.Continue to re-evaluate. Over the years there may be changes that need to be made. Make sure that your family does not outgrow the tradition. Research is clear that children who feel securely attached and have strong family relationships have healthier relationships and better mental health later in life.Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at bunruh@ksu.edu. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

UNRUH: Family traditions

written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District

Mike and Amy Jensen, Hays, were recognized recently by the Cottonwood Extension District Executive Board as the 2020 recipients of the Extension Appreciation Award. The Jensen Family works together, serving up locally grown food at Professors in Hays. Besides that, they are familiar faces at the Downtown Farmer’s market, with their honey and mushrooms.

Still, Mike and Amy find time to make contributions to the Cottonwood Extension District Programs. They have served on various committees related to the 4-H and Youth program, working especially hard to raise funds for the concession area at the Fairgrounds. More recently they have partnered with Lauren Fick, Cottonwood District Horticulture Agent, to develop a “Bee program.” COVID created a challenge, but they are hoping to bring educational programs related to bees to the district in 2021.

Thank you, Mike and Amy, for your involvement and support of our Cottonwood Extension District Programs.

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/12/1608731950281.jpeg" alt="Tatum Kimzey, representing the Cottonwood Extension District Executive Board, presents the 2020 Extension Appreciation Award to Mike and Amy Jensen, from Hays." />
 <figcaption>Tatum Kimzey, representing the Cottonwood Extension District Executive Board, presents the 2020 Extension Appreciation Award to Mike and Amy Jensen, from Hays.</figcaption>
 </figure>written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension DistrictMike and Amy Jensen, Hays, were recognized recently by the Cottonwood Extension District Executive Board as the 2020 recipients of the Extension Appreciation Award. The Jensen Family works together, serving up locally grown food at Professors in Hays. Besides that, they are familiar faces at the Downtown Farmer’s market, with their honey and mushrooms.Still, Mike and Amy find time to make contributions to the Cottonwood Extension District Programs. They have served on various committees related to the 4-H and Youth program, working especially hard to raise funds for the concession area at the Fairgrounds. More recently they have partnered with Lauren Fick, Cottonwood District Horticulture Agent, to develop a “Bee program.” COVID created a challenge, but they are hoping to bring educational programs related to bees to the district in 2021.Thank you, Mike and Amy, for your involvement and support of our Cottonwood Extension District Programs.Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu.

Extension Appreciation Award announced by Cottonwood District

It is time to break out one of my favorite holiday shirts. It reads “In a world full of Grinches, be a Cindy-Lou Who!”

In the Dr. Seuss classic “How the Grinch Stole Christmas”, the grumpy, solitary grinch looks down on the town of Whoville and makes assumptions about why they are happy. He decides to steal their Christmas thinking it is made of presents and decorations.

This year, it has been easy for my grinch to show up much too often. It is easy to be grumpy and bemoan the things that aren’t like I want them to be. It is easy to be judgmental of those who think differently than I do.

I need to remember my favorite character in all of this and “be a Cindy-Lou Who”. She consistently asks “why” when she catches the Grinch stealing their things. I am going to ask myself the WHY when I find the Grinch sliding into my day and choose happy, kind, and good!

Why – because I have about 200 4-H youth that I have an incredible opportunity with whom to work!

Why – because I have an opportunity to work with youth through our school districts, library, and recreational programs!

Why – because I live in an age of technology that allows me to stay in contact with family and friends when I can’t physically visit with them.

Why – because I have fellow Extension agents across the state who work hard to provide good, research-based information in our communities and who are willing to partner together to provide that information to the most people in the best way we can.

Why – because I have a roof over my head and food in my pantry. At one time in my life, I faced some very challenging circumstances (some of my own making; some not) and it does provide a space for reflection of my hard work and good fortune.

Why – because we have local community leaders who are trying to make the best decisions they have, with the information available. We aren’t always going to agree but making communication a priority in our communities is the best way to move forward.

Why – because I have the opportunity to give back in my community through donations and service.

To quote the story, “May Christmas he thought doesn’t come from a store. Maybe Christmas, perhaps, is a little bit more!”

Oh goodness, perhaps THIS Grinch’s heart has grown three sizes today! Look for the good and let a little of YOUR Cindy-Lou Who shine in the world this week.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1579114162620.jpeg" alt="written by: Michell Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michell Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>It is time to break out one of my favorite holiday shirts. It reads “In a world full of Grinches, be a Cindy-Lou Who!”In the Dr. Seuss classic “How the Grinch Stole Christmas”, the grumpy, solitary grinch looks down on the town of Whoville and makes assumptions about why they are happy. He decides to steal their Christmas thinking it is made of presents and decorations.This year, it has been easy for my grinch to show up much too often. It is easy to be grumpy and bemoan the things that aren’t like I want them to be. It is easy to be judgmental of those who think differently than I do.I need to remember my favorite character in all of this and “be a Cindy-Lou Who”. She consistently asks “why” when she catches the Grinch stealing their things. I am going to ask myself the WHY when I find the Grinch sliding into my day and choose happy, kind, and good!Why – because I have about 200 4-H youth that I have an incredible opportunity with whom to work!Why – because I have an opportunity to work with youth through our school districts, library, and recreational programs!Why – because I live in an age of technology that allows me to stay in contact with family and friends when I can’t physically visit with them.Why – because I have fellow Extension agents across the state who work hard to provide good, research-based information in our communities and who are willing to partner together to provide that information to the most people in the best way we can.Why – because I have a roof over my head and food in my pantry. At one time in my life, I faced some very challenging circumstances (some of my own making; some not) and it does provide a space for reflection of my hard work and good fortune.Why – because we have local community leaders who are trying to make the best decisions they have, with the information available. We aren’t always going to agree but making communication a priority in our communities is the best way to move forward.Why – because I have the opportunity to give back in my community through donations and service.To quote the story, “May Christmas he thought doesn’t come from a store. Maybe Christmas, perhaps, is a little bit more!”Oh goodness, perhaps THIS Grinch’s heart has grown three sizes today! Look for the good and let a little of YOUR Cindy-Lou Who shine in the world this week.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Losing my Grinch

Hostesses often worry about what to feed guests with special dietary needs at holiday time. This is especially true for a guest with a strong allergy to wheat, for example, or someone with insulin-dependent diabetes. Providing several simple whole food choices and staying away from so many highly processed foods is the best plan I can offer.&nbsp;

Most health problems accumulate from what we do day in and day out. Take for example, someone on a restricted fat and cholesterol diet for coronary heart disease. The newest dietary guidelines from the American Heart Association emphasize this point. They recommend that it is the total diet over several days or a week rather than what one eats in any given meal or even on a given day. This allows for some flexibility in choosing a variety of foods that are both nutritious and delicious.

While a calorie-laden Christmas dinner certainly does not help someone maintain or lose weight, it is a good time to exercise a little control. If you find yourself in the midst of holiday binge, just slow down your eating, refuse the seconds and talk more. If it is a buffet, move away from the food and sip on a low-calorie beverage.

As a hostess, you can be considerate of your guests’ dietary needs by providing some alternatives. For a person allergic to the gluten protein in wheat, provide a rice or corn dish. Make a rice crust for the pumpkin pie or consider making a crustless pumpkin pie as a healthier alternative.

If guests with special dietary needs will be spending several days with you, invite them to help with the meal planning and perhaps even prepare one of their favorite dishes. The best advice is to not make a big deal out of the differences but focus on simple whole food choices.

Feel free to contact me for a copy of several healthy holiday recipes including the crustless pumpkin pie I referred to above.

Have a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Hostesses often worry about what to feed guests with special dietary needs at holiday time. This is especially true for a guest with a strong allergy to wheat, for example, or someone with insulin-dependent diabetes. Providing several simple whole food choices and staying away from so many highly processed foods is the best plan I can offer.&nbsp;Most health problems accumulate from what we do day in and day out. Take for example, someone on a restricted fat and cholesterol diet for coronary heart disease. The newest dietary guidelines from the American Heart Association emphasize this point. They recommend that it is the total diet over several days or a week rather than what one eats in any given meal or even on a given day. This allows for some flexibility in choosing a variety of foods that are both nutritious and delicious.While a calorie-laden Christmas dinner certainly does not help someone maintain or lose weight, it is a good time to exercise a little control. If you find yourself in the midst of holiday binge, just slow down your eating, refuse the seconds and talk more. If it is a buffet, move away from the food and sip on a low-calorie beverage.As a hostess, you can be considerate of your guests’ dietary needs by providing some alternatives. For a person allergic to the gluten protein in wheat, provide a rice or corn dish. Make a rice crust for the pumpkin pie or consider making a crustless pumpkin pie as a healthier alternative.If guests with special dietary needs will be spending several days with you, invite them to help with the meal planning and perhaps even prepare one of their favorite dishes. The best advice is to not make a big deal out of the differences but focus on simple whole food choices.Feel free to contact me for a copy of several healthy holiday recipes including the crustless pumpkin pie I referred to above.Have a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;.

KRUG: Accommodating special diets during the holidays

In “The Caregiver Helpbook”, the author shares these flight attendant’s instructions, “If the oxygen masks drop down, put on your oxygen mask first before helping others”. If you don’t help yourself first, you may not be able to help others. This scenario is also true with caregiving.

Did you know that during this last year, caregivers provided about 18.4 billion hours of unpaid care to someone they love? Roughly 80% of the care that is provided at home is delivered by family members. A big concern is that often the caregivers forget to take care of themselves.

Last month, I was able to attend a virtual class offered by Extension agents from the Southwest area. The Powerful Tools for Caregivers class is designed to help family caregivers take care of themselves while caring for a relative or friend. The class included information on helping to reduce stress and learn to relax, communicating effectively, helping make tough decisions, and learning to set goals and problem solve.

If you are a caregiver, consider joining an upcoming class to be offered for six consecutive Thursdays, January 14th through February 18th from 1:30 to 3 pm. The class will cost $5 and includes a Caregiver Helpbook that is covered by grant funds. Class size is limited, so don’t delay signing up. The link to register for the class is: https://bit.ly/tools4care If you know a caregiver who could benefit from this class, please share the information with them.

Are there other things that we can do to support caregivers? There certainly are:

· Offer to help them with daily tasks. Running an errand or picking up a few groceries can be a big relief to the caregiver. · Give them a break. Stay with the care receiver while the care giver goes to the doctor for a routine checkup. · Bring a simple meal for them. The simpler and easier it is to re-heat or eat the better. · Send a card of encouragement to the caregiver and offer some positive words of encouragement to them. · Help them find local resources for support with their situation. · Call them on the phone frequently. · Encourage them to take time for themselves. Thinking of their own health is not selfish. Taking care of themselves benefits everyone.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="written by: Berny Unruh - Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Berny Unruh - Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>In “The Caregiver Helpbook”, the author shares these flight attendant’s instructions, “If the oxygen masks drop down, put on your oxygen mask first before helping others”. If you don’t help yourself first, you may not be able to help others. This scenario is also true with caregiving.Did you know that during this last year, caregivers provided about 18.4 billion hours of unpaid care to someone they love? Roughly 80% of the care that is provided at home is delivered by family members. A big concern is that often the caregivers forget to take care of themselves.Last month, I was able to attend a virtual class offered by Extension agents from the Southwest area. The Powerful Tools for Caregivers class is designed to help family caregivers take care of themselves while caring for a relative or friend. The class included information on helping to reduce stress and learn to relax, communicating effectively, helping make tough decisions, and learning to set goals and problem solve.If you are a caregiver, consider joining an upcoming class to be offered for six consecutive Thursdays, January 14th through February 18th from 1:30 to 3 pm. The class will cost $5 and includes a Caregiver Helpbook that is covered by grant funds. Class size is limited, so don’t delay signing up. The link to register for the class is: https://bit.ly/tools4care If you know a caregiver who could benefit from this class, please share the information with them.Are there other things that we can do to support caregivers? There certainly are:· Offer to help them with daily tasks. Running an errand or picking up a few groceries can be a big relief to the caregiver. · Give them a break. Stay with the care receiver while the care giver goes to the doctor for a routine checkup. · Bring a simple meal for them. The simpler and easier it is to re-heat or eat the better. · Send a card of encouragement to the caregiver and offer some positive words of encouragement to them. · Help them find local resources for support with their situation. · Call them on the phone frequently. · Encourage them to take time for themselves. Thinking of their own health is not selfish. Taking care of themselves benefits everyone.Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at bunruh@ksu.edu.

UNRUH: Taking care of caregivers

Sulfur (S) deficiency in wheat has become more common in Kansas, particularly in no-till wheat. The reasons for this is a reduction in sulfur being emitted to the atmosphere and cooler soil temperatures because of no-till, which slows S mineralization in the soil. Some crops in the rotation, such as soybean, can take up significant amounts of S.

In wheat plants S-deficiency is yellow and stunted and is observed in patches in the field, especially in areas where there has been previous soil erosion or soil movement. The patchy S-deficient areas of the field are often found on hilltops or side slopes where erosion has occurred and soil organic matter is reduced, or where leaching is more pronounced. Wheat in areas where topsoil was removed or significant cuts were made (i.e. terraced or leveled fields).

Sulfur deficiency in growing crops is often mistaken for nitrogen (N) deficiency. However, unlike N deficiency, older leaves show firing and yellowing, with S deficiency, the pale yellow symptoms appear first on the younger/uppermost leaves. Plants with S deficiency eventually become uniformly chlorotic (yellow leaves).

Sulfur deficiencies have been showing up early in the spring, shortly after green-up, before organic S is mineralized from soil organic matter, and before wheat roots can grow into the subsoil to utilize any available S (sulfate) accumulations. Deficiencies of S are often difficult to identify because the chlorosis is not always obvious. Crops lacking S also may be stunted, thin-stemmed, and spindly. In the case of wheat, maturity is delayed. Winter annual weed competition is also enhanced due to the slower growth and lack of tillering.

Sulfate is relatively soluble, it tends to leach down into the subsoil. In many Kansas soils, it will accumulate in the B horizon (subsoil) in two forms. Clay surfaces and coatings will retain some sulfate, and sulfate will also be present in the subsoil as gypsum (calcium sulfate).

A soil test for available sulfate-S in the soil profile is available. For proper interpretation of this test, soil organic matter, soil texture, the crop to be grown, and the expected yield level all need to be considered. Accurate estimates of S needs cannot be made from a surface sample alone. Since sulfate is mobile, a 24-inch sampling depth is needed. However, due to the relatively high demand for S during the rapid vegetative growth phase of wheat, and relatively shallow rooting by the wheat crop at this time, the S measured in the deeper, subsoil levels by the test may not be available to wheat in the early spring, especially where soils are cold.

There are many S-containing fertilizer materials. Several dry materials are available that can be blended with other fertilizers for winter/spring topdressing. However, some of these products are best used in pre-plant applications because they are slow in becoming plant available in the spring for topdressing. For more information on choosing the right S fertilizer material, go to www.cottonwood.ksu.edu scroll down the home page to timely topics.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/12/1608158450820.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Sulfur (S) deficiency in wheat has become more common in Kansas, particularly in no-till wheat. The reasons for this is a reduction in sulfur being emitted to the atmosphere and cooler soil temperatures because of no-till, which slows S mineralization in the soil. Some crops in the rotation, such as soybean, can take up significant amounts of S.In wheat plants S-deficiency is yellow and stunted and is observed in patches in the field, especially in areas where there has been previous soil erosion or soil movement. The patchy S-deficient areas of the field are often found on hilltops or side slopes where erosion has occurred and soil organic matter is reduced, or where leaching is more pronounced. Wheat in areas where topsoil was removed or significant cuts were made (i.e. terraced or leveled fields).Sulfur deficiency in growing crops is often mistaken for nitrogen (N) deficiency. However, unlike N deficiency, older leaves show firing and yellowing, with S deficiency, the pale yellow symptoms appear first on the younger/uppermost leaves. Plants with S deficiency eventually become uniformly chlorotic (yellow leaves).Sulfur deficiencies have been showing up early in the spring, shortly after green-up, before organic S is mineralized from soil organic matter, and before wheat roots can grow into the subsoil to utilize any available S (sulfate) accumulations. Deficiencies of S are often difficult to identify because the chlorosis is not always obvious. Crops lacking S also may be stunted, thin-stemmed, and spindly. In the case of wheat, maturity is delayed. Winter annual weed competition is also enhanced due to the slower growth and lack of tillering.Sulfate is relatively soluble, it tends to leach down into the subsoil. In many Kansas soils, it will accumulate in the B horizon (subsoil) in two forms. Clay surfaces and coatings will retain some sulfate, and sulfate will also be present in the subsoil as gypsum (calcium sulfate).A soil test for available sulfate-S in the soil profile is available. For proper interpretation of this test, soil organic matter, soil texture, the crop to be grown, and the expected yield level all need to be considered. Accurate estimates of S needs cannot be made from a surface sample alone. Since sulfate is mobile, a 24-inch sampling depth is needed. However, due to the relatively high demand for S during the rapid vegetative growth phase of wheat, and relatively shallow rooting by the wheat crop at this time, the S measured in the deeper, subsoil levels by the test may not be available to wheat in the early spring, especially where soils are cold.There are many S-containing fertilizer materials. Several dry materials are available that can be blended with other fertilizers for winter/spring topdressing. However, some of these products are best used in pre-plant applications because they are slow in becoming plant available in the spring for topdressing. For more information on choosing the right S fertilizer material, go to www.cottonwood.ksu.edu scroll down the home page to timely topics.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574181994278.png" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430, if after hours please leave a voice-mail for a return call." />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430, if after hours please leave a voice-mail for a return call.</figcaption>
 </figure>

CAMPBELL: Sulfur deficiency in wheat

Fall is a good time to control weedy brome species, such as downy brome, Japanese brome and Cheat. This article will discuss some identifying characteristics of downy brome, as well as control measures.

Ecology of downy brome Downy brome (Bromus tectorum) is native to the Mediterranean area and was introduced to New York and Pennsylvania during the late 1800’s. It can be found throughout Kansas in upland settings, often in over-grazed pastures. Downy brome is a winter annual grass that typically emerges in the fall, but can also emerge in early spring (Figure 1). It produces seeds in late spring and is typically the first of the common weedy bromes to flower in spring.

Identification Key identifying features of downy brome and other weedy brome species are shown in Table 1. Seedling leaves have a clockwise twist and are covered with soft hairs. The closed sheath is also covered with soft hairs. The ligule is a fringed membrane. Mature plants can reach up to 2 feet tall with leaves up to 5 inches long. Mature leaves also have long short hairs on both surfaces. Downy brome produces an extensive root system that reaches up to 4 feet deep and is very efficient at withdrawing water from the soil.

Table 1. Identifying features that distinguish among downy brome, Japanese brome, and cheat.

The inflorescence or seed head is in an open, droopy, loose branching clusters of seed heads about 7 inches long. Each spikelet contains 4-8 seeds. Spikelets are tipped with an awn approximately 0.75 inches long. The awns facilitate seed dispersal by attaching to animals’ coats and may cause injury to the mouths and eyes of grazing animals.

Management There is some evidence that once established in a native area, downy brome cannot be dislodged. However, it is possible to control downy brome in winter annual crops such as wheat or canola. Control in wheat is critical, as data suggest that downy brome infestations of approximately 9 plants per square foot can reduce wheat yields 20 to 40%.

Few herbicides labeled for winter wheat will provide excellent control of downy brome and cheat grass. However, fall applications of herbicides such as Olympus, Outrider, or PowerFlex generally provide greater suppression than spring applications. Acceptable control of downy brome and cheat can be achieved by planting Clearfield or CoAxium varieties and applying Beyond or Aggressor herbicides, respectively.

Controlling downy brome in rotational crops is an excellent integrated management strategy. For example, grass weeds are more easily controlled in roundup ready winter canola or with fall or early spring applications of glyphosate before planting a summer crop.

Information provided by Sarah Lancaster, K-State Extension Weed Specialist.

Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430, if after hours please leave a voice-mail for a return call.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574181994278.png" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Fall is a good time to control weedy brome species, such as downy brome, Japanese brome and Cheat. This article will discuss some identifying characteristics of downy brome, as well as control measures.Ecology of downy brome Downy brome (Bromus tectorum) is native to the Mediterranean area and was introduced to New York and Pennsylvania during the late 1800’s. It can be found throughout Kansas in upland settings, often in over-grazed pastures. Downy brome is a winter annual grass that typically emerges in the fall, but can also emerge in early spring (Figure 1). It produces seeds in late spring and is typically the first of the common weedy bromes to flower in spring.Identification Key identifying features of downy brome and other weedy brome species are shown in Table 1. Seedling leaves have a clockwise twist and are covered with soft hairs. The closed sheath is also covered with soft hairs. The ligule is a fringed membrane. Mature plants can reach up to 2 feet tall with leaves up to 5 inches long. Mature leaves also have long short hairs on both surfaces. Downy brome produces an extensive root system that reaches up to 4 feet deep and is very efficient at withdrawing water from the soil.Table 1. Identifying features that distinguish among downy brome, Japanese brome, and cheat.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/12/1607696800445.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>The inflorescence or seed head is in an open, droopy, loose branching clusters of seed heads about 7 inches long. Each spikelet contains 4-8 seeds. Spikelets are tipped with an awn approximately 0.75 inches long. The awns facilitate seed dispersal by attaching to animals’ coats and may cause injury to the mouths and eyes of grazing animals.Management There is some evidence that once established in a native area, downy brome cannot be dislodged. However, it is possible to control downy brome in winter annual crops such as wheat or canola. Control in wheat is critical, as data suggest that downy brome infestations of approximately 9 plants per square foot can reduce wheat yields 20 to 40%.Few herbicides labeled for winter wheat will provide excellent control of downy brome and cheat grass. However, fall applications of herbicides such as Olympus, Outrider, or PowerFlex generally provide greater suppression than spring applications. Acceptable control of downy brome and cheat can be achieved by planting Clearfield or CoAxium varieties and applying Beyond or Aggressor herbicides, respectively.Controlling downy brome in rotational crops is an excellent integrated management strategy. For example, grass weeds are more easily controlled in roundup ready winter canola or with fall or early spring applications of glyphosate before planting a summer crop.Information provided by Sarah Lancaster, K-State Extension Weed Specialist.Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430, if after hours please leave a voice-mail for a return call.

CAMPBELL: World of Weeds: Downy brome

I. OPENING BUSINESS: A. Call Meeting to Order. B. Roll Call taken by County Clerk. C. Recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance. D. Consider Approval of the Agenda. E. Consider the minutes of November 2, 2020, November 9, 2020, and November 23, 2020, Regular Meetings Minutes of December 7, 2020, Regular Meeting are not available.&nbsp; F. Any citizen wishing to make statements during the discussion of any item must first be recognized by the Commission Chair. After being recognized, that person should state their name and the name of any organization represented. Statements should be limited to five minutes. G. Cell phones and other electronic devices, other than those used by the media and law enforcement, should be shut off.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;

II.&nbsp;OLD BUSINESS: -There is no Old Business at this time.

III.&nbsp;NEW BUSINESS - All new business to be considered by the Commission will be heard at this time.&nbsp; A. COUNTY CLERK: Approval of Township Treasurer Bonds:&nbsp; -Pursuant to K.S.A. 80-203, before entering office, the township treasurer shall execute a bond in an amount determined by the County Commissioners. The amount and sufficiency of the bond shall be conditioned upon the faithful discharge of the treasurer's duties. The bond shall then be filed in the office of the County Clerk. Bev Schmeidler, Deputy County Clerk, will provide a recommendation for such township official bonds.&nbsp; B. COUNTY CLERK'S OFFICE: Request for Approval - Added/Abated/Escaped/Refunded Taxes: -Ms. Schmeidler will present a listing of Added/Abated/Edcaped/Refunded Taxes. Orders for these actions are kept on file in the County Clerk's Office. These are used to correct assessments and are requested by the County Appraiser's Office or the County Clerk's Office.&nbsp; C. USDA DISTANCE LEARNING AND TELEMEDICINE GRANT PROGRAM: Matching Funds: -Barton, Ellsworth, Rice and Russell Counties were awarded the USDA Distance Learning and Telemedicine Grant award for $781,126.96. During the October 26, 2020 agenda meeting, the Commissioners directed Sue Cooper, Grant Coordinator, to search for additional funding to be used for Barton County's required portion of the match, totaling $84,242.31. Funds have been awarded through the Dorothy M. Morrison Foundation and the Golden Belt Community Foundation. Ms. Cooper will provide details.&nbsp; D. COUNTY WORKS: Update of Equipment Radios: -The County Works Department has mounted radios in equipment to facilitate work assignments. Darren Williams, County Works Director, requests authority to replace a portion of those units with 800 megahertz radios. The suggested project includes refurbished Motorola XTL 2500 radios, antenna, and installation. If approved, it is suggested that the billings be paid through the Equipment Replacement Fund. Mr. Williams will provide details.&nbsp; E. BOARD APPOINTMENT: Memorial Parks Advisory Committee: -The Memorial Parks Advisory Committee is charged with advising and assisting the Commission regarding the care and maintenance of the Barton County Owned and Operated Memorial Parks and Cemetery. With not less than five, nor more than seven members, there are two positions open, terming in July 2024. Mr. Williams will provide details.&nbsp;&nbsp; F. BOARD APPOINTMENT: The Center for Counseling and Consultation: -The County solicited applicants for The Center for Counseling and Consultation Governing Board. This Board reviews and makes recommendations on mental health services in Barton County and the surrounding area. Richard Bealer has applied for an unexpired position. Phil Hathcock, County Administrator, will provide details.&nbsp; G. FIRE DISTRICT NO. 2: Appointment of a Board of Trustees: -Per Resolution 2018-10, which created Fire District No. 2, the members of the Fire District Board of Trustees shall consist of not more than one (1) appointee from each participating township and not more than one (1) from each participating city. Trustee positions were advertised for North and South Homestead Township and for the City of Susank for terms expiring in 2022 and an unfilled position for Union Township which would term in 2021.&nbsp; H. OCCUPANCY AGREEMENTS: 12th and Kansas, Great Bend: -As a means of community support, the Cottonwood Extension Council and the State of Kansas Parole office are housed in the county office building at 1208 Kansas, Great Bend. Each agency reimburses Barton County for a portion of the building's utility costs. The proposed agreements are set to expire December 31, 2021. Mr. Hathcock will provide details.&nbsp;

IV. ENDING BUSINESS -After new items are heard by the Commission, the following items, including announcements, will be heard.&nbsp; A. ANNOUNCEMENTS: -Following the close of the Agenda Meeting, the Commission will consider the authorization of personnel changes for classified positions, sign any documentation approved during the agenda meeting or sign any other documentation required for regular County business. Similar action may take place throughout the day. -County officials may attend the Republican Committee meeting on Tuesday, December 15, 2020, at 7:00 pm at the Barton County Courthouse, 1400 Main, Great Bend, Kansas.&nbsp; B. APPOINTMENTS: Although subject to change, the following appointments have been scheduled: 9:45 a.m. or following the close of the Agenda Meeting - MRT Tower Lease Update-Dena Popp, 911 Director.&nbsp; 10:00 a.m. - Renewal of Office 365 - Dereck Hollingshead, Network Administrator. 10:45 a.m. - Regular Business Discussion - Phil Hathcock, County Administrator.&nbsp; THE COUNTY EDITION, KVGB-AM - Thursdays at 11:05 a.m. Members of the Health Department are scheduled for December 17, 2020.&nbsp; &nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/10/1603471494276.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>I. OPENING BUSINESS: A. Call Meeting to Order. B. Roll Call taken by County Clerk. C. Recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance. D. Consider Approval of the Agenda. E. Consider the minutes of November 2, 2020, November 9, 2020, and November 23, 2020, Regular Meetings Minutes of December 7, 2020, Regular Meeting are not available.&nbsp; F. Any citizen wishing to make statements during the discussion of any item must first be recognized by the Commission Chair. After being recognized, that person should state their name and the name of any organization represented. Statements should be limited to five minutes. G. Cell phones and other electronic devices, other than those used by the media and law enforcement, should be shut off.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;II.&nbsp;OLD BUSINESS: -There is no Old Business at this time. III.&nbsp;NEW BUSINESS - All new business to be considered by the Commission will be heard at this time.&nbsp; A. COUNTY CLERK: Approval of Township Treasurer Bonds:&nbsp; -Pursuant to K.S.A. 80-203, before entering office, the township treasurer shall execute a bond in an amount determined by the County Commissioners. The amount and sufficiency of the bond shall be conditioned upon the faithful discharge of the treasurer's duties. The bond shall then be filed in the office of the County Clerk. Bev Schmeidler, Deputy County Clerk, will provide a recommendation for such township official bonds.&nbsp; B. COUNTY CLERK'S OFFICE: Request for Approval - Added/Abated/Escaped/Refunded Taxes: -Ms. Schmeidler will present a listing of Added/Abated/Edcaped/Refunded Taxes. Orders for these actions are kept on file in the County Clerk's Office. These are used to correct assessments and are requested by the County Appraiser's Office or the County Clerk's Office.&nbsp; C. USDA DISTANCE LEARNING AND TELEMEDICINE GRANT PROGRAM: Matching Funds: -Barton, Ellsworth, Rice and Russell Counties were awarded the USDA Distance Learning and Telemedicine Grant award for $781,126.96. During the October 26, 2020 agenda meeting, the Commissioners directed Sue Cooper, Grant Coordinator, to search for additional funding to be used for Barton County's required portion of the match, totaling $84,242.31. Funds have been awarded through the Dorothy M. Morrison Foundation and the Golden Belt Community Foundation. Ms. Cooper will provide details.&nbsp; D. COUNTY WORKS: Update of Equipment Radios: -The County Works Department has mounted radios in equipment to facilitate work assignments. Darren Williams, County Works Director, requests authority to replace a portion of those units with 800 megahertz radios. The suggested project includes refurbished Motorola XTL 2500 radios, antenna, and installation. If approved, it is suggested that the billings be paid through the Equipment Replacement Fund. Mr. Williams will provide details.&nbsp; E. BOARD APPOINTMENT: Memorial Parks Advisory Committee: -The Memorial Parks Advisory Committee is charged with advising and assisting the Commission regarding the care and maintenance of the Barton County Owned and Operated Memorial Parks and Cemetery. With not less than five, nor more than seven members, there are two positions open, terming in July 2024. Mr. Williams will provide details.&nbsp;&nbsp; F. BOARD APPOINTMENT: The Center for Counseling and Consultation: -The County solicited applicants for The Center for Counseling and Consultation Governing Board. This Board reviews and makes recommendations on mental health services in Barton County and the surrounding area. Richard Bealer has applied for an unexpired position. Phil Hathcock, County Administrator, will provide details.&nbsp; G. FIRE DISTRICT NO. 2: Appointment of a Board of Trustees: -Per Resolution 2018-10, which created Fire District No. 2, the members of the Fire District Board of Trustees shall consist of not more than one (1) appointee from each participating township and not more than one (1) from each participating city. Trustee positions were advertised for North and South Homestead Township and for the City of Susank for terms expiring in 2022 and an unfilled position for Union Township which would term in 2021.&nbsp; H. OCCUPANCY AGREEMENTS: 12th and Kansas, Great Bend: -As a means of community support, the Cottonwood Extension Council and the State of Kansas Parole office are housed in the county office building at 1208 Kansas, Great Bend. Each agency reimburses Barton County for a portion of the building's utility costs. The proposed agreements are set to expire December 31, 2021. Mr. Hathcock will provide details.&nbsp;IV. ENDING BUSINESS -After new items are heard by the Commission, the following items, including announcements, will be heard.&nbsp; A. ANNOUNCEMENTS: -Following the close of the Agenda Meeting, the Commission will consider the authorization of personnel changes for classified positions, sign any documentation approved during the agenda meeting or sign any other documentation required for regular County business. Similar action may take place throughout the day. -County officials may attend the Republican Committee meeting on Tuesday, December 15, 2020, at 7:00 pm at the Barton County Courthouse, 1400 Main, Great Bend, Kansas.&nbsp; B. APPOINTMENTS: Although subject to change, the following appointments have been scheduled: 9:45 a.m. or following the close of the Agenda Meeting - MRT Tower Lease Update-Dena Popp, 911 Director.&nbsp; 10:00 a.m. - Renewal of Office 365 - Dereck Hollingshead, Network Administrator. 10:45 a.m. - Regular Business Discussion - Phil Hathcock, County Administrator.&nbsp; THE COUNTY EDITION, KVGB-AM - Thursdays at 11:05 a.m. Members of the Health Department are scheduled for December 17, 2020.&nbsp; &nbsp;V. OTHER BUSINESS: A. Discussion Items. B. Citizens or organizations may present requests or proposals for initial consideration.&nbsp; C. The Commissioners are available to the Public on Mondays during regular business hours. D. The Commissioners may, individually, schedule personal appointments related to County business at their discretion.&nbsp; E. The next Regular Meeting will be at 9:00 a.m., Monday, December 21, 2020.&nbsp;&nbsp;VI. ADJOURN