Good fences make good neighbors is the old saying we’ve all heard. The challenge is that there are many things that property owners need to be aware of when it comes to fences and fence laws.

Roger McEowen, Washburn University School of Law &amp; KSU Ag Economist, a noted agricultural law specialist, will present an informative program on Kansas fence law. It will be held on Tuesday, August 23rd at 7:00 pm at the Geary County 4-H/Senior Citizens Building, 1025 S. Spring Valley Road, Junction City, KS. The seminar will also be Livestreamed Online. To register for the Livestream go to https://bit.ly/3C6V2v3

Topics to be addressed include basics of the Kansas fence law statutes; partition fences; locating, building and maintaining legal fences; handling fence disputes; highway fences; adverse possession and other regularly encountered fence law questions.

There is no charge to attend this seminar, it is open to the public but registration is required. A recording of the presentation will be available afterward. To find that information following the seminar go to www.agmanager.info

If you have any questions you can contact myself or Alicia Boor in either Cottonwood District Office or also contact Chuck Otte, Geary County Extension agent at 785-238-4161, cotte@ksu.edu

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574181994278.png" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Good fences make good neighbors is the old saying we’ve all heard. The challenge is that there are many things that property owners need to be aware of when it comes to fences and fence laws.Roger McEowen, Washburn University School of Law &amp; KSU Ag Economist, a noted agricultural law specialist, will present an informative program on Kansas fence law. It will be held on Tuesday, August 23rd at 7:00 pm at the Geary County 4-H/Senior Citizens Building, 1025 S. Spring Valley Road, Junction City, KS. The seminar will also be Livestreamed Online. To register for the Livestream go to https://bit.ly/3C6V2v3Topics to be addressed include basics of the Kansas fence law statutes; partition fences; locating, building and maintaining legal fences; handling fence disputes; highway fences; adverse possession and other regularly encountered fence law questions.There is no charge to attend this seminar, it is open to the public but registration is required. A recording of the presentation will be available afterward. To find that information following the seminar go to www.agmanager.infoIf you have any questions you can contact myself or Alicia Boor in either Cottonwood District Office or also contact Chuck Otte, Geary County Extension agent at 785-238-4161, cotte@ksu.eduStacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Kansas Fence Law Seminar – livestreamed online

In times of excessive heat and drought, lawns can become thin and let weeds flourish. To control these weeds, identification of the plant and timing of the herbicide are imperative. One such weed that I have been getting calls about is Little Barley. Below is a little bit about this weed and how to control it.

Many people mistake little barley (Hordeum pusillum) for a little foxtail because the foxtail and little barley seedheads are similar. However, little barley is a winter annual that comes up in late September - October and spends the winter as a small plant. It thrives in the cooler spring temperatures, forms seed heads and dies out usually by July. Foxtail, on the other hand, is a summer annual that does well in hot weather. Also, foxtail will not produce seedheads until mid- to late-summer.

The best control for little barley is a thick lawn that is mowed high enough that sunlight does not hit the soil. Little barley seed will not germinate in such conditions. Overseeding in the fall can thicken up a tall fescue lawn and prevent a little barley infestation. However, if you do not plan to overseed, preemergence herbicides can be used to provide at least partial control of this weed. Dimension (dithiopyr) is labeled for barley (Herodium spp.) which would include little barley and therefore can be used to keep this weed under control. Dimension can be found in several homeowner products including Hi-Yield Turf &amp; Ornamental Weed &amp; Grass Stopper and Bonide Crabgrass and Weed Preventer. Other products may contain Dimension in combination with fertilizer or broadleaf weed killers. Because little barley is a winter annual that germinates in the fall, apply the preemergence herbicide in August and water in to activate. If overseeding, do not apply any preemergence herbicide as it will interfere with the germination of tall fescue.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>In times of excessive heat and drought, lawns can become thin and let weeds flourish. To control these weeds, identification of the plant and timing of the herbicide are imperative. One such weed that I have been getting calls about is Little Barley. Below is a little bit about this weed and how to control it.Many people mistake little barley (Hordeum pusillum) for a little foxtail because the foxtail and little barley seedheads are similar. However, little barley is a winter annual that comes up in late September - October and spends the winter as a small plant. It thrives in the cooler spring temperatures, forms seed heads and dies out usually by July. Foxtail, on the other hand, is a summer annual that does well in hot weather. Also, foxtail will not produce seedheads until mid- to late-summer.Recommendations:The best control for little barley is a thick lawn that is mowed high enough that sunlight does not hit the soil. Little barley seed will not germinate in such conditions. Overseeding in the fall can thicken up a tall fescue lawn and prevent a little barley infestation. However, if you do not plan to overseed, preemergence herbicides can be used to provide at least partial control of this weed. Dimension (dithiopyr) is labeled for barley (Herodium spp.) which would include little barley and therefore can be used to keep this weed under control. Dimension can be found in several homeowner products including Hi-Yield Turf &amp; Ornamental Weed &amp; Grass Stopper and Bonide Crabgrass and Weed Preventer. Other products may contain Dimension in combination with fertilizer or broadleaf weed killers. Because little barley is a winter annual that germinates in the fall, apply the preemergence herbicide in August and water in to activate. If overseeding, do not apply any preemergence herbicide as it will interfere with the germination of tall fescue.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Little barley

As I’m entering my third week as the Family and Community Wellness (FCW) Agent, the most frequent question I have gotten so far is, “What do you do?” That is a great question! I’m not sure after only three weeks I’m qualified to answer that question but I will do my best.

The main goal of any extension agent is to bring quality, research-based information to the people of Kansas and the districts or counties that we serve. Typically, there are a handful of agents in a district or county that are ready to answer questions and provide programming on a wide variety of topics; from plants and animals to bugs, nutrition, and healthy living. I’m excited to learn more as I network with other FCW agents at Agent update in Manhattan in a couple of weeks.

The area that I will provide education and information is family and community wellness. Family and Community Wellness Agents develop and deliver educational programs to build healthy, sustainable communities, families, and individuals. Programming may include, but is not limited to, strengthening families and individuals; building community capacity; family and community health and wellness; and local volunteer development. That is a lot! Those are large and encompassing descriptions and maybe need some clarification. They are broad for a reason so that agents can tailor the needs to the community they serve.

I see my job as building relationships with the people in Ellis and Barton County. Currently, as I figure out what our community needs, I have mostly been asking a lot of questions and finding out what people want to learn more about. What is important to them? What are ways they can be healthy both mentally and physically and also financially? I have experience, education, and resources to help with all these areas. One of the main topics that has surfaced already is in the area of nutrition. Families are busy! Many families struggle to meet nutritional needs of their families in a quick, easy, economical but yet healthy way. Not only are families busy, but prices are rising, so finding meals that fit in the budget is important. Eating out is expensive and often times it is difficult to find healthy choices.

One thing for sure is I love answering questions. There are no dumb questions. I know it is easy to find information on the internet but sometimes it is nice to talk to someone who can tailor the information to your specific needs. If you are curious about any of these topics, please feel free to email, call or come by the office. I look forward to meeting you!

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/7/1658934668566.png" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>As I’m entering my third week as the Family and Community Wellness (FCW) Agent, the most frequent question I have gotten so far is, “What do you do?” That is a great question! I’m not sure after only three weeks I’m qualified to answer that question but I will do my best.The main goal of any extension agent is to bring quality, research-based information to the people of Kansas and the districts or counties that we serve. Typically, there are a handful of agents in a district or county that are ready to answer questions and provide programming on a wide variety of topics; from plants and animals to bugs, nutrition, and healthy living. I’m excited to learn more as I network with other FCW agents at Agent update in Manhattan in a couple of weeks.The area that I will provide education and information is family and community wellness. Family and Community Wellness Agents develop and deliver educational programs to build healthy, sustainable communities, families, and individuals. Programming may include, but is not limited to, strengthening families and individuals; building community capacity; family and community health and wellness; and local volunteer development. That is a lot! Those are large and encompassing descriptions and maybe need some clarification. They are broad for a reason so that agents can tailor the needs to the community they serve.I see my job as building relationships with the people in Ellis and Barton County. Currently, as I figure out what our community needs, I have mostly been asking a lot of questions and finding out what people want to learn more about. What is important to them? What are ways they can be healthy both mentally and physically and also financially? I have experience, education, and resources to help with all these areas. One of the main topics that has surfaced already is in the area of nutrition. Families are busy! Many families struggle to meet nutritional needs of their families in a quick, easy, economical but yet healthy way. Not only are families busy, but prices are rising, so finding meals that fit in the budget is important. Eating out is expensive and often times it is difficult to find healthy choices.One thing for sure is I love answering questions. There are no dumb questions. I know it is easy to find information on the internet but sometimes it is nice to talk to someone who can tailor the information to your specific needs. If you are curious about any of these topics, please feel free to email, call or come by the office. I look forward to meeting you!Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: What does a Family and Community Wellness Extension Agent do?

If your garden is producing more fresh vegetables than you can work in to the daily menu plan you may want to consider freezing. Most vegetables need to be blanched before freezing to inactivate enzymes and protect their quality. This is done by water or steam blanching. Enzymes are a natural component of food. They work inside food and can change flavor, texture, color and nutrition. Blanching stops enzymes and protects the food from quality changes.

Occasionally I will get a call from someone who asks if blanching can be done in the microwave? Using the microwave may produce poor results. Due to uneven heating, the microwave may not completely inactivate enzymes. This results in off flavors, poor texture and loss of color. The microwave does not save time or energy.

To blanch vegetables correctly, briefly expose them to boiling water or steam. Then cool rapidly in ice water to stop cooking. Blanching destroys microorganisms on the vegetable surface and is essential for top-quality frozen vegetables.

For products like tomatoes you will notice that they will have a mushy texture when thawed and are suitable only for cooking in soups, stews and sauces. Tomatoes that are frozen raw become watery and can develop an off-flavor after a short time in the freezer. Tomatoes that are too ripe for safe canning but still sound and free from decay can be frozen safely.

If you are wanting to freeze sweet corn, it is important to preserve it as soon after harvest as possible for best quality. To prepare corn-on-the-cob for freezing: Blanch small ears (1 ¼ inches or less in diameter) 7 minutes in boiling water; medium-size ears (1 ¼ to 1 ½ inches) 9 minutes; and large ears (1 ½ inches or more) 11 minutes. Cool in several changes of ice cold water and drain. If desired, cut ears into uniform 4-, 6-, or 8-inch pieces and package in freezer bags or containers.

Be aware there is a significant difference between a plastic storage bag and plastic freezer bags. Make sure you are using the heavier freezer bags for best results.

Excellent reference bulletins for a variety of vegetables and fruits are available at: www.rrc.k-state.edu/preservation/freezing.html

A little work now to preserve the harvest will certainly be enjoyed and appreciated next winter! Call me if you have any questions.

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>If your garden is producing more fresh vegetables than you can work in to the daily menu plan you may want to consider freezing. Most vegetables need to be blanched before freezing to inactivate enzymes and protect their quality. This is done by water or steam blanching. Enzymes are a natural component of food. They work inside food and can change flavor, texture, color and nutrition. Blanching stops enzymes and protects the food from quality changes.Occasionally I will get a call from someone who asks if blanching can be done in the microwave? Using the microwave may produce poor results. Due to uneven heating, the microwave may not completely inactivate enzymes. This results in off flavors, poor texture and loss of color. The microwave does not save time or energy.To blanch vegetables correctly, briefly expose them to boiling water or steam. Then cool rapidly in ice water to stop cooking. Blanching destroys microorganisms on the vegetable surface and is essential for top-quality frozen vegetables.For products like tomatoes you will notice that they will have a mushy texture when thawed and are suitable only for cooking in soups, stews and sauces. Tomatoes that are frozen raw become watery and can develop an off-flavor after a short time in the freezer. Tomatoes that are too ripe for safe canning but still sound and free from decay can be frozen safely.If you are wanting to freeze sweet corn, it is important to preserve it as soon after harvest as possible for best quality. To prepare corn-on-the-cob for freezing: Blanch small ears (1 ¼ inches or less in diameter) 7 minutes in boiling water; medium-size ears (1 ¼ to 1 ½ inches) 9 minutes; and large ears (1 ½ inches or more) 11 minutes. Cool in several changes of ice cold water and drain. If desired, cut ears into uniform 4-, 6-, or 8-inch pieces and package in freezer bags or containers.Be aware there is a significant difference between a plastic storage bag and plastic freezer bags. Make sure you are using the heavier freezer bags for best results.Excellent reference bulletins for a variety of vegetables and fruits are available at: www.rrc.k-state.edu/preservation/freezing.htmlA little work now to preserve the harvest will certainly be enjoyed and appreciated next winter! Call me if you have any questions.Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KRUG: Prepping vegetables for freezing

written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, (Figure 1) is known to feed on over 80 host plants. In Kansas, it can damage several important crops as well as pasture, turf, and home landscaping. This insect does not overwinter in Kansas. Rather, it is native to the tropical regions of the western hemisphere and is active year-round along the gulf coast and southern Florida, migrating in from these locations each year. Two full generations are possible in Kansas with defoliation and grain damage being the biggest concerns.

In late June, large numbers of fall armyworm were being recovered from pheromone traps in the Texas panhandle. The offspring from these large flights have been emerging and are continuing to move north. Fall armyworm adults were detected in southwest Kansas pheromone traps during the first week of July and trap numbers are beginning to increase. Adult moths are most likely active throughout the southern portion of the state.

Start scouting now - at-risk crops should be scouted regularly for the remainder of the growing season. Caterpillars increase in size at an exponential rate and a majority of feeding occurs during the later stage of development. It is critical to scout thoroughly and treat, if needed, before the caterpillars are over ½ inch long. Larger caterpillars are harder to control and do the most damage. Recommended thresholds and products labeled for Sorghum Insect Management can be found at www.cottonwood.ksu.edu click onto the Crops and Livestock tab and look under Hot Topics.

Fall armyworm thresholds - Alfalfa: 1-2 caterpillars per square foot can destroy seedling alfalfa. 10-15 per square foot can destroy 12” tall plants. Corn: damage to whorl stage in early summer; treatment may be needed if 75% of plants are damaged. Bt corn may prevent ear damage. Sorghum: damage to whorl stage in early summer; treatment may be needed if 75% of plants are damaged. 1-2 larvae/head during flowering to soft dough reduces yield 5-10%. Wheat: Larval “window-paning” in early planted wheat can be a concern. If 25-30% of plants show damage, examine field frequently. Treat at 2-3 active larvae/ft.

Sorghum midge and sorghum aphid - have recently been found in Kansas, so growers are urged to be scouting their fields.

Historically in Kansas, the midge has been considered a minor pest confined to the southeast part of the state. Kansas producers have never actively treated fields for the pest.

“However, between 2017 and 2021, there were reports of large infestations resulting in significant losses in southwest and southeast Kansas,” reports Anthony Zukoff, Extension Entomologist, Garden City. “So far, there is no clear pattern to these events, and locations that experienced losses one year have not necessarily ended up with problems in the years following.”

Last week the first report of sorghum aphid (previously called the sugarcane aphid) was reported in Ellsworth County. “Every year since 2014 we have seen these aphids migrate into the state, generally being reported from south to north, and I would expect the same this year”, said Jeff Whitworth Extension Entomologist, Manhattan.

Since about 2018, however, they have not been as large or widespread a problem as they were in 2015-2017. Every year since 2018 sorghum colonies have been decimated by beneficial insects. “That is why you do not want to be too quick to make an insecticide application”, says Whitworth. Lastly when scouting fields keep mindful of one other insect pest—headworms. Once sorghum is between flowering and soft dough stages, headworms need to be monitored as well.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/8/1660052559421.png" alt="Figure 1. Full grown fall armyworm caterpillar. Department of Entomology, Kansas State University." />
 <figcaption>Figure 1. Full grown fall armyworm caterpillar. Department of Entomology, Kansas State University.</figcaption>
 </figure>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension DistrictFall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, (Figure 1) is known to feed on over 80 host plants. In Kansas, it can damage several important crops as well as pasture, turf, and home landscaping. This insect does not overwinter in Kansas. Rather, it is native to the tropical regions of the western hemisphere and is active year-round along the gulf coast and southern Florida, migrating in from these locations each year. Two full generations are possible in Kansas with defoliation and grain damage being the biggest concerns.In late June, large numbers of fall armyworm were being recovered from pheromone traps in the Texas panhandle. The offspring from these large flights have been emerging and are continuing to move north. Fall armyworm adults were detected in southwest Kansas pheromone traps during the first week of July and trap numbers are beginning to increase. Adult moths are most likely active throughout the southern portion of the state.Start scouting now - at-risk crops should be scouted regularly for the remainder of the growing season. Caterpillars increase in size at an exponential rate and a majority of feeding occurs during the later stage of development. It is critical to scout thoroughly and treat, if needed, before the caterpillars are over ½ inch long. Larger caterpillars are harder to control and do the most damage. Recommended thresholds and products labeled for Sorghum Insect Management can be found at www.cottonwood.ksu.edu click onto the Crops and Livestock tab and look under Hot Topics.Fall armyworm thresholds - Alfalfa: 1-2 caterpillars per square foot can destroy seedling alfalfa. 10-15 per square foot can destroy 12” tall plants. Corn: damage to whorl stage in early summer; treatment may be needed if 75% of plants are damaged. Bt corn may prevent ear damage. Sorghum: damage to whorl stage in early summer; treatment may be needed if 75% of plants are damaged. 1-2 larvae/head during flowering to soft dough reduces yield 5-10%. Wheat: Larval “window-paning” in early planted wheat can be a concern. If 25-30% of plants show damage, examine field frequently. Treat at 2-3 active larvae/ft.Sorghum midge and sorghum aphid - have recently been found in Kansas, so growers are urged to be scouting their fields.Historically in Kansas, the midge has been considered a minor pest confined to the southeast part of the state. Kansas producers have never actively treated fields for the pest.“However, between 2017 and 2021, there were reports of large infestations resulting in significant losses in southwest and southeast Kansas,” reports Anthony Zukoff, Extension Entomologist, Garden City. “So far, there is no clear pattern to these events, and locations that experienced losses one year have not necessarily ended up with problems in the years following.”Last week the first report of sorghum aphid (previously called the sugarcane aphid) was reported in Ellsworth County. “Every year since 2014 we have seen these aphids migrate into the state, generally being reported from south to north, and I would expect the same this year”, said Jeff Whitworth Extension Entomologist, Manhattan.Since about 2018, however, they have not been as large or widespread a problem as they were in 2015-2017. Every year since 2018 sorghum colonies have been decimated by beneficial insects. “That is why you do not want to be too quick to make an insecticide application”, says Whitworth. Lastly when scouting fields keep mindful of one other insect pest—headworms. Once sorghum is between flowering and soft dough stages, headworms need to be monitored as well.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Moths appearing in southern Kansas

Organizers of the Central Kansas Warm Season Forage Field Day, scheduled for Aug. 18, said the event will showcase work being done in central Kansas to improve forages for cattle producers in the state.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Cade Rensink, the director of the Central Kansas Extension District, staff in his office and the Saline County Conservation District have established an on-farm demonstration of annual forages available in that part of the state.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The goal of the program, he said, is “to increase awareness about the agronomics and systems-use of warm and cool season forage crops.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

The project is funded by the Kansas Department of Agriculture’s Division of Conservation. Rensink said other key cooperators include Saline County rancher Mike Henry, Star Seed, and Phillips Seed Farms.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The Aug. 18 field day begins at 8 a.m. and is free to the public. The event will be held at 3421 E. Water Well Road in Salina. Reservations are not required to attend.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The field day agenda includes:&nbsp;&nbsp;

For questions or more information, call the Central Kansas Extension District office at 785-309-5850.&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Organizers of the Central Kansas Warm Season Forage Field Day, scheduled for Aug. 18, said the event will showcase work being done in central Kansas to improve forages for cattle producers in the state.&nbsp;&nbsp;Cade Rensink, the director of the Central Kansas Extension District, staff in his office and the Saline County Conservation District have established an on-farm demonstration of annual forages available in that part of the state.&nbsp;&nbsp;The goal of the program, he said, is “to increase awareness about the agronomics and systems-use of warm and cool season forage crops.”&nbsp;&nbsp;The project is funded by the Kansas Department of Agriculture’s Division of Conservation. Rensink said other key cooperators include Saline County rancher Mike Henry, Star Seed, and Phillips Seed Farms.&nbsp;&nbsp;The Aug. 18 field day begins at 8 a.m. and is free to the public. The event will be held at 3421 E. Water Well Road in Salina. Reservations are not required to attend.&nbsp;&nbsp;The field day agenda includes:&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul>
 <li>Tours of plots consisting of hybrid pearl millet, teff, crabgrass and photoperiod sensitive BMR sorghum-sudangrass.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>A discussion on identifying, concerns about, and controlling sericea lespedeza.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Presentations by Henry as well as representatives of Star Seed and the Central Kansas Extension District.&nbsp; </li>
 </ul>For questions or more information, call the Central Kansas Extension District office at 785-309-5850.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Central Kansas Warm Season Forage Field Day

When the calendar turns to August, I find myself saying the same four words, “Where did summer go?” Families with kids adapted to a summer schedule filled with ball games, camp, swimming lessons, and 4-H activities and now the schedule is about to change again! With the start of school just a few short weeks away it is the perfect time to call a family meeting and get everyone on board with the new routine.

Research shows that kids ages 3 to 6 need ten to twelve hours of sleep each day. As youngsters begin pre-school or the early grades it is important to have a set bedtime with a routine that encourages success. Perhaps you want to target 8 p.m. as bedtime. If so you will want to begin the wind down process around 7. Perhaps a warm bath and bed time story help your child to relax. Planning what will be worn the next day or eaten for breakfast also encourages a less hectic morning when the alarm goes off. Whatever you want to adopt as a routine, now is a good time to start working toward your final goal. If the summer schedule has been lax, start moving the bedtime up a few minutes each day until your target is reached. That should help make the first day of school a success.

One of the most important messages I like to share at this time of year is to “Eat breakfast every day.” As kids start back to school they need to start each day with some nutritious food in their stomachs. It’s really brain food. Countless studies have shown that kids perform better in school, and are less irritable, when their day starts with breakfast.

There is no doubt about it: our bodies need to refuel after not eating for 10-12 hours. So why is it that breakfast is the meal most often skipped? The most common answers I hear are that “there isn’t time” or “my kids aren’t hungry in the morning.”

As you plan to start each day with breakfast, keep in mind the following tips. Breakfast does not have to be a big meal. Try to include something from the grain group as well as a fruit. Breakfast does not have to be traditional. Be creative; nutritious foods are healthy any time of the day. Last night’s leftovers can be reheated in a hurry. Peanut butter can be spread on a piece of whole grain toast and served with a glass of 100% fruit juice. Equal amounts of juice, milk and yogurt can be combined for a smoothie like treat. Get your day off to a great start and be a breakfast eater!

And finally, if you live close enough to school can your children safely walk or bike to school? Research shows that starting your day with some physical activity (i.e. walking to school) encourages better concentration and behavior in the classroom. If your schedule allows it, do a trial run with your child; either walking or biking on a safe route to the front door of the school.

Here’s hoping your school year gets off to a great start!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>When the calendar turns to August, I find myself saying the same four words, “Where did summer go?” Families with kids adapted to a summer schedule filled with ball games, camp, swimming lessons, and 4-H activities and now the schedule is about to change again! With the start of school just a few short weeks away it is the perfect time to call a family meeting and get everyone on board with the new routine.Research shows that kids ages 3 to 6 need ten to twelve hours of sleep each day. As youngsters begin pre-school or the early grades it is important to have a set bedtime with a routine that encourages success. Perhaps you want to target 8 p.m. as bedtime. If so you will want to begin the wind down process around 7. Perhaps a warm bath and bed time story help your child to relax. Planning what will be worn the next day or eaten for breakfast also encourages a less hectic morning when the alarm goes off. Whatever you want to adopt as a routine, now is a good time to start working toward your final goal. If the summer schedule has been lax, start moving the bedtime up a few minutes each day until your target is reached. That should help make the first day of school a success.One of the most important messages I like to share at this time of year is to “Eat breakfast every day.” As kids start back to school they need to start each day with some nutritious food in their stomachs. It’s really brain food. Countless studies have shown that kids perform better in school, and are less irritable, when their day starts with breakfast.There is no doubt about it: our bodies need to refuel after not eating for 10-12 hours. So why is it that breakfast is the meal most often skipped? The most common answers I hear are that “there isn’t time” or “my kids aren’t hungry in the morning.”As you plan to start each day with breakfast, keep in mind the following tips. Breakfast does not have to be a big meal. Try to include something from the grain group as well as a fruit. Breakfast does not have to be traditional. Be creative; nutritious foods are healthy any time of the day. Last night’s leftovers can be reheated in a hurry. Peanut butter can be spread on a piece of whole grain toast and served with a glass of 100% fruit juice. Equal amounts of juice, milk and yogurt can be combined for a smoothie like treat. Get your day off to a great start and be a breakfast eater!And finally, if you live close enough to school can your children safely walk or bike to school? Research shows that starting your day with some physical activity (i.e. walking to school) encourages better concentration and behavior in the classroom. If your schedule allows it, do a trial run with your child; either walking or biking on a safe route to the front door of the school.Here’s hoping your school year gets off to a great start!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KRUG: Back to school tips

I am sharing some wise words from a fellow 4-H agent today and it is a great follow up to the county fair and in preparation for the Kansas State Fair.

Growing up I was quick to hide any ribbons that were not purples! Yes, we all have those purple ribbons, buckles, or duffle bags in our goals to win…but what about the “other” ribbons.

She shared a photo with all ribbons represented because, as she notes, they all matter!

4-H is about youth development and helping build the next generation. We hope that those who started as Cloverbuds will be in the stands as Market Buyers someday.

In life, not everyone wins every time and that’s okay but it’s important to learn so you can grow. 4-H teaches youth valuable lessons that will be essential in this world such as commitment, responsibility, dedication, punctuality, organization, and those are just listing a few! There is no surprise that 4-H youth excel when it comes to job searches as these traits are exactly what businesses are looking for.

Sarah’s favorite question to ask youth is “what did you fail at?” This can sometimes be a hard question because we are taught failing is bad…but if we never fail how would we learn and grow as human beings? FAILING IS NOT BAD!! Just because you got a red ribbon, it is not bad; instead ask yourself how can we learn from this? Maybe it is seeking out an upperclassman, volunteer, breeder or agent and asking questions. Maybe its learning more about animal husbandry and being more aggressive with wormer or learning how to read your feed labels to understand protein better.

There is always knowledge and personal growth to gain, we just need the right mind set to be open to it. So this year, show all your ribbons proudly because you accomplished that! It takes a lot to prepare your projects and present them to the judge! Recognize what did you do well at? What did you fail at? And what are you going to work on?

Imagine a world of adults who were taught as children their short comings opened the door for opportunity.

Many thanks to Cowley County 4-H agent, Sarah LaGrone, for sharing her perspective!

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.

Michelle Beran is the 4-H and Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District – Barton County office. For more information on this article or other 4-H and Youth Development related questions, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.

All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or handicap.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1579114162620.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>I am sharing some wise words from a fellow 4-H agent today and it is a great follow up to the county fair and in preparation for the Kansas State Fair.Sarah states:Growing up I was quick to hide any ribbons that were not purples! Yes, we all have those purple ribbons, buckles, or duffle bags in our goals to win…but what about the “other” ribbons.She shared a photo with all ribbons represented because, as she notes, they all matter!4-H is about youth development and helping build the next generation. We hope that those who started as Cloverbuds will be in the stands as Market Buyers someday.In life, not everyone wins every time and that’s okay but it’s important to learn so you can grow. 4-H teaches youth valuable lessons that will be essential in this world such as commitment, responsibility, dedication, punctuality, organization, and those are just listing a few! There is no surprise that 4-H youth excel when it comes to job searches as these traits are exactly what businesses are looking for.Sarah’s favorite question to ask youth is “what did you fail at?” This can sometimes be a hard question because we are taught failing is bad…but if we never fail how would we learn and grow as human beings? FAILING IS NOT BAD!! Just because you got a red ribbon, it is not bad; instead ask yourself how can we learn from this? Maybe it is seeking out an upperclassman, volunteer, breeder or agent and asking questions. Maybe its learning more about animal husbandry and being more aggressive with wormer or learning how to read your feed labels to understand protein better.There is always knowledge and personal growth to gain, we just need the right mind set to be open to it. So this year, show all your ribbons proudly because you accomplished that! It takes a lot to prepare your projects and present them to the judge! Recognize what did you do well at? What did you fail at? And what are you going to work on?Imagine a world of adults who were taught as children their short comings opened the door for opportunity.Many thanks to Cowley County 4-H agent, Sarah LaGrone, for sharing her perspective!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.Michelle Beran is the 4-H and Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District – Barton County office. For more information on this article or other 4-H and Youth Development related questions, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or handicap.

BERAN: Showing your ribbons

Gardeners never stop learning, growing and giving.&nbsp; This is what it means to be a Master Gardener.&nbsp; If you enjoy learning and giving back as a volunteer, consider becoming a Master Gardener in 2022.&nbsp;

Now is the time to apply and reserve your spot for the 2022 training course.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The training will be held as a hybrid model as well as an online option. Both Cottonwood offices will host the trainings onsite (located at 3007 10th&nbsp;St in Great Bend, and 601 Main St in Hays) for people that want to train with others.&nbsp;&nbsp;The training is $80.00 with an optional $45.00 printed book available for purchase but, informational handouts will be provided at the trainings as well. When you register, please comment if you would like in person or online so we can accommodate your preferences. &nbsp;

Master Gardeners are K-State Research &amp; Extension volunteers who enjoy cultivating their own plants and gardens while sharing their skills and knowledge with the community around them to help others grow.&nbsp; Master Gardening is a wonderful way to enrich your life and the lives of others.&nbsp;

The decision to become a Master Gardener can be very rewarding.&nbsp; It is a decision to take your horticulture knowledge to the next level, and it is also a commitment to find creative ways to make a difference in our community while sharing that knowledge with the people and places around you.&nbsp;

Training is just one great benefit.&nbsp; Master Gardeners receive a 40-hour-plus horticulture training course from K-State Extension specialists and county Extension agents.&nbsp; The basic training provides a great starting point for those new to gardening, but is also in depth enough to apply to gardeners of any skill level.&nbsp; Other benefits of being a Master Gardener include the camaraderie of people who share similar passions, receiving ongoing horticulture support through K-State Research and Extension, and occasional visits to horticultural places of interest.&nbsp;

Once training is complete, Master Gardeners take their knowledge out to the community to share it with others in unique and meaningful ways.&nbsp; First year Master Gardeners volunteer 40 hours of time and during succeeding years have a commitment of just 20 hours to remain active.&nbsp;

Master Gardener volunteer time can be selected from current Master Gardener projects and can also be tailored to individual abilities and interests.&nbsp; Master Gardeners are encouraged to find their creativity in looking for ways to impact the community.&nbsp; A few activities many Master Gardeners enjoy volunteering on include: &nbsp;the demonstration garden, gardening with kids, county fairs, educational garden tours and events, and booths at public events.&nbsp;

If you are interested in joining the program or have questions regarding any of this information call the K-State Research &amp; Extension office.&nbsp; Registration or the class is open and can be completed by going to&nbsp;<a href="https://bit.ly/3bjAqF2" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3bjAqF2</a>.

&nbsp;The Great Bend office can be contacted at 620-793-1910 and the Ellis county office is 785-628-9430.&nbsp;Registration is due by Aug. 26. We look forward to hearing from you!&nbsp;

K-State Research and Extension is a short name for the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, a program designed to generate and distribute useful knowledge for the well-being of Kansans. Supported by county, state, federal and private funds, the program has county Extension offices, experiment fields, area Extension offices and regional research centers statewide. Its headquarters is on the K-State campus in Manhattan.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Gardeners never stop learning, growing and giving.&nbsp; This is what it means to be a Master Gardener.&nbsp; If you enjoy learning and giving back as a volunteer, consider becoming a Master Gardener in 2022.&nbsp;Now is the time to apply and reserve your spot for the 2022 training course.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The training will be held as a hybrid model as well as an online option. Both Cottonwood offices will host the trainings onsite (located at 3007 10th&nbsp;St in Great Bend, and 601 Main St in Hays) for people that want to train with others.&nbsp;&nbsp;The training is $80.00 with an optional $45.00 printed book available for purchase but, informational handouts will be provided at the trainings as well. When you register, please comment if you would like in person or online so we can accommodate your preferences. &nbsp;Master Gardeners are K-State Research &amp; Extension volunteers who enjoy cultivating their own plants and gardens while sharing their skills and knowledge with the community around them to help others grow.&nbsp; Master Gardening is a wonderful way to enrich your life and the lives of others.&nbsp;The decision to become a Master Gardener can be very rewarding.&nbsp; It is a decision to take your horticulture knowledge to the next level, and it is also a commitment to find creative ways to make a difference in our community while sharing that knowledge with the people and places around you.&nbsp;Training is just one great benefit.&nbsp; Master Gardeners receive a 40-hour-plus horticulture training course from K-State Extension specialists and county Extension agents.&nbsp; The basic training provides a great starting point for those new to gardening, but is also in depth enough to apply to gardeners of any skill level.&nbsp; Other benefits of being a Master Gardener include the camaraderie of people who share similar passions, receiving ongoing horticulture support through K-State Research and Extension, and occasional visits to horticultural places of interest.&nbsp;Once training is complete, Master Gardeners take their knowledge out to the community to share it with others in unique and meaningful ways.&nbsp; First year Master Gardeners volunteer 40 hours of time and during succeeding years have a commitment of just 20 hours to remain active.&nbsp;Master Gardener volunteer time can be selected from current Master Gardener projects and can also be tailored to individual abilities and interests.&nbsp; Master Gardeners are encouraged to find their creativity in looking for ways to impact the community.&nbsp; A few activities many Master Gardeners enjoy volunteering on include: &nbsp;the demonstration garden, gardening with kids, county fairs, educational garden tours and events, and booths at public events.&nbsp;If you are interested in joining the program or have questions regarding any of this information call the K-State Research &amp; Extension office.&nbsp; Registration or the class is open and can be completed by going to&nbsp;<a href="https://bit.ly/3bjAqF2" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3bjAqF2</a>.&nbsp;The Great Bend office can be contacted at 620-793-1910 and the Ellis county office is 785-628-9430.&nbsp;Registration is due by Aug. 26. We look forward to hearing from you!&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is a short name for the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, a program designed to generate and distribute useful knowledge for the well-being of Kansans. Supported by county, state, federal and private funds, the program has county Extension offices, experiment fields, area Extension offices and regional research centers statewide. Its headquarters is on the K-State campus in Manhattan.&nbsp;

BOOR: Master Gardener training

If you or someone you know is experiencing a mental health crisis, you can call the new behavior health/suicide hotline at 988.

High Plains Mental Health Center's emergency after-hours telephone number is 1-800-432-0333.

By CRISTINA JANNEY Hays Post

Suicide rates among farmers in Kansas are up to seven times higher than state rates.

Members of a panel on Thursday said high stress among farmers combined with a reluctance of individuals to seek professional help has led to a mental health crisis.

Representatives of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture were in Hays Thursday to talk to local farmers and listen to the panel, which was assembled by High Plains Mental Health Center.

Attendees included Joseph Palm, regional director, HHS Intergovernmental and External Affairs; Kimberly Nelson, regional administrator of Substance Use and Mental Health Services Administration; Nancy Rios, regional administrator of Health Resources and Services Administration; Nickolas Clasen, HHS Intergovernmental and External Affairs; and Christy Davis, Kansas state director of USDA Rural Development.

Kansas' suicide rate is higher than the national average. It increased 65 percent between 2001 and 2020, said Dania Zolk, section director of injury and violence prevention at the Kansas Department of Health and Environment.

Suicide is the second leading cause of death for Kansans ages 10 to 34. Suicide in 2020 cost the state $5.7 billion in medical expenses and work loss.

The highest rates are among white males. The suicide rates for rural and frontier counties were 58 percent higher than the state rate.

Duane Keller grew up on a farm in Trego County. He and his wife lost their home and all of his belonging in the Four Counties Fire in December.

Nine hundred acres of farm ground and 50,000 bushels of corn also burned while the couple was visiting Kansas City.

The couple had built the home 40 years ago with the help of their children.

"We got a call from our daughter, and she said you're home's gone," Keller said with a crack in his voice.

"On the way home, I told my wife, 'Look in the back seat of the pickup.' She said there is nothing back there except a couple of bags. I said, 'Well, that's all we got.'"

He said it is therapeutic to talk about the loss and each time he tells the story, it gets easier.

"Out of tragedy, I think comes opportunities," he said. "I think our family's stronger. I think our son and daughter appreciate us a lot more, and we appreciate what we had.

"I tell people, on a happy side, how many people at 74 years of age get to build a brand new home and put all new crap in it," he said with a smile, "and the insurance company is going to pay for it."

&nbsp;The damage from the fire lingered. Initially, the wind blew away much of the topsoil from the barren land.&nbsp; The ash from the fire damaged the fertility of the soil. Keller planted and lost two rounds of crops on the burnt ground. A third planting of milo is finally growing.

Keller said farming has always been stressful.

"How many of you would check the markets in the afternoon and you've lost $200,000, but you still eat supper that night? You still move on," he said. "Or you go in to buy fertilizer and it's up four times what it was the year before, but you still write the check."

Brenda Seaman is a licensed clinical social worker at High Plains Mental Center but also comes from a multi-generation farm family.

"As has been said, we deal with things that are not in our control — commodity prices, input prices, weather, government policies that change. We are used to that," she said.

"What I have seen in recent years is a dwindling of resources that help us be resilient. What I mean by that is our communities, our connectedness and our growing isolation."

Many farmers are working additional jobs off the farm and rural populations are shrinking as farms consolidate.

"There's no time to gather in those informal settings that we used to do, drink a cup of coffee at the local elevator or co-op and talk about the mutual stressors and mutual joys," she said.

She added, "Isolation in my view together with the difficult financial time can create despair hopelessness and a loss of shared purpose. When you are doing a really tough job, that's a big deal."

Farms used to be operated by multiple generations of a family — grandfathers, uncles, fathers and children.

"The weight of this now can be on the farmer alone," Seaman said, "because it is no longer financially viable sometimes to hand that farm down, so kids are working off the farm."

&nbsp;Jessie Wyrill, who lives on a farm in Phillips County, said separating work from home life is impossible on a farm.

Wyrill, holding back tears, talked about the heartbreak of losing a cow and her calf during birthing.

"Imagine moments like that building up day after day," she said. "Tomorrow it might be a bolt that breaks on the bailor and keeps them from finishing before supper and they lose out on spending time with their family. Then the guilt comes."

Wyrill, who is on the Phillips County Hospital Board, said wait times for mental health care are a barrier to many rural Americans. These wait times can be anywhere from two weeks to eight months.

"How is someone who is struggling expected to wait that long to get help and how do they feel if they are just put on the back burner," she said.

Farmers, who are subject to the needs of their livestock or the whims of the weather, can't commit to appointments set far in advance, she said.

This coupled with a desire for privacy makes telehealth a more viable option for many farmers, Wyrill said.

Panel members said high-speed internet is still lacking for many rural families. If you happen to be next to a fiber optic line and can access service with that provider, access is good.

However, panel members gave examples of families who couldn't access internet access when the fiber optic cable was as close as across the road from their homes. One company wanted to lay fiber across a farmer's land but refused to give him internet access because the farmer was not in their coverage area.

The panel members said expanding broadband is essential in expanding telehealth services to rural communities, but business models and regulations are getting in the way of access.

Dr. Christine Fisher, medical director of First Care Clinic in Hays, promoted the use of the integrated health approach that is used at First Care. All First Care patients are screened for both physical and mental health needs when they are seen for appointments.

"People don't like to come back and talk about I'm depressed. I have suicidal thoughts," she said. "But if this is just part of the visit — it's included in your visit — they will stay for that. We can do those suicide interventions."

The clinic hired a psychiatric telehealth nurse practitioner for medication management.

"If there is a hole in medical school teaching and nurse practitioner teaching, it is revolving around behavioral health and behavioral health medication management. Very, very poor teaching, unfortunately," she said.

Lauren Mack, is a veterinarian with The Animal Hospital, which has locations in Plainville and Phillipsburg. She works daily with farmers and ranchers.

She talked about the "weight of legends" in farm families.

"When you stand chute side. The legend is grandpa. ... Sometimes it was great-grandpa or it was the neighbor down the road. You not only have an obligation to your family to keep farming but to the whole region and your children. The list becomes vast."

That weight is paired with a lack of secession planning and substance abuse, she said. She said she sees many psychiatric issues and damaged marriages.

Mack added later the ranchers she works with tend to be very isolated, which she said she thought also contributed to mental health issues.

"If you have ever spent all day working by yourself, you have a lot of time to convince yourself of all the things you have done wrong and all of the things that are going wrong and there is a lot of time to get to a place you shouldn't," she said.

She said she has had ranchers break down into tears with her, but she said it took asking questions and reaching out as a friend to get someone to talk about their struggles.

Alicia Boor, Cottonwood Extension District agent, said her agency is trying to get as many people as possible training in Question, Pursue and Refer, which is also known as QPR. This one-hour training helps lay people learn techniques to deal with mental health emergencies.

"Most farmers don't want to admit that they are struggling, but they will move mountains to save their buddy," she said.

Andrew Brown, commissioner of Behavioral Health Services for the Kansas Department for Aging and Disability Services, said the governor dedicated $1.5 million in her budget this year for suicide prevention.

On July 16, the new 988 mental health/suicide hotline launched. It will work much like 911. The majority of the calls to the line will be answered by workers in Kansas.

Kansas is also working to open crisis centers, as well as mobile crisis units, Brown said.

KDHE has applied for a grant from the Centers for Disease Control for mental health programs among youth in agriculture in frontier communities in Kansas, Zolck with KDHE said.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/7/1659120294939.jpeg" alt="Representatives of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Use and Mental Health Services Administration and High Plains Mental Health Center talk with farmers on a farm southwest of Hays, which is owned by Dylan Bryant, center. Photo by Cristina Janney/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>Representatives of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Use and Mental Health Services Administration and High Plains Mental Health Center talk with farmers on a farm southwest of Hays, which is owned by Dylan Bryant, center. Photo by Cristina Janney/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure>If you or someone you know is experiencing a mental health crisis, you can call the new behavior health/suicide hotline at 988.High Plains Mental Health Center's emergency after-hours telephone number is 1-800-432-0333. By CRISTINA JANNEY Hays PostSuicide rates among farmers in Kansas are up to seven times higher than state rates.Members of a panel on Thursday said high stress among farmers combined with a reluctance of individuals to seek professional help has led to a mental health crisis.Representatives of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture were in Hays Thursday to talk to local farmers and listen to the panel, which was assembled by High Plains Mental Health Center.Attendees included Joseph Palm, regional director, HHS Intergovernmental and External Affairs; Kimberly Nelson, regional administrator of Substance Use and Mental Health Services Administration; Nancy Rios, regional administrator of Health Resources and Services Administration; Nickolas Clasen, HHS Intergovernmental and External Affairs; and Christy Davis, Kansas state director of USDA Rural Development.<h2>Suicide by the numbers in Kansas</h2>Kansas' suicide rate is higher than the national average. It increased 65 percent between 2001 and 2020, said Dania Zolk, section director of injury and violence prevention at the Kansas Department of Health and Environment. Suicide is the second leading cause of death for Kansans ages 10 to 34. Suicide in 2020 cost the state $5.7 billion in medical expenses and work loss.The highest rates are among white males. The suicide rates for rural and frontier counties were 58 percent higher than the state rate.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/7/1659121560317.jpeg" alt="Duane Keller, left, speaks will Walt Hill, director of High Plains Mental Health Center, during a panel Thursday on ag and mental health. Keller lost his home and his farm burned during the Four Counties Fire in December.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Duane Keller, left, speaks will Walt Hill, director of High Plains Mental Health Center, during a panel Thursday on ag and mental health. Keller lost his home and his farm burned during the Four Counties Fire in December.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure><h2>Recovery after the 4-Counties Fire</h2>Duane Keller grew up on a farm in Trego County. He and his wife lost their home and all of his belonging in the Four Counties Fire in December.Nine hundred acres of farm ground and 50,000 bushels of corn also burned while the couple was visiting Kansas City.The couple had built the home 40 years ago with the help of their children."We got a call from our daughter, and she said you're home's gone," Keller said with a crack in his voice."On the way home, I told my wife, 'Look in the back seat of the pickup.' She said there is nothing back there except a couple of bags. I said, 'Well, that's all we got.'"He said it is therapeutic to talk about the loss and each time he tells the story, it gets easier."Out of tragedy, I think comes opportunities," he said. "I think our family's stronger. I think our son and daughter appreciate us a lot more, and we appreciate what we had."I tell people, on a happy side, how many people at 74 years of age get to build a brand new home and put all new crap in it," he said with a smile, "and the insurance company is going to pay for it."<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/7/1659122582012.jpeg" alt="Mental Health and agriculture panel presented Thursday in Hays.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Mental Health and agriculture panel presented Thursday in Hays.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>&nbsp;The damage from the fire lingered. Initially, the wind blew away much of the topsoil from the barren land.&nbsp; The ash from the fire damaged the fertility of the soil. Keller planted and lost two rounds of crops on the burnt ground. A third planting of milo is finally growing. Keller said farming has always been stressful."How many of you would check the markets in the afternoon and you've lost $200,000, but you still eat supper that night? You still move on," he said. "Or you go in to buy fertilizer and it's up four times what it was the year before, but you still write the check."<h2>Isolation pervasive for farm families</h2>Brenda Seaman is a licensed clinical social worker at High Plains Mental Center but also comes from a multi-generation farm family."As has been said, we deal with things that are not in our control — commodity prices, input prices, weather, government policies that change. We are used to that," she said."What I have seen in recent years is a dwindling of resources that help us be resilient. What I mean by that is our communities, our connectedness and our growing isolation."Many farmers are working additional jobs off the farm and rural populations are shrinking as farms consolidate."There's no time to gather in those informal settings that we used to do, drink a cup of coffee at the local elevator or co-op and talk about the mutual stressors and mutual joys," she said. She added, "Isolation in my view together with the difficult financial time can create despair hopelessness and a loss of shared purpose. When you are doing a really tough job, that's a big deal."<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/7/1659123479655.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Farms used to be operated by multiple generations of a family — grandfathers, uncles, fathers and children."The weight of this now can be on the farmer alone," Seaman said, "because it is no longer financially viable sometimes to hand that farm down, so kids are working off the farm."<h2>Heartbreak of farm life</h2>&nbsp;Jessie Wyrill, who lives on a farm in Phillips County, said separating work from home life is impossible on a farm.Wyrill, holding back tears, talked about the heartbreak of losing a cow and her calf during birthing. "Imagine moments like that building up day after day," she said. "Tomorrow it might be a bolt that breaks on the bailor and keeps them from finishing before supper and they lose out on spending time with their family. Then the guilt comes."Wyrill, who is on the Phillips County Hospital Board, said wait times for mental health care are a barrier to many rural Americans. These wait times can be anywhere from two weeks to eight months."How is someone who is struggling expected to wait that long to get help and how do they feel if they are just put on the back burner," she said.<h2>Need for telehealth, broadband expansion</h2>Farmers, who are subject to the needs of their livestock or the whims of the weather, can't commit to appointments set far in advance, she said.This coupled with a desire for privacy makes telehealth a more viable option for many farmers, Wyrill said.Panel members said high-speed internet is still lacking for many rural families. If you happen to be next to a fiber optic line and can access service with that provider, access is good.However, panel members gave examples of families who couldn't access internet access when the fiber optic cable was as close as across the road from their homes. One company wanted to lay fiber across a farmer's land but refused to give him internet access because the farmer was not in their coverage area.The panel members said expanding broadband is essential in expanding telehealth services to rural communities, but business models and regulations are getting in the way of access. <figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/7/1659122876270.jpeg" alt="sdDr. Christine Fisher, medical director of First Care Clinic, urges the expansion of integrated health care to include mental health care. She along with Angel Romero Jr, hemp farmer, left, and veterinarian Lauren Mack, right, sat on a panel on ag and mental health on Thursday in Hays.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>sdDr. Christine Fisher, medical director of First Care Clinic, urges the expansion of integrated health care to include mental health care. She along with Angel Romero Jr, hemp farmer, left, and veterinarian Lauren Mack, right, sat on a panel on ag and mental health on Thursday in Hays.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Dr. Christine Fisher, medical director of First Care Clinic in Hays, promoted the use of the integrated health approach that is used at First Care. All First Care patients are screened for both physical and mental health needs when they are seen for appointments."People don't like to come back and talk about I'm depressed. I have suicidal thoughts," she said. "But if this is just part of the visit — it's included in your visit — they will stay for that. We can do those suicide interventions."The clinic hired a psychiatric telehealth nurse practitioner for medication management."If there is a hole in medical school teaching and nurse practitioner teaching, it is revolving around behavioral health and behavioral health medication management. Very, very poor teaching, unfortunately," she said.<h2>'Weight of legends'</h2>Lauren Mack, is a veterinarian with The Animal Hospital, which has locations in Plainville and Phillipsburg. She works daily with farmers and ranchers.She talked about the "weight of legends" in farm families. "When you stand chute side. The legend is grandpa. ... Sometimes it was great-grandpa or it was the neighbor down the road. You not only have an obligation to your family to keep farming but to the whole region and your children. The list becomes vast."That weight is paired with a lack of secession planning and substance abuse, she said. She said she sees many psychiatric issues and damaged marriages.Mack added later the ranchers she works with tend to be very isolated, which she said she thought also contributed to mental health issues."If you have ever spent all day working by yourself, you have a lot of time to convince yourself of all the things you have done wrong and all of the things that are going wrong and there is a lot of time to get to a place you shouldn't," she said.She said she has had ranchers break down into tears with her, but she said it took asking questions and reaching out as a friend to get someone to talk about their struggles.<h2>Addressing needs, looking for solutions</h2>Alicia Boor, Cottonwood Extension District agent, said her agency is trying to get as many people as possible training in Question, Pursue and Refer, which is also known as QPR. This one-hour training helps lay people learn techniques to deal with mental health emergencies."Most farmers don't want to admit that they are struggling, but they will move mountains to save their buddy," she said.Andrew Brown, commissioner of Behavioral Health Services for the Kansas Department for Aging and Disability Services, said the governor dedicated $1.5 million in her budget this year for suicide prevention.On July 16, the new 988 mental health/suicide hotline launched. It will work much like 911. The majority of the calls to the line will be answered by workers in Kansas.Kansas is also working to open crisis centers, as well as mobile crisis units, Brown said.KDHE has applied for a grant from the Centers for Disease Control for mental health programs among youth in agriculture in frontier communities in Kansas, Zolck with KDHE said.

Farm stress drives up suicide rates; KS panel looks for solutions

August signals the beginning of another school year. Kids of all ages will be learning new skills in the classroom. My hope is that you will find something that you want to learn more about and sign up for a class or two. I have loved my years in Extension because it has encouraged me to be a life-long learner. When I prepare to teach others in a workshop setting, I always find that the time I spend researching the subject teaches me as much as the participants.

Our August Cottonwood Connection e-newsletter will be posted soon on our Cottonwood website. I hope you will take a few minutes and see what opportunities are offered during the month ahead in the Cottonwood District. Agriculture, 4-H and youth development and Family and Consumer Science programming is making a difference in the lives of our families.

Consider signing up for the fermentation workshop I am offering in Great Bend on August 29th. Participants will learn how to make Kimchi which is a tasty Korean condiment. There is a registration fee of $25 that covers the ingredients and equipment needed to ferment a quart of Kimchi.

It is also time to think about registering for the Stay Strong Stay Healthy workshop that begins in September. I will be leading this popular workshop which focuses on improving strength, flexibility, and balance. A $20 registration fee will hold a spot for you and class size is limited. Classes run from September 29th through November 29th, from 10 – 11 AM at the Great Bend Activity Center.

Before I close today, I want to extend a warm welcome to our newest team member, Monique Koerner. Monique is bringing her professional experience to the Cottonwood District as the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Hays office.

Early in August the Cottonwood District Horticulture position will open for applicants and later in the fall the 4-H and youth development position in the Hays office will be filled. Watch for these announcements in the weeks ahead and encourage people you may know who have the qualifications to apply.

Exciting times lie ahead in the Cottonwood District. I hope you will be part of the life-long learning that is happening!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District – Great Bend office. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>August signals the beginning of another school year. Kids of all ages will be learning new skills in the classroom. My hope is that you will find something that you want to learn more about and sign up for a class or two. I have loved my years in Extension because it has encouraged me to be a life-long learner. When I prepare to teach others in a workshop setting, I always find that the time I spend researching the subject teaches me as much as the participants.Our August Cottonwood Connection e-newsletter will be posted soon on our Cottonwood website. I hope you will take a few minutes and see what opportunities are offered during the month ahead in the Cottonwood District. Agriculture, 4-H and youth development and Family and Consumer Science programming is making a difference in the lives of our families.Consider signing up for the fermentation workshop I am offering in Great Bend on August 29th. Participants will learn how to make Kimchi which is a tasty Korean condiment. There is a registration fee of $25 that covers the ingredients and equipment needed to ferment a quart of Kimchi.It is also time to think about registering for the Stay Strong Stay Healthy workshop that begins in September. I will be leading this popular workshop which focuses on improving strength, flexibility, and balance. A $20 registration fee will hold a spot for you and class size is limited. Classes run from September 29th through November 29th, from 10 – 11 AM at the Great Bend Activity Center.Before I close today, I want to extend a warm welcome to our newest team member, Monique Koerner. Monique is bringing her professional experience to the Cottonwood District as the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Hays office.Early in August the Cottonwood District Horticulture position will open for applicants and later in the fall the 4-H and youth development position in the Hays office will be filled. Watch for these announcements in the weeks ahead and encourage people you may know who have the qualifications to apply.Exciting times lie ahead in the Cottonwood District. I hope you will be part of the life-long learning that is happening!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District – Great Bend office. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider.

KRUG: Are you a lifelong learner?

Hi! My name is Monique Koerner. I’m the new Family and Community Wellness Extension Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. I’m passionate about the community of Hays and the families and children that live here!

Hays is my hometown and I graduated from Hays High School and Fort Hays State University. Most recently I graduated from Fort Hays State University in 2019 with a Masters in Professional Studies with an emphasis in Public Health Administration. Before being hired as an extension agent, I worked for Early Childhood Connections. I was a home visitor for Early Head Start and Parents as Teachers.

My family consists of my husband, Lance, five children ranging in age from 25-15, and two dogs. A long-haired Chihuahua named Bella, and a yellow lab named Phiobe, round out the family.

Advocating for and supporting families who breastfeed is also a passion of mine. I have been a La Leche League Leader for almost 23 years and an International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) for 11 years.

I’m excited to begin my new position with K-State. I plan on being at the Backpack for Kids event on Aug 4, at the Presbyterian Church from 7am-6pm, Go Truck Go on Sept 22, at Early Childhood Connections 5-7pm, and have started planning the annual Family Dinner Night make and take pizza event the last Monday in September. Please come out and say “hi”! I look forward to seeing old friends and acquaintances as well as making new ones.

If you ever need anything, you can find me at our office located at 601 Main St. I can also be contacted at 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/7/1658934620122.png" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. " />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. </figcaption>
 </figure>Hi! My name is Monique Koerner. I’m the new Family and Community Wellness Extension Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. I’m passionate about the community of Hays and the families and children that live here!Hays is my hometown and I graduated from Hays High School and Fort Hays State University. Most recently I graduated from Fort Hays State University in 2019 with a Masters in Professional Studies with an emphasis in Public Health Administration. Before being hired as an extension agent, I worked for Early Childhood Connections. I was a home visitor for Early Head Start and Parents as Teachers.My family consists of my husband, Lance, five children ranging in age from 25-15, and two dogs. A long-haired Chihuahua named Bella, and a yellow lab named Phiobe, round out the family.Advocating for and supporting families who breastfeed is also a passion of mine. I have been a La Leche League Leader for almost 23 years and an International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) for 11 years.I’m excited to begin my new position with K-State. I plan on being at the Backpack for Kids event on Aug 4, at the Presbyterian Church from 7am-6pm, Go Truck Go on Sept 22, at Early Childhood Connections 5-7pm, and have started planning the annual Family Dinner Night make and take pizza event the last Monday in September. Please come out and say “hi”! I look forward to seeing old friends and acquaintances as well as making new ones.If you ever need anything, you can find me at our office located at 601 Main St. I can also be contacted at 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

Cottonwood Extension welcomes new agent, Monique Koerner

On this episode of the Post Podcast, Cottonwood Extension District agent Stacy Campbell shares updates from the district.&nbsp;

<a href="https://postpodcast.podbean.com/">For more about the Post Podcast, including a full list of episodes and episode transcripts click here.</a>

<div><iframe title="Extension district wheat test plot results released" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?i=yxim2-128592d-pb&from=pb6admin&square=1&share=1&download=1&rtl=0&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=3267a3&size=300" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>On this episode of the Post Podcast, Cottonwood Extension District agent Stacy Campbell shares updates from the district.&nbsp;<a href="https://postpodcast.podbean.com/">For more about the Post Podcast, including a full list of episodes and episode transcripts click here.</a>

🎙Post Podcast: Extension district wheat test plot results released

If you plan to feed out sorghums, there are several things to consider before feeding. Below, we talk about the various ways and what level of concern you should have. When in doubt, test before feeding.&nbsp;

Pasture. Grazing sorghum is considered to be the most dangerous option when HCN potential is a concern; however, proper management can reduce risk. Figure 6 shows a calf grazing sorghum-sudangrass that is more than 18 inches tall and shows no stress from frost or extreme drought, both conditions that could increase HCN potential. Residues from grain sorghum can be safely grazed after grain harvest, if the remaining plant is totally dead after a frost, or a week has passed since the frost occurred. Grain sorghum can have small tillers that can be high in HCN until after a killing frost.&nbsp;

Hay. It is recommended to use forage sorghum as hay when HCN potential is not a concern; plants are greater than 18 to 24 inches tall, and not drought or cold stressed. Drying does not eliminate risk. If in doubt about the degree of stress that might lead to elevated dhurrin in hay, collect a representative sample and test for HCN potential.&nbsp;

Silage. Silage is considered one of the safest options when feeding sorghum forage.&nbsp;

Green Chop. Use of green chop reduces HCN potential as compared to grazing but is not considered as safe as feeding silage.&nbsp;

If HCN is a concern, several steps can be taken to reduce the potential of cyanide toxicity. These steps include:&nbsp;

If you suspect HCN poisoning in even one animal, call your local veterinarian immediately and remove the rest of the livestock from the feed. Accurate diagnosis of clinical signs and removal from feed is important in these cases. Your veterinarian may collect samples of forage, rumen contents, or blood to help confirm a diagnosis.&nbsp;

Overall, sorghum has many beneficial properties. If proper management occurs, sorghum can be a safe and beneficial forage crop. Soon, a new hybrid will be on the market that is dhurrin-free. This hybrid will not release HCN because there is no accumulation of dhurrin. This new hybrid will be a great option for removing the fear of cyanide toxicity.&nbsp;

Kansas testing information&nbsp; Check with your local county extension agent or office for the closest option.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations.html" target="_blank">https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations.html</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>If you plan to feed out sorghums, there are several things to consider before feeding. Below, we talk about the various ways and what level of concern you should have. When in doubt, test before feeding.&nbsp;Pasture. Grazing sorghum is considered to be the most dangerous option when HCN potential is a concern; however, proper management can reduce risk. Figure 6 shows a calf grazing sorghum-sudangrass that is more than 18 inches tall and shows no stress from frost or extreme drought, both conditions that could increase HCN potential. Residues from grain sorghum can be safely grazed after grain harvest, if the remaining plant is totally dead after a frost, or a week has passed since the frost occurred. Grain sorghum can have small tillers that can be high in HCN until after a killing frost.&nbsp;Hay. It is recommended to use forage sorghum as hay when HCN potential is not a concern; plants are greater than 18 to 24 inches tall, and not drought or cold stressed. Drying does not eliminate risk. If in doubt about the degree of stress that might lead to elevated dhurrin in hay, collect a representative sample and test for HCN potential.&nbsp;Silage. Silage is considered one of the safest options when feeding sorghum forage.&nbsp;Green Chop. Use of green chop reduces HCN potential as compared to grazing but is not considered as safe as feeding silage.&nbsp;If HCN is a concern, several steps can be taken to reduce the potential of cyanide toxicity. These steps include:&nbsp;<ul>
 <li>use the sorghum before a frost occurs,&nbsp;</li><li>submit sorghum sample(s) to a qualified lab to be tested for HCN,&nbsp;</li><li>wait to graze 7 to 10 days after a killing freeze,&nbsp;</li><li>do not apply more than 50 pounds of nitrogen (soil plus fertilizer) per cutting, and&nbsp;</li><li>dilute the sorghum feed with another feed source.&nbsp;</li>
 </ul>If you suspect HCN poisoning in even one animal, call your local veterinarian immediately and remove the rest of the livestock from the feed. Accurate diagnosis of clinical signs and removal from feed is important in these cases. Your veterinarian may collect samples of forage, rumen contents, or blood to help confirm a diagnosis.&nbsp;Overall, sorghum has many beneficial properties. If proper management occurs, sorghum can be a safe and beneficial forage crop. Soon, a new hybrid will be on the market that is dhurrin-free. This hybrid will not release HCN because there is no accumulation of dhurrin. This new hybrid will be a great option for removing the fear of cyanide toxicity.&nbsp;Kansas testing information&nbsp; Check with your local county extension agent or office for the closest option.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations.html" target="_blank">https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations.html</a>

BOOR: HCN concern for sorghum varieties 

In drier years I get this question. When the soil is dry, will it be able to hold anhydrous ammonia or will some or most of the ammonia be lost shortly after application?

There are three factors that come into play when applying anhydrous ammonia to dry soils.

Chemical - Ammonia (NH3) needs to react with water shortly after application in order to convert into ammonium (NH4+), which is the molecule that can adhere to clay and organic matter in the soil. Ammonia is very soluble in water. After it is placed in the soil, NH3 reacts with water in the soil to form NH4+, which is retained on the soil cation exchange capacity sites. This process takes a little time – it does not occur immediately upon contact with the soil. The main controlling factors in the conversion of NH3 to NH4+ are soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil pH. The higher the soil temperature and the wetter the soil, the more rapid the conversion occurs. If the ammonia does not react with water, it will remain as a gas that could escape from the soil. Also, equilibrium between NH3 and NH4+ is affected by soil pH. More NH3 will remain unconverted in the soil longer at higher application rates and at higher soil pH levels.

Physical - Dry soils may be cloddy, with large air spaces where the soil has cracked. This can allow the gas to physically escape into the air before it has a chance to be converted into ammonium. Getting the soil sealed properly above the injection slot can also be a problem in dry soils. Loss of the ammonium gas can begin immediately after application continuing for several days to weeks if there is no moisture. N losses can be greater than 50%.

Application depth - The deeper the ammonia is applied, the more likely the ammonia will have moisture to react with, and the easier the sealing.

So, can anhydrous ammonia be applied to dry soils?

The answer is yes - as long as the ammonia is applied deep enough to get it in some moisture and the soil is well sealed above the injection slot. If the soil is dry and cloddy, there may be considerable losses of ammonia within just a few days of application if the soil is not well sealed above the injection slot and/or the injection point is too shallow.

Producers should be able to tell if anhydrous is escaping from the soil during application or if the ammonia isn’t being applied deeply enough. If ammonia can be smelled, the producer should either change the equipment setup to get better sealing or deeper injection, or wait until the soil has better moisture conditions.

In short, producers can minimize this potential loss problem by applying the anhydrous ammonia at the proper depth (at least 6 to 8 inches in 30 to 40 inch spacings), and using covering disks behind the knives or sealing wings ("beaver tails") on the knives.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/7/1658841456977.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>In drier years I get this question. When the soil is dry, will it be able to hold anhydrous ammonia or will some or most of the ammonia be lost shortly after application?There are three factors that come into play when applying anhydrous ammonia to dry soils.Chemical - Ammonia (NH3) needs to react with water shortly after application in order to convert into ammonium (NH4+), which is the molecule that can adhere to clay and organic matter in the soil. Ammonia is very soluble in water. After it is placed in the soil, NH3 reacts with water in the soil to form NH4+, which is retained on the soil cation exchange capacity sites. This process takes a little time – it does not occur immediately upon contact with the soil. The main controlling factors in the conversion of NH3 to NH4+ are soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil pH. The higher the soil temperature and the wetter the soil, the more rapid the conversion occurs. If the ammonia does not react with water, it will remain as a gas that could escape from the soil. Also, equilibrium between NH3 and NH4+ is affected by soil pH. More NH3 will remain unconverted in the soil longer at higher application rates and at higher soil pH levels.Physical - Dry soils may be cloddy, with large air spaces where the soil has cracked. This can allow the gas to physically escape into the air before it has a chance to be converted into ammonium. Getting the soil sealed properly above the injection slot can also be a problem in dry soils. Loss of the ammonium gas can begin immediately after application continuing for several days to weeks if there is no moisture. N losses can be greater than 50%.Application depth - The deeper the ammonia is applied, the more likely the ammonia will have moisture to react with, and the easier the sealing.So, can anhydrous ammonia be applied to dry soils?The answer is yes - as long as the ammonia is applied deep enough to get it in some moisture and the soil is well sealed above the injection slot. If the soil is dry and cloddy, there may be considerable losses of ammonia within just a few days of application if the soil is not well sealed above the injection slot and/or the injection point is too shallow.Producers should be able to tell if anhydrous is escaping from the soil during application or if the ammonia isn’t being applied deeply enough. If ammonia can be smelled, the producer should either change the equipment setup to get better sealing or deeper injection, or wait until the soil has better moisture conditions.In short, producers can minimize this potential loss problem by applying the anhydrous ammonia at the proper depth (at least 6 to 8 inches in 30 to 40 inch spacings), and using covering disks behind the knives or sealing wings ("beaver tails") on the knives.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Can dry soils affect anhydrous ammonia applications in Kansas?

As we prepared for the fair, I had the opportunity to work with both 4-H and Open Class superintendents to review Youth Program Quality Principles from the Kansas 4-H Club Corner. There are eight critical principles for youth program quality as defined by 4-H. I do believe that these apply to any youth program!

1) Physical and psychological safety – Youth need to feel safe in 4-H programs and be able to interact positively with others. Volunteers for Kansas 4-H go through background checks and have access to trainings to provide an appropriate environment for youth to develop.

2) Appropriate structure – Whether it is a club meeting or leadership camp, 4-H programs must have clear and consistent rules and expectations, with clear boundaries and age-appropriate monitoring.

3) Supportive relationships – All youth need to feel warmth from and closeness to others in 4-H. Youth need to feel others care about and support them. They also need to receive clear guidance and communication from 4-H volunteers and staff.

4) Opportunities to belong – All youth need to feel included in a meaningful way in 4-H, regardless of their gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or ability. Youth have opportunities to share their culture and heritage with others and to forge a positive identity. For myself, at the end of the day, did I help a youth feel valued and that they have a support system?

5) Positive social norms – Youth should experience clear rules and expectations for participating in 4-H, including the values, morals, and ethical expectations of being a 4-H member. Opportunities bring responsibility and that is a life skill which includes abiding by deadlines and a Code of Conduct for appropriate behavior, especially when you are representing your family, club, county, and state at events.

6) Support for efficacy and mattering – Youth in 4-H should be taken seriously and respected for their ideas and contributions. Youth should be given opportunities to develop responsibility and be challenged to set and achieve new goals. Representing their club at 4-H Council, serving in Junior Leaders, and being selected to a 4-H Ambassador role, and serving as club officers are all great examples of providing opportunities for developing responsibility. Each new 4-H year brings the opportunity to set new project goals for learning. These are all important life skills!

7) Opportunities for skill building – Youth need to develop physical, psychological, intellectual, emotional, and social skills as they grow and develop. 4-H provides opportunities for youth to develop these skills, skills that support a young person into adulthood and the workplace. One of the hallmarks of 4-H is the nearly forty project areas offered to learn about everything from Arts and Crafts to Woodworking. While youth explore the specific project material, they are also learning communication skills, responsibility, time management, and a sense of belonging.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1579114162620.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>As we prepared for the fair, I had the opportunity to work with both 4-H and Open Class superintendents to review Youth Program Quality Principles from the Kansas 4-H Club Corner. There are eight critical principles for youth program quality as defined by 4-H. I do believe that these apply to any youth program!1) Physical and psychological safety – Youth need to feel safe in 4-H programs and be able to interact positively with others. Volunteers for Kansas 4-H go through background checks and have access to trainings to provide an appropriate environment for youth to develop.2) Appropriate structure – Whether it is a club meeting or leadership camp, 4-H programs must have clear and consistent rules and expectations, with clear boundaries and age-appropriate monitoring.3) Supportive relationships – All youth need to feel warmth from and closeness to others in 4-H. Youth need to feel others care about and support them. They also need to receive clear guidance and communication from 4-H volunteers and staff.4) Opportunities to belong – All youth need to feel included in a meaningful way in 4-H, regardless of their gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or ability. Youth have opportunities to share their culture and heritage with others and to forge a positive identity. For myself, at the end of the day, did I help a youth feel valued and that they have a support system?5) Positive social norms – Youth should experience clear rules and expectations for participating in 4-H, including the values, morals, and ethical expectations of being a 4-H member. Opportunities bring responsibility and that is a life skill which includes abiding by deadlines and a Code of Conduct for appropriate behavior, especially when you are representing your family, club, county, and state at events.6) Support for efficacy and mattering – Youth in 4-H should be taken seriously and respected for their ideas and contributions. Youth should be given opportunities to develop responsibility and be challenged to set and achieve new goals. Representing their club at 4-H Council, serving in Junior Leaders, and being selected to a 4-H Ambassador role, and serving as club officers are all great examples of providing opportunities for developing responsibility. Each new 4-H year brings the opportunity to set new project goals for learning. These are all important life skills!7) Opportunities for skill building – Youth need to develop physical, psychological, intellectual, emotional, and social skills as they grow and develop. 4-H provides opportunities for youth to develop these skills, skills that support a young person into adulthood and the workplace. One of the hallmarks of 4-H is the nearly forty project areas offered to learn about everything from Arts and Crafts to Woodworking. While youth explore the specific project material, they are also learning communication skills, responsibility, time management, and a sense of belonging.8) Integration of family, school, and community – Youth in 4-H do best when there is a connection to their 4-H experience with their family, school, and community. This is why 4-H programs begin at the local level, in the community where youth can practice their emerging leadership skills as they grow and develop. As a teacher, do you have a 4-H member in your class? Invite them to share about a project! Are you part of a civic organization that would like to know more about what 4-H members are learning? Reach out to them and ask them to present! Your engagement and support help to enrich their 4-H experience and learning opportunities.If you want to have an active part in developing the next generation of community leaders, business owners, and work force – consider volunteering with a youth organization! If often means checking your own attitude and agenda at the door but the results are incredible!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.Michelle Beran is the 4-H and Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District – Barton County office. For more information on this article or other 4-H and Youth Development related questions, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.