September is designated as Food Safety month, so it is a perfect time to share information about this important topic. Consumers of all ages need to improve their safe food handling practices. With only 61 percent of Americans following all package cooking instructions, and even less using a food thermometer (19 percent), this is a unique opportunity to help educate and inform consumers to “Cook It Safe.”

Pre-prepared meals are fast and convenient by design, but not taking the time to read the cooking instructions on the package can lead to undercooking. Not all of these foods can be cooked to a safe temperature in a microwave. Food poisoning can occur when food is not cooked evenly to a safe internal temperature high enough to destroy harmful bacteria that might be present.

Frozen convenience foods may appear ready-to-eat and simply in need of being reheated, but many contain raw products that must be fully cooked before eating. Reading the product’s label should inform consumers whether the product needs to be reheated or thoroughly cooked. The package may convey, for example, that the product contains uncooked meat or poultry. If the package instructions for microwave cooking call for covering or stirring the food or allowing a “stand time” do not ignore these steps, which contribute to even cooking. Covering food traps moisture and raises the temperature, while stirring prevents cold spots where bacteria can survive. “Stand time” is the time between removal from a heat source and consumption, when food continues to

cook for a few minutes. Skipping these key parts of cooking instructions may allow bacteria to survive and lead to foodborne illness.

Get in the habit of using a food thermometer to ensure a safe internal temperature. It is a good idea to test the food in several places. This applies when cooking in microwaves or any other heat source. The safe internal temperatures that will ensure bacteria are killed in different types of food are:

· Whole cuts of fresh beef, pork, veal and lamb: 145 degrees F, followed by three minutes of stand time.

· Ground beef, pork, veal, and lamb: 160 degrees F.

· All poultry, ground or whole: 165 degrees F.

· Leftovers and casseroles: 165 degrees F.

· Hotdogs and reheated deli meats: 165 degrees F or steaming hot.

For more information about food safety feel free to give me a call at the Cottonwood Extension District – Great Bend office.

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>September is designated as Food Safety month, so it is a perfect time to share information about this important topic. Consumers of all ages need to improve their safe food handling practices. With only 61 percent of Americans following all package cooking instructions, and even less using a food thermometer (19 percent), this is a unique opportunity to help educate and inform consumers to “Cook It Safe.”Pre-prepared meals are fast and convenient by design, but not taking the time to read the cooking instructions on the package can lead to undercooking. Not all of these foods can be cooked to a safe temperature in a microwave. Food poisoning can occur when food is not cooked evenly to a safe internal temperature high enough to destroy harmful bacteria that might be present.Frozen convenience foods may appear ready-to-eat and simply in need of being reheated, but many contain raw products that must be fully cooked before eating. Reading the product’s label should inform consumers whether the product needs to be reheated or thoroughly cooked. The package may convey, for example, that the product contains uncooked meat or poultry. If the package instructions for microwave cooking call for covering or stirring the food or allowing a “stand time” do not ignore these steps, which contribute to even cooking. Covering food traps moisture and raises the temperature, while stirring prevents cold spots where bacteria can survive. “Stand time” is the time between removal from a heat source and consumption, when food continues tocook for a few minutes. Skipping these key parts of cooking instructions may allow bacteria to survive and lead to foodborne illness.Get in the habit of using a food thermometer to ensure a safe internal temperature. It is a good idea to test the food in several places. This applies when cooking in microwaves or any other heat source. The safe internal temperatures that will ensure bacteria are killed in different types of food are:· Whole cuts of fresh beef, pork, veal and lamb: 145 degrees F, followed by three minutes of stand time.· Fish: 145 degrees F.· Ground beef, pork, veal, and lamb: 160 degrees F.· Eggs and egg dishes: 160 degrees F.· All poultry, ground or whole: 165 degrees F.· Leftovers and casseroles: 165 degrees F.· Hotdogs and reheated deli meats: 165 degrees F or steaming hot.For more information about food safety feel free to give me a call at the Cottonwood Extension District – Great Bend office.Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider.

KRUG: Cook it safe when preparing convenience foods

September is Baby Safety Month so this is a perfect time to review these 10 safety tips from Safe Kids and the CDC.

1. Check to make sure your car seat is installed correctly. The Safe Kids Worldwide provides virtual inspections and there are specific videos on how to correctly install a car seat. Local law enforcement officers may check car seats if you have questions about the installation.

2. Before putting your baby down for the night, remember that a firm mattress and fitted sheet are all you need for your baby’s crib. Remove blankets and toys from the crib and use a sleep sack on colder nights.

3. Place your baby’s crib and other furniture away from windows to avoid falls or strangulation. Your baby is safer without any strings or cords within reach.

4. Remember to set your water heater to 120° F to avoid scalds. make sure that the water never gets to a point that could injury the baby.

5. Install working smoke alarm AND a carbon monoxide alarm on every level of your home, and in all sleeping areas. This is an important tip for not just baby safety, but family safety as well. test the alarms regularly to make sure they work.

6. Use approved safety gates at the tops and bottoms of stairs and attach them to the wall, if possible. Remember to read the manufacturer’s instructions and warning labels to make sure you have the right gate for your needs.

7. Store poisonous items out of reach or use safety locks on cabinets within reach. These items also include liquid packets for the laundry and dishwasher. It only takes a few minutes, and it gives you one less thing to worry about. Put the poison help number, 1-800-222-1222, on or near every home telephone and save it on your cell phone.

8. Install stops on dresser drawers to prevent them from being pulled all the way out. Multiple open drawers can cause the weight to shift, making it easier for a dresser to fall.

9. Keep the toilet lids closed and use toilet seat locks to prevent drowning. It’s also a good idea to keep doors to bathrooms and laundry rooms closed.

10. And, last but not least, see the world from a child's point of view. Get on the floor, on your hands and knees so that you are at your child's eye level. Look for and remove small items. We know that babies will put anything and everything in their mouths. Remove everything that a child might choke on. The main thing is to always stay with the child and never leave a baby unattended.

Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at bunruh@ksu.edu. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="written by: Berny Unruh - Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Berny Unruh - Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>September is Baby Safety Month so this is a perfect time to review these 10 safety tips from Safe Kids and the CDC.1. Check to make sure your car seat is installed correctly. The Safe Kids Worldwide provides virtual inspections and there are specific videos on how to correctly install a car seat. Local law enforcement officers may check car seats if you have questions about the installation.2. Before putting your baby down for the night, remember that a firm mattress and fitted sheet are all you need for your baby’s crib. Remove blankets and toys from the crib and use a sleep sack on colder nights.3. Place your baby’s crib and other furniture away from windows to avoid falls or strangulation. Your baby is safer without any strings or cords within reach.4. Remember to set your water heater to 120° F to avoid scalds. make sure that the water never gets to a point that could injury the baby.5. Install working smoke alarm AND a carbon monoxide alarm on every level of your home, and in all sleeping areas. This is an important tip for not just baby safety, but family safety as well. test the alarms regularly to make sure they work.6. Use approved safety gates at the tops and bottoms of stairs and attach them to the wall, if possible. Remember to read the manufacturer’s instructions and warning labels to make sure you have the right gate for your needs.7. Store poisonous items out of reach or use safety locks on cabinets within reach. These items also include liquid packets for the laundry and dishwasher. It only takes a few minutes, and it gives you one less thing to worry about. Put the poison help number, 1-800-222-1222, on or near every home telephone and save it on your cell phone.8. Install stops on dresser drawers to prevent them from being pulled all the way out. Multiple open drawers can cause the weight to shift, making it easier for a dresser to fall.9. Keep the toilet lids closed and use toilet seat locks to prevent drowning. It’s also a good idea to keep doors to bathrooms and laundry rooms closed.10. And, last but not least, see the world from a child's point of view. Get on the floor, on your hands and knees so that you are at your child's eye level. Look for and remove small items. We know that babies will put anything and everything in their mouths. Remove everything that a child might choke on. The main thing is to always stay with the child and never leave a baby unattended.Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at bunruh@ksu.edu. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

UNRUH: Baby Safety Month

Armyworms are so-called because they can march across fields or landscapes in large groups. That seems to be happening this year as there are reports of armyworms feeding on tilled volunteer wheat fields, to the point they have taken out a lot of the volunteer wheat, even turning it white in some fields.

That brings up the question from farmers: Is this something I should be worried about, and possibly spray an insecticide for? The short answer is no.

I visited with J.P. Michaud, entomologist at the Ag Research Center in Hays. Most fall armyworms should be nearing the end of their last generation this year, meaning once they reach maturity, they will pupate and then emerge as a moth. Then, due to shorter day length (winter coming), they will pack-up and head south for the winter.

However, this could take a few more weeks, possibly more. Primarily, this is due to the sporadic hatching of the last generation of armyworms. The first generation is pretty synchronized, but after that, the following generations develop asynchronously, meaning some larvae are still small while others have finished feeding.

Insecticide seed treatments do not work well against armyworms and other lepidopteran larvae.

The bottom line is early-planted wheat is at the greatest risk. Early-planted fields should be inspected frequently during the first few weeks following emergence. Unless you are planting early for some grazing, it is preferable in our area to plant towards the end of September and into early October. Historically, yield does not decline unless planting occurs after the second week of October.

Early sowing of wheat can lead to several problems, including an increased chance of insect- or mite-transmitted viral diseases, or decreased emergence due to high temperatures. Ideally, growers should consider planting within the optimum window, but, if planting early due to moisture availability or a dual-purpose system, growers should consider selecting wheat varieties with tolerance to the major yield-reducing factors in their respective region. Growers might also consider a seed treatment with both fungicides and insecticides if planting wheat early in Kansas.

Young fall armyworms are ½ to 3/4 inch long, and are 1 ½ inches long at maturity. Body color may vary from green to almost black, but light stripes will be visible along the length of the body. Look for a whitish inverted "Y" on the face. It normally takes 2 to 3 weeks to develop from egg to pupa. The adult is a moth.

Another question that may arise is, do I still need to spray or till under the volunteer wheat that had heavy armyworm feeding? I would err on the side of caution and still do so, as I doubt that every single volunteer wheat plant is completely dead. Also, please keep in mind that all volunteer wheat should be killed within a mile of any new planting, ideally two weeks beforehand. If you have any questions give us a call or email--Stacy Campbell 785-628-9430, scampbel@ksu.edu J.P. Michaud 785-625-3425, jpmi@ksu.edu

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/9/1631724155056.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Armyworms are so-called because they can march across fields or landscapes in large groups. That seems to be happening this year as there are reports of armyworms feeding on tilled volunteer wheat fields, to the point they have taken out a lot of the volunteer wheat, even turning it white in some fields.That brings up the question from farmers: Is this something I should be worried about, and possibly spray an insecticide for? The short answer is no.I visited with J.P. Michaud, entomologist at the Ag Research Center in Hays. Most fall armyworms should be nearing the end of their last generation this year, meaning once they reach maturity, they will pupate and then emerge as a moth. Then, due to shorter day length (winter coming), they will pack-up and head south for the winter.However, this could take a few more weeks, possibly more. Primarily, this is due to the sporadic hatching of the last generation of armyworms. The first generation is pretty synchronized, but after that, the following generations develop asynchronously, meaning some larvae are still small while others have finished feeding.Insecticide seed treatments do not work well against armyworms and other lepidopteran larvae.The bottom line is early-planted wheat is at the greatest risk. Early-planted fields should be inspected frequently during the first few weeks following emergence. Unless you are planting early for some grazing, it is preferable in our area to plant towards the end of September and into early October. Historically, yield does not decline unless planting occurs after the second week of October.Early sowing of wheat can lead to several problems, including an increased chance of insect- or mite-transmitted viral diseases, or decreased emergence due to high temperatures. Ideally, growers should consider planting within the optimum window, but, if planting early due to moisture availability or a dual-purpose system, growers should consider selecting wheat varieties with tolerance to the major yield-reducing factors in their respective region. Growers might also consider a seed treatment with both fungicides and insecticides if planting wheat early in Kansas.Young fall armyworms are ½ to 3/4 inch long, and are 1 ½ inches long at maturity. Body color may vary from green to almost black, but light stripes will be visible along the length of the body. Look for a whitish inverted "Y" on the face. It normally takes 2 to 3 weeks to develop from egg to pupa. The adult is a moth.Another question that may arise is, do I still need to spray or till under the volunteer wheat that had heavy armyworm feeding? I would err on the side of caution and still do so, as I doubt that every single volunteer wheat plant is completely dead. Also, please keep in mind that all volunteer wheat should be killed within a mile of any new planting, ideally two weeks beforehand. If you have any questions give us a call or email--Stacy Campbell 785-628-9430, scampbel@ksu.edu J.P. Michaud 785-625-3425, jpmi@ksu.edu

CAMPBELL: Fall armyworms are abundant in farmer’s fields

Alfalfa will quit growing after the first hard freeze (when temperatures reach below 26°F), which in Kansas occurs on average around October 15, but can be as early as October 1 or late as November 1. The decision should be weather-based at this time of the year because the timing of the last two cuttings impacts the winter survival and productivity of the stand in the following year.&nbsp;

The last cutting, prior to fall dormancy, should be made based on expected crown regrowth rather than one-tenth bloom because of the decreasing photoperiod. The last cutting should be made so there will be 8 to 12 inches of foliage, or 4 to 6 weeks of growth time, before the first killing frost. This should allow adequate time for replenishment of root reserves. Which means the second to final cutting should occur around September 1.&nbsp;

At this stage of the growing season, alfalfa plants need to store enough carbohydrates to survive the winter. If root reserves are not replenished adequately before the first killing freeze in the fall, the stand is more susceptible to winter damage than it would be normally. That could result in slower greenup and early growth next spring, and in some cases stand loss due to winter kill. The potential of the alfalfa crop to grow new foliar tissue in the spring is greater with greater root reserves in the fall, thus root reserves this fall are the main driver of next crop’s yield and quality.&nbsp;

The final cutting should occur right after the first killing freeze, before too many of the leaves have dropped. Producers should be prepared to enter the fields as soon as soil moisture conditions allow. After a killing freeze, the remaining forage (if any) can be hayed safely. However, the producer should act quickly because the leaves will soon drop off.&nbsp;

Consider soil sampling alfalfa fields now&nbsp;

Late fall is also a great time of the year to soil sample alfalfa ground. This timing allows for an accurate assessment of available soil nutrients and provides enough time to make nutrient management decisions before the crop starts growing in the spring. Key soil tests include pH, phosphorus, and potassium, and to a lesser extent, sulfur and boron. In particular, potassium is highly related to winter survival so it’s important to make sure to have optimum range of potassium in soil before entering the winter. When sampling for immobile nutrients, sampling depth should be six inches, while mobile nutrients (sulfur) should be sampled to 24 inches. Based on the soil test, a fertility program can be established to assure nutrient replenishment and maintain hayfield productivity.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Alfalfa will quit growing after the first hard freeze (when temperatures reach below 26°F), which in Kansas occurs on average around October 15, but can be as early as October 1 or late as November 1. The decision should be weather-based at this time of the year because the timing of the last two cuttings impacts the winter survival and productivity of the stand in the following year.&nbsp;The last cutting, prior to fall dormancy, should be made based on expected crown regrowth rather than one-tenth bloom because of the decreasing photoperiod. The last cutting should be made so there will be 8 to 12 inches of foliage, or 4 to 6 weeks of growth time, before the first killing frost. This should allow adequate time for replenishment of root reserves. Which means the second to final cutting should occur around September 1.&nbsp;At this stage of the growing season, alfalfa plants need to store enough carbohydrates to survive the winter. If root reserves are not replenished adequately before the first killing freeze in the fall, the stand is more susceptible to winter damage than it would be normally. That could result in slower greenup and early growth next spring, and in some cases stand loss due to winter kill. The potential of the alfalfa crop to grow new foliar tissue in the spring is greater with greater root reserves in the fall, thus root reserves this fall are the main driver of next crop’s yield and quality.&nbsp;The final cutting should occur right after the first killing freeze, before too many of the leaves have dropped. Producers should be prepared to enter the fields as soon as soil moisture conditions allow. After a killing freeze, the remaining forage (if any) can be hayed safely. However, the producer should act quickly because the leaves will soon drop off.&nbsp;Consider soil sampling alfalfa fields now&nbsp;Late fall is also a great time of the year to soil sample alfalfa ground. This timing allows for an accurate assessment of available soil nutrients and provides enough time to make nutrient management decisions before the crop starts growing in the spring. Key soil tests include pH, phosphorus, and potassium, and to a lesser extent, sulfur and boron. In particular, potassium is highly related to winter survival so it’s important to make sure to have optimum range of potassium in soil before entering the winter. When sampling for immobile nutrients, sampling depth should be six inches, while mobile nutrients (sulfur) should be sampled to 24 inches. Based on the soil test, a fertility program can be established to assure nutrient replenishment and maintain hayfield productivity.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

BOOR: Last cut of alfalfa 

A year ago, I was excited to share information from the KSRE Fact sheet I wrote titled, “Taking a New Look at Fermented Foods.” The practice of fermenting foods has been around for thousands of years. There are many claims to how fermentation was discovered, but now, every culture with access to salt, makes some kind of fermented food. The simplicity of this food preservation method coupled with its unique flavors and reported health benefits has made fermenting food popular worldwide. Today there seems to be a renewed interest in preparing fermented foods at home.

I am hosting a fermentation workshop next week and have a couple of spots open if you would like to participate in this hands-on class. For the $25 registration fee you will receive the ingredients to make a 1-quart jar of Kimchi (a popular Korean condiment) and equipment to continue making fermented vegetables in a wide mouth canning jar. The workshop is set for Thursday, September 16th, from 6-9 PM.

There are two main methods of fermenting vegetables: dry salting and the brine method. Sauerkraut and Kimchi are prepared using the dry salting method. Either method you choose requires that you use non-iodized salt. The fact sheet I wrote focused on the fermentation of vegetables, known as lactic acid fermentation. Fermentation is a process where the natural bacteria found in fresh vegetables utilize the carbohydrates to reproduce and excrete lactic acid, which preserves the vegetables and creates a characteristic tangy flavor.

When fresh beets, radishes and carrots started showing up at the Farmer’s Market, we found a recipe for brining small chunks of these vegetables. Two weeks in our cool, dark basement, was all it took before we could enjoy this tasty ferment.

I continue to read about the health benefits of including a small amount of fermented food in your healthy daily meal plan. Articles in the Tufts University newsletter reinforce that consuming fermented foods help to create good bacteria in your gut which aids in digestion and bolsters the immune system. A book, titled, “Fiber Fueled” by gastroenterologist, Will Bulsiewicz, delivers a powerful message about optimizing your microbiome by including fermented foods.

The Fact sheet can be found on the K-State Research &amp; Extension web site by searching by the publication title or # MF3491. Feel free to give me a call if you have any questions or would like to sign up for next weeks’ workshop.

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>A year ago, I was excited to share information from the KSRE Fact sheet I wrote titled, “Taking a New Look at Fermented Foods.” The practice of fermenting foods has been around for thousands of years. There are many claims to how fermentation was discovered, but now, every culture with access to salt, makes some kind of fermented food. The simplicity of this food preservation method coupled with its unique flavors and reported health benefits has made fermenting food popular worldwide. Today there seems to be a renewed interest in preparing fermented foods at home.I am hosting a fermentation workshop next week and have a couple of spots open if you would like to participate in this hands-on class. For the $25 registration fee you will receive the ingredients to make a 1-quart jar of Kimchi (a popular Korean condiment) and equipment to continue making fermented vegetables in a wide mouth canning jar. The workshop is set for Thursday, September 16th, from 6-9 PM.There are two main methods of fermenting vegetables: dry salting and the brine method. Sauerkraut and Kimchi are prepared using the dry salting method. Either method you choose requires that you use non-iodized salt. The fact sheet I wrote focused on the fermentation of vegetables, known as lactic acid fermentation. Fermentation is a process where the natural bacteria found in fresh vegetables utilize the carbohydrates to reproduce and excrete lactic acid, which preserves the vegetables and creates a characteristic tangy flavor.When fresh beets, radishes and carrots started showing up at the Farmer’s Market, we found a recipe for brining small chunks of these vegetables. Two weeks in our cool, dark basement, was all it took before we could enjoy this tasty ferment.I continue to read about the health benefits of including a small amount of fermented food in your healthy daily meal plan. Articles in the Tufts University newsletter reinforce that consuming fermented foods help to create good bacteria in your gut which aids in digestion and bolsters the immune system. A book, titled, “Fiber Fueled” by gastroenterologist, Will Bulsiewicz, delivers a powerful message about optimizing your microbiome by including fermented foods.The Fact sheet can be found on the K-State Research &amp; Extension web site by searching by the publication title or # MF3491. Feel free to give me a call if you have any questions or would like to sign up for next weeks’ workshop.Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KRUG: Fermenting vegetables is easy and fun

Kansas has 568,324 acres of alfalfa, which is a very important leguminous crop for the dairy and livestock industry in Kansas. Alfalfa hayfields help to supply forage that is highly digestible and high in protein. Late summer and early fall are often the best times to plant alfalfa in Kansas due to less weed pressure than spring planting.

Available moisture at planting is crucial for alfalfa establishment, but too much moisture can increase seedling disease incidence and reduce alfalfa nodulation and nitrogen fixation.

If soil moisture is available, growers in northwest Kansas can plant as early as August 10. Optimum sowing date occurs later as we move towards southeast Kansas, where growers can plant until mid- to late-September. In other parts of Kansas, the optimal planting time is late August or early September. Producers just need to plant early enough to have three to five trifoliate leaves before the first frost.

Alfalfa is a four to five-year, or longer, investment, and therefore it is crucial to ensure proper establishment. Some producers shy away from alfalfa because of its high establishment cost and risk of stand failure. In the long run, however, it’s relatively inexpensive if amortized over the life of the crop.

If managed properly and given favorable weather conditions, dryland alfalfa can produce 3 to 6 dry matter tons of forage per acre per year. Irrigated fields can produce 6 to 8 dry matter tons per acre per year or more.

When sowing alfalfa, producers should keep the following in mind:

Soil test and correct soil acidity. Alfalfa grows best in well-drained soils with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5 and does not tolerate low soil pH. If the soil is acidic, add lime to raise soil pH to 6.8 before planting. Ensuring appropriate soil pH levels before planting is essential, especially as lime is relatively immobile in the soil profile and the field will not be worked for the next 3-5 years. Remember, after spread, lime takes a few weeks in the soils to react and increase the pH.

Soil test and meet fertilization needs. Apply the needed phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) amounts according to soil test recommendations. Phosphorus fertilizer will be

required if soil test P levels are below 25 ppm, and potassium fertilizer will be required if soil K levels are below 120 ppm. Even soils that test higher than these thresholds may need additional fertilizer. Small amounts of nitrogen fertilizer (15 to 20 lb/acre) as a starter at planting are beneficial for alfalfa establishment. In some fields, sulfur can also bring some yield benefits.

Plant certified, inoculated seed. Ensuring the correct Rhizobium inoculation is crucial for alfalfa seedlings to fix available soil nitrogen to meet the needs of growing alfalfa for optimum production.

Plant in firm, moist soil. A firm seedbed ensures good seed-soil contact; therefore, use a press wheel with the drill to firm the soil over the planted seed. No-till planting in small-grains stubble will usually provide a good seedbed.

Don’t plant too deeply. Plant one-fourth to one-half inch deep on medium- and fine-textured soils and three-fourths inch deep on sandy soils. Don’t plant deeper than 10 times the seed diameter.

Use the right seeding rate. Plant 8 to12 pounds of seed per acre on dryland in western Kansas, 12 to15 pounds per acre on irrigated medium- to fine-textured soils, 15 to 20 pounds per acre on irrigated sandy soils, and 12 to 15 pounds per acre on dryland in central and eastern Kansas.

Check for herbicide carryover that could damage the new alfalfa crop – especially when planting alfalfa no-till into corn or grain sorghum stubble. In areas where row crops were drought-stressed and removed for silage, that sets up a great seedbed for alfalfa but may still bring a risk of herbicide damage.

Choose pest-resistant varieties. Resistance to phytophthora root rot, bacterial wilt, fusarium wilt, verticillium wilt, anthracnose, the pea aphid, and the spotted alfalfa aphid is essential. Some varieties are resistant to even more diseases and insects, which could contribute to reducing costs.

Purchase alfalfa varieties with a fall dormancy rating ranging from 4 - 6 for Kansas. Fall dormancy relates to how soon an alfalfa variety will stop growing in the fall and how early it will begin growing in the spring or late winter. Simply put, it would be better not buy a variety with fall dormancy of 9-10, which can be more suitable for California and regions where alfalfa can keep growing year-round under irrigation.

More information about growing alfalfa in Kansas can be found in the Alfalfa Production Handbook. That information also is available on the web at: www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/c683.pdf

Also see Alfalfa Growth and Development, available on the web at: https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3348.pdf

Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/9/1631287485688.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Kansas has 568,324 acres of alfalfa, which is a very important leguminous crop for the dairy and livestock industry in Kansas. Alfalfa hayfields help to supply forage that is highly digestible and high in protein. Late summer and early fall are often the best times to plant alfalfa in Kansas due to less weed pressure than spring planting.Available moisture at planting is crucial for alfalfa establishment, but too much moisture can increase seedling disease incidence and reduce alfalfa nodulation and nitrogen fixation.If soil moisture is available, growers in northwest Kansas can plant as early as August 10. Optimum sowing date occurs later as we move towards southeast Kansas, where growers can plant until mid- to late-September. In other parts of Kansas, the optimal planting time is late August or early September. Producers just need to plant early enough to have three to five trifoliate leaves before the first frost.Alfalfa is a four to five-year, or longer, investment, and therefore it is crucial to ensure proper establishment. Some producers shy away from alfalfa because of its high establishment cost and risk of stand failure. In the long run, however, it’s relatively inexpensive if amortized over the life of the crop.If managed properly and given favorable weather conditions, dryland alfalfa can produce 3 to 6 dry matter tons of forage per acre per year. Irrigated fields can produce 6 to 8 dry matter tons per acre per year or more.When sowing alfalfa, producers should keep the following in mind:Soil test and correct soil acidity. Alfalfa grows best in well-drained soils with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5 and does not tolerate low soil pH. If the soil is acidic, add lime to raise soil pH to 6.8 before planting. Ensuring appropriate soil pH levels before planting is essential, especially as lime is relatively immobile in the soil profile and the field will not be worked for the next 3-5 years. Remember, after spread, lime takes a few weeks in the soils to react and increase the pH.Soil test and meet fertilization needs. Apply the needed phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) amounts according to soil test recommendations. Phosphorus fertilizer will berequired if soil test P levels are below 25 ppm, and potassium fertilizer will be required if soil K levels are below 120 ppm. Even soils that test higher than these thresholds may need additional fertilizer. Small amounts of nitrogen fertilizer (15 to 20 lb/acre) as a starter at planting are beneficial for alfalfa establishment. In some fields, sulfur can also bring some yield benefits.Plant certified, inoculated seed. Ensuring the correct Rhizobium inoculation is crucial for alfalfa seedlings to fix available soil nitrogen to meet the needs of growing alfalfa for optimum production.Plant in firm, moist soil. A firm seedbed ensures good seed-soil contact; therefore, use a press wheel with the drill to firm the soil over the planted seed. No-till planting in small-grains stubble will usually provide a good seedbed.Don’t plant too deeply. Plant one-fourth to one-half inch deep on medium- and fine-textured soils and three-fourths inch deep on sandy soils. Don’t plant deeper than 10 times the seed diameter.Use the right seeding rate. Plant 8 to12 pounds of seed per acre on dryland in western Kansas, 12 to15 pounds per acre on irrigated medium- to fine-textured soils, 15 to 20 pounds per acre on irrigated sandy soils, and 12 to 15 pounds per acre on dryland in central and eastern Kansas.Check for herbicide carryover that could damage the new alfalfa crop – especially when planting alfalfa no-till into corn or grain sorghum stubble. In areas where row crops were drought-stressed and removed for silage, that sets up a great seedbed for alfalfa but may still bring a risk of herbicide damage.Choose pest-resistant varieties. Resistance to phytophthora root rot, bacterial wilt, fusarium wilt, verticillium wilt, anthracnose, the pea aphid, and the spotted alfalfa aphid is essential. Some varieties are resistant to even more diseases and insects, which could contribute to reducing costs.Purchase alfalfa varieties with a fall dormancy rating ranging from 4 - 6 for Kansas. Fall dormancy relates to how soon an alfalfa variety will stop growing in the fall and how early it will begin growing in the spring or late winter. Simply put, it would be better not buy a variety with fall dormancy of 9-10, which can be more suitable for California and regions where alfalfa can keep growing year-round under irrigation.More information about growing alfalfa in Kansas can be found in the Alfalfa Production Handbook. That information also is available on the web at: www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/c683.pdfAlso see Alfalfa Growth and Development, available on the web at: https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3348.pdfStacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Tips for fall planting of alfalfa

September is suicide prevention month and the purpose of this prevention month is to bring awareness to this national public health issue, provide resources and tools to help people notice when someone is struggling with&nbsp;suicidal&nbsp;thoughts or actions, and to help them identify the appropriate resources to help prevent suicide. &nbsp;&nbsp;

In the U.S., approximately 123 people die each day by suicide. That is about 45,000 deaths each year. Among those deaths, around 90% of individuals had an underlying mental health condition (depression, stress,&nbsp;bipolar&nbsp;disorder, etc.). Suicide does not discriminate based on age, gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or religion. &nbsp;&nbsp;

In Kansas, approximately one person dies by suicide every 16 hours. Suicide is the 9th leading cause of death in our state and in 2020, 556 people died by suicide. More people in the state of Kansas died by suicide than alcohol related car accidents in 2020. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Suicide can impact individuals, families, and communities. Everyone can help prevent suicide if they are willing to take action and ask the right questions, persuade individuals to seek help and treatment, and refer them to the most appropriate resources. Suicide is preventable. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Asking a friend or loved one about suicide will NOT put the thought into their or increase their risk of dying by suicide.&nbsp;If you or someone you know has mentioned or is experiencing suicidal thoughts or behaviors and needs assistance, please call the National Suicide Hotline 1-800-273-8255 or to message the Crisis Text Line, text HOME to 741741 for 24/7 support. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Everyone has an opportunity to help prevent suicide. For suicide prevention training opportunities, such as Question, Persuade, Refer: Suicide Prevention&nbsp;(QPR) or Mental Health First Aid (MHFA), please contact Rebecca McFarland (QPR) or Rachael Clews (MHFA) with K-State Research and Extension. &nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>September is suicide prevention month and the purpose of this prevention month is to bring awareness to this national public health issue, provide resources and tools to help people notice when someone is struggling with&nbsp;suicidal&nbsp;thoughts or actions, and to help them identify the appropriate resources to help prevent suicide. &nbsp;&nbsp;In the U.S., approximately 123 people die each day by suicide. That is about 45,000 deaths each year. Among those deaths, around 90% of individuals had an underlying mental health condition (depression, stress,&nbsp;bipolar&nbsp;disorder, etc.). Suicide does not discriminate based on age, gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or religion. &nbsp;&nbsp;In Kansas, approximately one person dies by suicide every 16 hours. Suicide is the 9th leading cause of death in our state and in 2020, 556 people died by suicide. More people in the state of Kansas died by suicide than alcohol related car accidents in 2020. &nbsp;&nbsp;Suicide can impact individuals, families, and communities. Everyone can help prevent suicide if they are willing to take action and ask the right questions, persuade individuals to seek help and treatment, and refer them to the most appropriate resources. Suicide is preventable. &nbsp;&nbsp;Asking a friend or loved one about suicide will NOT put the thought into their or increase their risk of dying by suicide.&nbsp;If you or someone you know has mentioned or is experiencing suicidal thoughts or behaviors and needs assistance, please call the National Suicide Hotline 1-800-273-8255 or to message the Crisis Text Line, text HOME to 741741 for 24/7 support. &nbsp;&nbsp;Everyone has an opportunity to help prevent suicide. For suicide prevention training opportunities, such as Question, Persuade, Refer: Suicide Prevention&nbsp;(QPR) or Mental Health First Aid (MHFA), please contact Rebecca McFarland (QPR) or Rachael Clews (MHFA) with K-State Research and Extension. &nbsp;&nbsp;National Resources&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul>
 <li><a href="https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/" target="_blank">https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="https://www.sprc.org/" target="_blank">https://www.sprc.org/</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/childrens-awareness-day/past-events/2019/resources-suicide-prevention" target="_blank">https://www.samhsa.gov/childrens-awareness-day/past-events/2019/resources-suicide-prevention</a> &nbsp; State Resources&nbsp;&nbsp; </li>
 </ul><ul>
 <li><a href="https://www.sprc.org/states/kansas" target="_blank">https://www.sprc.org/states/kansas</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="https://www.ksphq.org/" target="_blank">https://www.ksphq.org/</a> &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Local Resources&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
 </ul><ul>
 <li>The Center for Counseling and Consultation. 24/7 Crisis line –620-792-2544 or 800-875-8544&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="https://thecentergb.org/" target="_blank">https://thecentergb.org/</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
 </ul>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

BOOR: Suicide Awareness Month 

Many young, smooth, thin-barked trees such as honeylocusts, fruit trees, ashes, oaks, maples, lindens, and willows are susceptible to sunscald and bark cracks. Sunscald normally develops on the south or southwest side of the tree during late winter. 

Sunny, warm winter days may heat the bark to relatively high temperatures. Research done in Georgia has shown that the southwest side of the trunk of a peach tree can be 40 degrees warmer than shaded bark. This warming action can cause a loss of cold hardiness of the bark tissue resulting in cells becoming active. These cells then become susceptible to lethal freezing when the temperature drops at night. The damaged bark tissue becomes sunken and discolored in late spring. &nbsp;Damaged bark will eventually crack and slough off. &nbsp;

Trees often recover but need special care — especially watering during dry weather.​If you have seen this type of damage in previous years or fear you have susceptible trees, preventative measures are called for. &nbsp;Applying a light-colored tree wrap from the ground to the start of the first branches can protect young and/or recently planted trees. This should be done in October to November and removed the following March. Failure to remove the tree wrap in the spring can prove detrimental to the tree. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at lfick@k-state.edu or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="written by: Lauren Fick - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Lauren Fick - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Many young, smooth, thin-barked trees such as honeylocusts, fruit trees, ashes, oaks, maples, lindens, and willows are susceptible to sunscald and bark cracks. Sunscald normally develops on the south or southwest side of the tree during late winter. Sunny, warm winter days may heat the bark to relatively high temperatures. Research done in Georgia has shown that the southwest side of the trunk of a peach tree can be 40 degrees warmer than shaded bark. This warming action can cause a loss of cold hardiness of the bark tissue resulting in cells becoming active. These cells then become susceptible to lethal freezing when the temperature drops at night. The damaged bark tissue becomes sunken and discolored in late spring. &nbsp;Damaged bark will eventually crack and slough off. &nbsp;Trees often recover but need special care — especially watering during dry weather.​If you have seen this type of damage in previous years or fear you have susceptible trees, preventative measures are called for. &nbsp;Applying a light-colored tree wrap from the ground to the start of the first branches can protect young and/or recently planted trees. This should be done in October to November and removed the following March. Failure to remove the tree wrap in the spring can prove detrimental to the tree. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at lfick@k-state.edu or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.&nbsp;&nbsp;

FICK: ​Preventing sunscald on thin-barked trees

The Cottonwood Extension District and participating seed companies will be hosting Grain Sorghum Plot Field Days in both Barton and Ellis Counties on Thursday, September 9th. These field days not only give farmers a chance to see and hear about the hybrids from company representatives, but for farmer to farmer sharing of experiences and ideas, says Stacy Campbell Extension Agent with the Cottonwood District.

The Barton County field day will start at 10:30 a.m. and conclude at noon with a complimentary meal courtesy of sponsors. It is located at the intersection of NW 30th Rd. and NW 70th Ave. On HWY. 96 just east of Heizer, turn onto the blacktop NW 60th Ave and go 1 mile south and turn west onto NW 30th Road and go 1 mile.

The Ellis County field day is that evening beginning at 5:30 p.m. and will also conclude with a complimentary supper, courtesy of the seed company sponsors. Directions from Hays go south on HWY. 183 at the South County Line road turn east and go 1.5 miles.

Seed Company representatives will be on-hand to discuss their sorghum hybrids and answer questions. Extension Agronomy specialists Lucas Haag will visit about K-State Research &amp; Extension’s new nitrogen recommendations for corn, and sorghum and answer questions. Sarah Lancaster, Extension Weed Specialist will discuss weed control options and tactics. As always in this informal setting there will be time for questions, feedback and discussion.

All interested people are invited to attend. RSVP is appreciated by Tuesday, September 7th by emailing either Brenda bwalton@ksu.edu or call the Great Bend Office, 620-793-1910, and Theresa tam3@ksu.edu or call the Hays Office, 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/9/1630601771685.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>The Cottonwood Extension District and participating seed companies will be hosting Grain Sorghum Plot Field Days in both Barton and Ellis Counties on Thursday, September 9th. These field days not only give farmers a chance to see and hear about the hybrids from company representatives, but for farmer to farmer sharing of experiences and ideas, says Stacy Campbell Extension Agent with the Cottonwood District.The Barton County field day will start at 10:30 a.m. and conclude at noon with a complimentary meal courtesy of sponsors. It is located at the intersection of NW 30th Rd. and NW 70th Ave. On HWY. 96 just east of Heizer, turn onto the blacktop NW 60th Ave and go 1 mile south and turn west onto NW 30th Road and go 1 mile.The Ellis County field day is that evening beginning at 5:30 p.m. and will also conclude with a complimentary supper, courtesy of the seed company sponsors. Directions from Hays go south on HWY. 183 at the South County Line road turn east and go 1.5 miles.Seed Company representatives will be on-hand to discuss their sorghum hybrids and answer questions. Extension Agronomy specialists Lucas Haag will visit about K-State Research &amp; Extension’s new nitrogen recommendations for corn, and sorghum and answer questions. Sarah Lancaster, Extension Weed Specialist will discuss weed control options and tactics. As always in this informal setting there will be time for questions, feedback and discussion.All interested people are invited to attend. RSVP is appreciated by Tuesday, September 7th by emailing either Brenda bwalton@ksu.edu or call the Great Bend Office, 620-793-1910, and Theresa tam3@ksu.edu or call the Hays Office, 785-628-9430.Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Grain Sorghum Plot Field Days – Cottonwood District

Celebrating All Things Kansas is the theme of the 2021 Kansas State Fair. As a 4-H’er growing up, I lived too far away to attend and see my exhibits on display at the Kansas State Fair which is why I love to make time each year to check out many areas of the fair!

The carnival midway and concerts don’t draw me in, however. You can find me at a livestock show, viewing the commercial displays, catching up with friends, and my very favorite activity – checking out all of the 4-H exhibits!

Youth from all 105 counties will have woodworking, rockets, foods, photography, and much, much more on display! The 4-H project for each of these youth qualified at their local county fair and I appreciate all of the creativity and project learning on display!

As I look at an entomology box, I see the hours of collecting insect specimens, researching to identify each one, and carefully completing the display.

Each clothing project involves hours of selecting just the right pattern and appropriate fabric then creating that clothing item. I also understand the hours of removing a seam that wasn’t quite right which I can tell you from experience is an exercise in patience!

One of my favorite areas is the Public Presentations where 4-H youth share a demonstration, illustrated talk, or a poetry/prose reading. Standing before an unknown group of people and a judge with the distractions of fair goers walking through the building takes practice and focus.

So while you are at the Kansas State Fair “Celebrating All Things Kansas” seeing the butter sculpture, having a corn dog, and checking out the rides on the midway, be sure to include a walk through the 4-H exhibits.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.

Michelle Beran is the 4-H and Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District – Barton County office. For more information on this article or other 4-H and Youth Development related questions, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1579114162620.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Celebrating All Things Kansas is the theme of the 2021 Kansas State Fair. As a 4-H’er growing up, I lived too far away to attend and see my exhibits on display at the Kansas State Fair which is why I love to make time each year to check out many areas of the fair!The carnival midway and concerts don’t draw me in, however. You can find me at a livestock show, viewing the commercial displays, catching up with friends, and my very favorite activity – checking out all of the 4-H exhibits!Youth from all 105 counties will have woodworking, rockets, foods, photography, and much, much more on display! The 4-H project for each of these youth qualified at their local county fair and I appreciate all of the creativity and project learning on display!As I look at an entomology box, I see the hours of collecting insect specimens, researching to identify each one, and carefully completing the display.Each clothing project involves hours of selecting just the right pattern and appropriate fabric then creating that clothing item. I also understand the hours of removing a seam that wasn’t quite right which I can tell you from experience is an exercise in patience!One of my favorite areas is the Public Presentations where 4-H youth share a demonstration, illustrated talk, or a poetry/prose reading. Standing before an unknown group of people and a judge with the distractions of fair goers walking through the building takes practice and focus.So while you are at the Kansas State Fair “Celebrating All Things Kansas” seeing the butter sculpture, having a corn dog, and checking out the rides on the midway, be sure to include a walk through the 4-H exhibits.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.Michelle Beran is the 4-H and Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District – Barton County office. For more information on this article or other 4-H and Youth Development related questions, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Explore the Kansas State Fair

The last session at our recent agent update on campus provided important information about a timely topic: suicide. With September noted as Suicide Prevention Month, it is the perfect time to bring some thoughts about this subject to the forefront.

Research shows that the majority of those who attempt suicide give some warning signs – verbal, written, or behavioral. Depression in youth bears special attention, since it is often undetected in middle and high school students, and young adults, and therefore goes untreated. At the other end of the lifespan, the same is true of our elders. Most young people and elders enjoy life, but for those who become depressed – if effective treatment is not initiated – death by suicide can become a significant risk.

Failure to recognize and respond to suicide warning signs may reflect both our lack of knowledge about suicide, as well as our basic fear about the subject itself. From the research, we know how to restore, rebuild and maintain hope. What helps suicidal people most is connection to others, planning for the future, engagement with a helper, a return to core values and beliefs, and confirming or finding a sense of purpose in life.

Our suicide prevention task force which is a part of our Central Kansas Partnership brings passionate people together to discuss suicide and take action. There are two activities I want to bring your attention that are planned later this month. The 9th annual Golden Belt Glow Run for Life 5k/1 mile run is set for Saturday, September 18th, from 6-10 PM at Veterans Memorial Park in Great Bend. Glow for Life is an awareness and remembrance event that raises awareness for suicide prevention. This event supports suicide prevention by providing a quality walking and running event in memory of those we have lost and in honor of their family and friends. Proceeds will be used to sponsor community suicide prevention education. Event registration, sponsorship forms and luminary sales forms can be found at ckpartnership.org/prevention or thecentergb.org. Contact Holly Bowyer at Hollyb@thecentergb.org for more information.

Another event that I am involved in is a Pedal for Prevention bike ride set for Friday, September 17th, beginning at 6 PM at the Great Bend Bike Park. Pilot Club members will be on hand before the ride to fit free bicycle helmets on riders of all ages. My husband, John, and I will be leading the bike ride from the Bike Park at Brit Spaugh to the large west shelter at Veterans Park. We will take riders by the Bicycle Campground that is being developed behind Central Baptist Church on the way. The ride is in remembrance of Devin. Devin’s parents have designed t-shirts that will be available for riders. Everyone is welcome at both of these events.

I would also like to invite you to take a look at our Cottonwood Extension District Facebook page. There are several “Wellness Wednesday” posts that include short videos created by staff at High Plains Mental Health, that address mental health topics.

I also want to recognize the good work our Great Bend Center for Counseling and Consultation is doing in the area of suicide prevention. I invite you to take a look at their website to learn more about the

#Zero Reasons Why program that focuses on removing the stigma, building community support and committing to education.

Please take some time to raise your own awareness about suicide and participate in the community events that you can during the month ahead.

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>The last session at our recent agent update on campus provided important information about a timely topic: suicide. With September noted as Suicide Prevention Month, it is the perfect time to bring some thoughts about this subject to the forefront.Research shows that the majority of those who attempt suicide give some warning signs – verbal, written, or behavioral. Depression in youth bears special attention, since it is often undetected in middle and high school students, and young adults, and therefore goes untreated. At the other end of the lifespan, the same is true of our elders. Most young people and elders enjoy life, but for those who become depressed – if effective treatment is not initiated – death by suicide can become a significant risk.Failure to recognize and respond to suicide warning signs may reflect both our lack of knowledge about suicide, as well as our basic fear about the subject itself. From the research, we know how to restore, rebuild and maintain hope. What helps suicidal people most is connection to others, planning for the future, engagement with a helper, a return to core values and beliefs, and confirming or finding a sense of purpose in life.Our suicide prevention task force which is a part of our Central Kansas Partnership brings passionate people together to discuss suicide and take action. There are two activities I want to bring your attention that are planned later this month. The 9th annual Golden Belt Glow Run for Life 5k/1 mile run is set for Saturday, September 18th, from 6-10 PM at Veterans Memorial Park in Great Bend. Glow for Life is an awareness and remembrance event that raises awareness for suicide prevention. This event supports suicide prevention by providing a quality walking and running event in memory of those we have lost and in honor of their family and friends. Proceeds will be used to sponsor community suicide prevention education. Event registration, sponsorship forms and luminary sales forms can be found at ckpartnership.org/prevention or thecentergb.org. Contact Holly Bowyer at Hollyb@thecentergb.org for more information.Another event that I am involved in is a Pedal for Prevention bike ride set for Friday, September 17th, beginning at 6 PM at the Great Bend Bike Park. Pilot Club members will be on hand before the ride to fit free bicycle helmets on riders of all ages. My husband, John, and I will be leading the bike ride from the Bike Park at Brit Spaugh to the large west shelter at Veterans Park. We will take riders by the Bicycle Campground that is being developed behind Central Baptist Church on the way. The ride is in remembrance of Devin. Devin’s parents have designed t-shirts that will be available for riders. Everyone is welcome at both of these events.I would also like to invite you to take a look at our Cottonwood Extension District Facebook page. There are several “Wellness Wednesday” posts that include short videos created by staff at High Plains Mental Health, that address mental health topics.I also want to recognize the good work our Great Bend Center for Counseling and Consultation is doing in the area of suicide prevention. I invite you to take a look at their website to learn more about the#Zero Reasons Why program that focuses on removing the stigma, building community support and committing to education.Please take some time to raise your own awareness about suicide and participate in the community events that you can during the month ahead.Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider.

KRUG: Suicide Prevention Month activities planned

What has worked and what to see in the future,&nbsp;beef&nbsp;cattle outlook, starting newly arrived calves on feed, and the comparison of multiple castration methods in&nbsp;stocker&nbsp;cattle are among topics planned for 2021 Kansas State University&nbsp;Beef&nbsp;Stocker&nbsp;Field&nbsp;Day&nbsp;on Thursday, Sept. 30. The conference will be hosted at the KSU&nbsp;Beef&nbsp;Stocker&nbsp;Unit.&nbsp;

“We believe this year’s program will be an exceptional one,” says Dale Blasi, K-State Animal Sciences and Industry professor and&nbsp;beef&nbsp;cattle extension specialist. “The collective wisdom and experience of many producers and university professors will shed a lot of good information as our industry moves into the future.”&nbsp;

The&nbsp;day&nbsp;will start with a welcome at 9:30 a.m. and will conclude around 5 p.m.&nbsp;

Topics for this year’s agenda include: &nbsp;&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>What has worked and what to see in the future,&nbsp;beef&nbsp;cattle outlook, starting newly arrived calves on feed, and the comparison of multiple castration methods in&nbsp;stocker&nbsp;cattle are among topics planned for 2021 Kansas State University&nbsp;Beef&nbsp;Stocker&nbsp;Field&nbsp;Day&nbsp;on Thursday, Sept. 30. The conference will be hosted at the KSU&nbsp;Beef&nbsp;Stocker&nbsp;Unit.&nbsp;“We believe this year’s program will be an exceptional one,” says Dale Blasi, K-State Animal Sciences and Industry professor and&nbsp;beef&nbsp;cattle extension specialist. “The collective wisdom and experience of many producers and university professors will shed a lot of good information as our industry moves into the future.”&nbsp;The&nbsp;day&nbsp;will start with a welcome at 9:30 a.m. and will conclude around 5 p.m.&nbsp;Topics for this year’s agenda include: &nbsp;&nbsp;<ol>
 <li>What Has Worked for Us and What We See into the Future&nbsp;</li><li>Beef Cattle Outlook&nbsp;</li><li>Can You Manage BRD and Coccidiosis Effectively with Receiving Rations for Backgrounding&nbsp;Stockers&nbsp;</li><li>A Novel Approach to Starting Newly Arrived Calves on Feed&nbsp;</li><li>Comparison of Multiple Castration Methods in&nbsp;Stocker&nbsp;Cattle&nbsp; Registration is $25 and due Sept. 10. Walk-in registration is available for $35. To register go to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.asi.k-state.edu/events/stocker-conference.html" target="_blank">asi.ksu.edu/stockerfieldday</a>. For more information, contact Lois Schreiner at 785-532-1267 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lschrein@ksu.edu" target="_blank">lschrein@ksu.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li>
 </ol>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

BOOR: Beef Stocker Field Day is this month

Tall fescue lawns that have become thin over the summer can be thickened up by overseeding during September. Start by mowing the grass short (1 to 1.5 inches) and removing the clippings. This will make it easier to achieve good seed-soil contact and increase the amount of light that will reach the young seedlings.

Good seed-soil contact is vital if the overseeding is to be successful. Excess thatch can prevent seeds from reaching the soil and germinating. Normally we want 1/4 inch of thatch or less when overseeding. If the thatch layer is 3/4 inch or more, it is usually easiest to use a sod cutter to remove it and start over with a new lawn. A power rake can be used to reduce a thatch layer that is less than 3/4 inch but more than a quarter inch.

Once thatch is under control, the soil should be prepared for the seed. This can be done in various ways. &nbsp; For small spots, a hand rake can be used to roughen up the soil before the seed is applied,

A verticut machine has solid vertical blades that can be set to cut furrows in the soil. It is best to go in two different directions with the machine. A slit seeder is a verticut machine with a seed hopper added so the soil prep and seeding operation are combined. Another option is to use a core aerator.

The core aerator will punch holes in the soil and deposit the soil cores on the surface of the ground. Each hole produces an excellent environment for seed germination and growth. Make three to four passes with the core aerator to ensure enough holes for the seed. Using a core aerator has the additional benefit of reducing the amount of watering needed to get the seed germinated and growing. Aeration also increases the water infiltration rate, decreases compaction, and increases the amount of oxygen in the soil.

Of the three methods, I prefer the slit seeder for obtaining good seed/soil contact. &nbsp;However, if watering is difficult, core aeration may be a better option. &nbsp;Regardless of the method used, fertilizer should be applied at the rate suggested by a soil test, or a starter fertilizer should be used at the rate suggested on the bag. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at lfick@k-state.edu or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="written by: Lauren Fick - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Lauren Fick - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Tall fescue lawns that have become thin over the summer can be thickened up by overseeding during September. Start by mowing the grass short (1 to 1.5 inches) and removing the clippings. This will make it easier to achieve good seed-soil contact and increase the amount of light that will reach the young seedlings. Good seed-soil contact is vital if the overseeding is to be successful. Excess thatch can prevent seeds from reaching the soil and germinating. Normally we want 1/4 inch of thatch or less when overseeding. If the thatch layer is 3/4 inch or more, it is usually easiest to use a sod cutter to remove it and start over with a new lawn. A power rake can be used to reduce a thatch layer that is less than 3/4 inch but more than a quarter inch. Once thatch is under control, the soil should be prepared for the seed. This can be done in various ways. &nbsp; For small spots, a hand rake can be used to roughen up the soil before the seed is applied, A verticut machine has solid vertical blades that can be set to cut furrows in the soil. It is best to go in two different directions with the machine. A slit seeder is a verticut machine with a seed hopper added so the soil prep and seeding operation are combined. Another option is to use a core aerator. The core aerator will punch holes in the soil and deposit the soil cores on the surface of the ground. Each hole produces an excellent environment for seed germination and growth. Make three to four passes with the core aerator to ensure enough holes for the seed. Using a core aerator has the additional benefit of reducing the amount of watering needed to get the seed germinated and growing. Aeration also increases the water infiltration rate, decreases compaction, and increases the amount of oxygen in the soil. Of the three methods, I prefer the slit seeder for obtaining good seed/soil contact. &nbsp;However, if watering is difficult, core aeration may be a better option. &nbsp;Regardless of the method used, fertilizer should be applied at the rate suggested by a soil test, or a starter fertilizer should be used at the rate suggested on the bag. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at lfick@k-state.edu or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.&nbsp;&nbsp;

FICK: Over-seeding A lawn

We are seeing numerous reports of fall armyworms especially in the southeast and south-central Kansas. &nbsp;Though we have had fall armyworm outbreaks in the past, this is earlier than usual.

Armyworms are so-called because they invade fields or landscapes as large groups and can cause a lawn to turn brown seemingly overnight. Young worms are ½ to 3/4 inch long. Mature ones are 1 ½ inch long. Body-color may vary from green to almost black but light stripes will be visible along the length of the body. Look for a whitish inverted "Y" on the top of the black head. It normally takes 2 to 3 weeks to progress from egg to pupa. The adult is a moth.

Armyworm damage can resemble drought damage but close inspection of the turf will reveal the larvae. Look for active feeding during early morning or evening hours or on cloudy days. Larvae feed on foliage and the resulting dehydration causes to turf to quickly brown. Normally, armyworm damage does not kill established turf but may if populations are high enough. Thick infestations of fall armyworms can damage turfgrass crowns which will kill turf.

Acephate (Orthene, Acephate), spinosad (Conserve; Natural Guard Spinosad, Captain Jack's Deadbug Brew; Monterey Garden Insect Spray), and other insecticides are effective caterpillar killers. Treat in the late afternoon, when the caterpillars are likely to begin feeding. Do not mow for 3 days after treatment. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at lfick@k-state.edu or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/8/1630092821829.png" alt="written by: Lauren Fick - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Lauren Fick - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>We are seeing numerous reports of fall armyworms especially in the southeast and south-central Kansas. &nbsp;Though we have had fall armyworm outbreaks in the past, this is earlier than usual. Armyworms are so-called because they invade fields or landscapes as large groups and can cause a lawn to turn brown seemingly overnight. Young worms are ½ to 3/4 inch long. Mature ones are 1 ½ inch long. Body-color may vary from green to almost black but light stripes will be visible along the length of the body. Look for a whitish inverted "Y" on the top of the black head. It normally takes 2 to 3 weeks to progress from egg to pupa. The adult is a moth. Armyworm damage can resemble drought damage but close inspection of the turf will reveal the larvae. Look for active feeding during early morning or evening hours or on cloudy days. Larvae feed on foliage and the resulting dehydration causes to turf to quickly brown. Normally, armyworm damage does not kill established turf but may if populations are high enough. Thick infestations of fall armyworms can damage turfgrass crowns which will kill turf. Acephate (Orthene, Acephate), spinosad (Conserve; Natural Guard Spinosad, Captain Jack's Deadbug Brew; Monterey Garden Insect Spray), and other insecticides are effective caterpillar killers. Treat in the late afternoon, when the caterpillars are likely to begin feeding. Do not mow for 3 days after treatment. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at lfick@k-state.edu or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer&nbsp;&nbsp;

FICK: Fall armyworms on turf

By COLE REIF Great Bend Post

Do you have a passion for gardening? Do you want to perfect your green
thumb? You might consider the Master Gardener Training course hosted by the
Cottonwood Extension District for your own benefit and to better your
community. 

Through the program, individuals are trained and certified in
horticulture and related areas. 

Barton County Conservation District Manager
Veronica Coons said the training is moving up to begin in September and will be
done virtually. 
"The training will be delivered in real time which is nice," said Coons. "In years past, we had to wait a couple of years in between opportunities for them to schedule people to come to Barton County. Now, people all over the state can go through the training because there is not the travel with the virtual part." 
The Master Gardeners receive training in exchange for help supporting the work
of local gardens including locations at Brit Spaugh Zoo and community and
trial gardens.

Training takes place each Thursday from 1-4 p.m. Sept. 2 - Dec. 16. 
"They're just going to be in the afternoons," said Coons. "In the past, it was a full day. I think this makes it a little easier for some people to fit it into their schedules." 
To register, email Lauren Fick at <a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>.
Applications can also be found at <a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/MasterGardeners.html">cottonwood.k-state.edu</a>. Registration ends Aug. 30.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/8/1630087661545.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By COLE REIF Great Bend PostDo you have a passion for gardening? Do you want to perfect your green
thumb? You might consider the Master Gardener Training course hosted by the
Cottonwood Extension District for your own benefit and to better your
community. Through the program, individuals are trained and certified in
horticulture and related areas. Barton County Conservation District Manager
Veronica Coons said the training is moving up to begin in September and will be
done virtually. 
"The training will be delivered in real time which is nice," said Coons. "In years past, we had to wait a couple of years in between opportunities for them to schedule people to come to Barton County. Now, people all over the state can go through the training because there is not the travel with the virtual part." 
The Master Gardeners receive training in exchange for help supporting the work
of local gardens including locations at Brit Spaugh Zoo and community and
trial gardens. Training takes place each Thursday from 1-4 p.m. Sept. 2 - Dec. 16. 
"They're just going to be in the afternoons," said Coons. "In the past, it was a full day. I think this makes it a little easier for some people to fit it into their schedules." 
To register, email Lauren Fick at <a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>.
Applications can also be found at <a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/MasterGardeners.html">cottonwood.k-state.edu</a>. Registration ends Aug. 30.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;

Searching for more ‘Master Gardeners’ in Barton County

Just as college students may feel anxious when they leave their homes and return to campus, fall is also a time when spring-born calves are separated from their mothers and stress ensues. &nbsp;&nbsp;

To minimize the stress felt, the experts at Kansas State University’s Beef Cattle Institute offered management strategies to implement. Discussed on a recent&nbsp;<a href="https://ksubci.org/2021/07/30/low-stress-weaning-managing-immunity-post-weaning-weight-loss-pain-management/" target="_blank">Cattle Chat</a>&nbsp;podcast the experts defined the term low-stress weaning.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“Low stress weaning refers to all the things we do to make it an easier transition from the cow-calf operation to the next step in the production system,” said Brian Lubbers, K-State veterinarian.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Veterinarian Bob Larson added that many producers follow the fence line weaning practice where the calves can still see their mothers through the fence but are unable to nurse. &nbsp;&nbsp;

“We want to promote familiarity and eliminate the novelty of the weaning process, and we do that by offering them feed in a pen while they are still with their mothers or have them drink from a water source like the type they will encounter after weaning,” said Brad White, veterinarian and BCI director. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Regarding feed, BCI nutritionist Phillip Lancaster said the type of feed that works best in the diets of calves transitioning from their mother’s milk is one they are familiar with. &nbsp;&nbsp;

“While they are still with the cow, we want to introduce palatable feeds and begin that transition to a mixed ration and free choice hay,”.&nbsp;&nbsp;“Good, palatable feed choices for calves are distiller’s grains and cottonseed hulls that stimulate intake.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

It is also important to make sure the calves are consuming feed with an adequate protein content along with energy, vitamins and minerals. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Adding grain mix to the diet can come at a cost, but it also reduces weight loss that most calves experience at weaning.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The experts agree that keeping the cattle healthy through this time is key and one way to do that is by helping the animals build their immunity.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“There are two ways calves acquire immunity: Either from the mother directly to the calf through the colostrum, or the calves get it through a natural infection or vaccination,” Lubbers said. &nbsp;&nbsp;

The timing of vaccinations often will depend on the management and marketing for the operation, Larson said.&nbsp;&nbsp;

He added: “For cattle that are not going to be co-mingled with cattle from other herds at weaning, it is fine to give those vaccinations at the time of weaning when you are already working with the calves.” &nbsp;&nbsp;

The bottom line, White said, is to work with a veterinarian to develop a pre-weaning plan that fits best with the goals for the herd. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/6/1592579538317.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District</figcaption>
 </figure>Just as college students may feel anxious when they leave their homes and return to campus, fall is also a time when spring-born calves are separated from their mothers and stress ensues. &nbsp;&nbsp;To minimize the stress felt, the experts at Kansas State University’s Beef Cattle Institute offered management strategies to implement. Discussed on a recent&nbsp;<a href="https://ksubci.org/2021/07/30/low-stress-weaning-managing-immunity-post-weaning-weight-loss-pain-management/" target="_blank">Cattle Chat</a>&nbsp;podcast the experts defined the term low-stress weaning.&nbsp;&nbsp;“Low stress weaning refers to all the things we do to make it an easier transition from the cow-calf operation to the next step in the production system,” said Brian Lubbers, K-State veterinarian.&nbsp;&nbsp;Veterinarian Bob Larson added that many producers follow the fence line weaning practice where the calves can still see their mothers through the fence but are unable to nurse. &nbsp;&nbsp;“We want to promote familiarity and eliminate the novelty of the weaning process, and we do that by offering them feed in a pen while they are still with their mothers or have them drink from a water source like the type they will encounter after weaning,” said Brad White, veterinarian and BCI director. &nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>Introducing Feed</h2>Regarding feed, BCI nutritionist Phillip Lancaster said the type of feed that works best in the diets of calves transitioning from their mother’s milk is one they are familiar with. &nbsp;&nbsp;“While they are still with the cow, we want to introduce palatable feeds and begin that transition to a mixed ration and free choice hay,”.&nbsp;&nbsp;“Good, palatable feed choices for calves are distiller’s grains and cottonseed hulls that stimulate intake.”&nbsp;&nbsp;It is also important to make sure the calves are consuming feed with an adequate protein content along with energy, vitamins and minerals. &nbsp;&nbsp;Adding grain mix to the diet can come at a cost, but it also reduces weight loss that most calves experience at weaning.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>Building Immunity</h2>The experts agree that keeping the cattle healthy through this time is key and one way to do that is by helping the animals build their immunity.&nbsp;&nbsp;“There are two ways calves acquire immunity: Either from the mother directly to the calf through the colostrum, or the calves get it through a natural infection or vaccination,” Lubbers said. &nbsp;&nbsp;The timing of vaccinations often will depend on the management and marketing for the operation, Larson said.&nbsp;&nbsp;He added: “For cattle that are not going to be co-mingled with cattle from other herds at weaning, it is fine to give those vaccinations at the time of weaning when you are already working with the calves.” &nbsp;&nbsp;The bottom line, White said, is to work with a veterinarian to develop a pre-weaning plan that fits best with the goals for the herd. &nbsp;&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

BOOR: Minimizing stress on spring-born calves

Colorful, delicious vegetables are at their peak in August and September. Find plenty of fresh vegetables at the Saturday morning Farmer’s Market this time of year.

Any vegetable can be a delicious addition to a healthful summer meal. However, nutrition experts at K-State Research and Extension urge us to “eat the rainbow” to get the benefits provided by a wide variety of colorful vegetables. Don’t get stuck in a vegetable rut! Move beyond a few family favorites to include many different colors, flavors and textures of summer vegetables. Here are a few ideas to get you started:

1. Tomatoes are one of the top five favorite vegetables in America. Although tomatoes are a fruit, botanically speaking, the US Supreme Court in 1893 declared tomatoes to be a vegetable. Tomatoes are loaded with lycopene, an antioxidant carotenoid thought to protect against several cancers (especially prostate), heart disease and possibly bone loss.

2. Summer Squash. Look for summer squash in many colors and shapes. Zucchini, yellow crookneck, and patty pan (also called white scallop) are all varieties of summer squash. Zucchini comes from an Italian word meaning “sweetest.” Summer squash is very low in calories and contributes vitamin C, fiber and molybdenum to the diet. Summer squash cooks in a variety of ways. Enjoy its mild flavor fresh, grilled, baked, steamed, microwaved, pan-fried or stir-fried.

3. Onions. A rainbow themselves, onions can be red, yellow, white or green. Pungent sulfur compounds (also found in garlic) thin your blood and lower blood pressure, while quercetin-- an antioxidant-- defends against cancer and cataracts. For the most antioxidants, choose red onions over yellow and yellow over white.

4. Eggplant. Years ago, fashionable high-society Chinese women used eggplant skins to stain their teeth black. While eggplant is one of the least-frequently eaten vegetables in the US, it is mild-flavored, versatile, and a caloric bargain at just 13 calories per half-cup serving. For basic broiled eggplant- Preheat the broiler or outdoor grill. Slice eggplant (peeled or unpeeled as you wish) lengthwise into half-inch slices. Brush lightly with olive oil and sprinkle with salt and pepper. Broil or grill for about 10 minutes, turning once, until soft and slightly browned.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="written by: Berny Unruh - Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Berny Unruh - Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Colorful, delicious vegetables are at their peak in August and September. Find plenty of fresh vegetables at the Saturday morning Farmer’s Market this time of year.Any vegetable can be a delicious addition to a healthful summer meal. However, nutrition experts at K-State Research and Extension urge us to “eat the rainbow” to get the benefits provided by a wide variety of colorful vegetables. Don’t get stuck in a vegetable rut! Move beyond a few family favorites to include many different colors, flavors and textures of summer vegetables. Here are a few ideas to get you started:1. Tomatoes are one of the top five favorite vegetables in America. Although tomatoes are a fruit, botanically speaking, the US Supreme Court in 1893 declared tomatoes to be a vegetable. Tomatoes are loaded with lycopene, an antioxidant carotenoid thought to protect against several cancers (especially prostate), heart disease and possibly bone loss.2. Summer Squash. Look for summer squash in many colors and shapes. Zucchini, yellow crookneck, and patty pan (also called white scallop) are all varieties of summer squash. Zucchini comes from an Italian word meaning “sweetest.” Summer squash is very low in calories and contributes vitamin C, fiber and molybdenum to the diet. Summer squash cooks in a variety of ways. Enjoy its mild flavor fresh, grilled, baked, steamed, microwaved, pan-fried or stir-fried.3. Onions. A rainbow themselves, onions can be red, yellow, white or green. Pungent sulfur compounds (also found in garlic) thin your blood and lower blood pressure, while quercetin-- an antioxidant-- defends against cancer and cataracts. For the most antioxidants, choose red onions over yellow and yellow over white.4. Eggplant. Years ago, fashionable high-society Chinese women used eggplant skins to stain their teeth black. While eggplant is one of the least-frequently eaten vegetables in the US, it is mild-flavored, versatile, and a caloric bargain at just 13 calories per half-cup serving. For basic broiled eggplant- Preheat the broiler or outdoor grill. Slice eggplant (peeled or unpeeled as you wish) lengthwise into half-inch slices. Brush lightly with olive oil and sprinkle with salt and pepper. Broil or grill for about 10 minutes, turning once, until soft and slightly browned.Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at bunruh@ksu.edu. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

UNRUH: Eat the rainbow of summer vegetables

You have heard a lot about “self-care” during the past year. It is easy to get overloaded with news accounts that we really have no control over. Now, more than ever, people are hoping to find a way to cope with the feelings of anxiousness and uncertainty. It is a good time to explore how meditation and simple exercises can help clear your mind and energize your body.

We have a “Mindful Meditation and Do-In” class that is set to begin September 28th at the Great Bend Activity Center, located at 2715 18th Street. The three week-long class will be held on Tuesday’s and Thursdays from 10 – 11 AM through October 14th. The class that I enjoy leading with my husband, John, opens with a short meditation, followed by exercises. Do-In (pronounced doe-een) exercises are exercises for health. These exercises are suitable for older adults and anyone who is dealing with a chronic condition. The exercises stimulate the energy flow along the acupuncture meridians. The focus is on imagery, breathing and relaxation when performing the Do-In exercises.

During our first session I will introduce participants to a fact sheet I wrote a couple of years ago. The “Everyday Mindfulness” fact sheet offers the following benefits that come from a regular meditation practice:

· Increased ability to relax · Improved concentration · Increased energy and enthusiasm for life · Increased creativity · Increased self-awareness · Improved self-esteem · Improved work/school performance

If the Mindful Meditation and Do-In classes sound like something you would like to participate in, please give me a call to register. There is a $10 fee that may be paid at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Great Bend before the first session September 28th. Class size is limited so call our office at (620)793-1910 to sign up. I hope to see you soon!

Donna Krug is the District Director and the Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>You have heard a lot about “self-care” during the past year. It is easy to get overloaded with news accounts that we really have no control over. Now, more than ever, people are hoping to find a way to cope with the feelings of anxiousness and uncertainty. It is a good time to explore how meditation and simple exercises can help clear your mind and energize your body.We have a “Mindful Meditation and Do-In” class that is set to begin September 28th at the Great Bend Activity Center, located at 2715 18th Street. The three week-long class will be held on Tuesday’s and Thursdays from 10 – 11 AM through October 14th. The class that I enjoy leading with my husband, John, opens with a short meditation, followed by exercises. Do-In (pronounced doe-een) exercises are exercises for health. These exercises are suitable for older adults and anyone who is dealing with a chronic condition. The exercises stimulate the energy flow along the acupuncture meridians. The focus is on imagery, breathing and relaxation when performing the Do-In exercises.During our first session I will introduce participants to a fact sheet I wrote a couple of years ago. The “Everyday Mindfulness” fact sheet offers the following benefits that come from a regular meditation practice:· Increased ability to relax · Improved concentration · Increased energy and enthusiasm for life · Increased creativity · Increased self-awareness · Improved self-esteem · Improved work/school performanceIf the Mindful Meditation and Do-In classes sound like something you would like to participate in, please give me a call to register. There is a $10 fee that may be paid at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Great Bend before the first session September 28th. Class size is limited so call our office at (620)793-1910 to sign up. I hope to see you soon!Donna Krug is the District Director and the Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KRUG: Self-Care is more important than ever

Pre-emergence herbicides with residual activity are an important component of high-yielding cropping systems. They are used less frequently in wheat production compared to other cropping systems in Kansas, but residual herbicides applied prior to wheat emergence can be part of a good weed management system in wheat production. Due to space limitations the table with the selected products for this use are listed in the full article on our web site www.cottonwood.ksu.edu click onto the Crops and Livestock tab and look under Hot Topics.

Most residual herbicides labeled for pre-emergence application in wheat are Group 2 (ALS-inhibiting) herbicides, which are associated with herbicide resistant populations of kochia, marestail (horseweed), bushy wallflower, flixweed, henbit, and brome species in Kansas. Products in Groups 14 (the PPO-inhibiting herbicides) and 15 (the long-chain fatty acid inhibiting herbicides) are also labeled; however, they are generally more dependent on rainfall for activation than the Group 2 herbicides.

Herbicides without residual activity may be applied with or without residual herbicides in the weeks prior to planting wheat. Older products include the Group 2 herbicides Amber, Olympus, and Pre-Pare, as well as Group 4 (plant growth regulating) herbicides like 2,4-D, dicamba, or fluroxypyr (StareDown,). It is especially important to be aware of planting interval restrictions for Group 4 herbicides, which range from 10 to 45 days.

When selecting pre-emergence herbicides for use in wheat production, keep in mind that many of these products are also labeled for use in emerged wheat. Unless using a planned split-application, avoid repeated use of products from the same herbicide group to slow the development of herbicide-resistant weed populations in your fields.

Field bindweed control Field bindweed is a particularly troublesome weed for which a special discussion is justified. In a 12-year experiment conducted at the Agricultural Research Center in Hays, field bindweed reduced wheat yield 2 to 50%. Management of this weed during wheat establishment is important because field bindweed continues to grow until temperatures drop below 20°F.

The herbicides most commonly recommended for field bindweed control include various formulations of 2,4-D, dicamba, and glyphosate. Dicamba tends to provide greater control for fall applications compared to 2,4-D or glyphosate, especially if plants are drought-stressed. Another commonly used product is Facet (quinclorac). It is most effective when applied just before the first killing frost. Other herbicides that are labeled for fall application to control or suppress field bindweed in wheat include Affinity, Aim, and Cimarron.

Satisfactory control of field bindweed will not be achieved with a single herbicide application. It will take multiple years of herbicide applications to deplete the energy stored in the root system and control an established infestation.

For additional information, see the “2021 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland” guide available online at https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/SRP1162.pdf or check with your local K-State Research and Extension office for a paper copy.

The use of trade names is for clarity to readers and does not imply endorsement of a particular product, nor does exclusion imply non-approval. Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements.

Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/8/1629479843704.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Pre-emergence herbicides with residual activity are an important component of high-yielding cropping systems. They are used less frequently in wheat production compared to other cropping systems in Kansas, but residual herbicides applied prior to wheat emergence can be part of a good weed management system in wheat production. Due to space limitations the table with the selected products for this use are listed in the full article on our web site www.cottonwood.ksu.edu click onto the Crops and Livestock tab and look under Hot Topics.Most residual herbicides labeled for pre-emergence application in wheat are Group 2 (ALS-inhibiting) herbicides, which are associated with herbicide resistant populations of kochia, marestail (horseweed), bushy wallflower, flixweed, henbit, and brome species in Kansas. Products in Groups 14 (the PPO-inhibiting herbicides) and 15 (the long-chain fatty acid inhibiting herbicides) are also labeled; however, they are generally more dependent on rainfall for activation than the Group 2 herbicides.Herbicides without residual activity may be applied with or without residual herbicides in the weeks prior to planting wheat. Older products include the Group 2 herbicides Amber, Olympus, and Pre-Pare, as well as Group 4 (plant growth regulating) herbicides like 2,4-D, dicamba, or fluroxypyr (StareDown,). It is especially important to be aware of planting interval restrictions for Group 4 herbicides, which range from 10 to 45 days.When selecting pre-emergence herbicides for use in wheat production, keep in mind that many of these products are also labeled for use in emerged wheat. Unless using a planned split-application, avoid repeated use of products from the same herbicide group to slow the development of herbicide-resistant weed populations in your fields.Field bindweed control Field bindweed is a particularly troublesome weed for which a special discussion is justified. In a 12-year experiment conducted at the Agricultural Research Center in Hays, field bindweed reduced wheat yield 2 to 50%. Management of this weed during wheat establishment is important because field bindweed continues to grow until temperatures drop below 20°F.The herbicides most commonly recommended for field bindweed control include various formulations of 2,4-D, dicamba, and glyphosate. Dicamba tends to provide greater control for fall applications compared to 2,4-D or glyphosate, especially if plants are drought-stressed. Another commonly used product is Facet (quinclorac). It is most effective when applied just before the first killing frost. Other herbicides that are labeled for fall application to control or suppress field bindweed in wheat include Affinity, Aim, and Cimarron.Satisfactory control of field bindweed will not be achieved with a single herbicide application. It will take multiple years of herbicide applications to deplete the energy stored in the root system and control an established infestation.For additional information, see the “2021 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland” guide available online at https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/SRP1162.pdf or check with your local K-State Research and Extension office for a paper copy.The use of trade names is for clarity to readers and does not imply endorsement of a particular product, nor does exclusion imply non-approval. Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements.Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Pre-emergence herbicides for wheat

Back-to-school days can generate a mix of anxiety, excitement and stress for students and their parents. Parents to want to provide opportunities for children, yet at the same time, protect time for family.

The first thing to remember is to be realistic. If both parents work and children are in after-school or day care programs, picking up the children, settling back into the home after a day away and getting a meal on the table may be all a family can reasonably manage. While this schedule might seem to best match families with younger children, the reality is that choosing the most important after-school or evening activities at any age level will help the family be more organized.

That does that mean that a family should shun school and community activities. Families must choose a mix of school, community and volunteer activities that will work within a realistic schedule. This is a good time to teach decision-making skills. List the pros and cons for different activities, and then ask questions that will help a child look more realistically at the opportunities, rather than a parent just deciding for them.

When looking at the monthly calendar, schedule family time, but occasionally, encourage a child to invite a friend. This is an opportunity for your child to help build his or her relationships, and it gives the parents a chance to get acquainted with a child´s friends.

As a family consider some volunteer opportunities. While giving back is a way in which to share personal talents and energy, doing so as a family allows children to see their parents and siblings in leadership roles working to help others. If there are no volunteer activities planned with the organizations your children are involved in, consider a family volunteer day.

Volunteering to staff a food pantry one Saturday morning a month or pitching in to help older neighbors with a seasonal yard cleanup is a great family activity and a great way to build relationships with the neighborhood. Working together also can lay a foundation for community involvement and service that will benefit both the child and his or her community in the future.

Charlotte Shoup-Olsen shared this information many years ago and I think it is still valid. Charlotte was a former Kansas State University Research and Extension Family Systems Specialist. Have a great school year!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="written by: Berny Unruh - Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Berny Unruh - Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Back-to-school days can generate a mix of anxiety, excitement and stress for students and their parents. Parents to want to provide opportunities for children, yet at the same time, protect time for family.The first thing to remember is to be realistic. If both parents work and children are in after-school or day care programs, picking up the children, settling back into the home after a day away and getting a meal on the table may be all a family can reasonably manage. While this schedule might seem to best match families with younger children, the reality is that choosing the most important after-school or evening activities at any age level will help the family be more organized.That does that mean that a family should shun school and community activities. Families must choose a mix of school, community and volunteer activities that will work within a realistic schedule. This is a good time to teach decision-making skills. List the pros and cons for different activities, and then ask questions that will help a child look more realistically at the opportunities, rather than a parent just deciding for them.When looking at the monthly calendar, schedule family time, but occasionally, encourage a child to invite a friend. This is an opportunity for your child to help build his or her relationships, and it gives the parents a chance to get acquainted with a child´s friends.As a family consider some volunteer opportunities. While giving back is a way in which to share personal talents and energy, doing so as a family allows children to see their parents and siblings in leadership roles working to help others. If there are no volunteer activities planned with the organizations your children are involved in, consider a family volunteer day.Volunteering to staff a food pantry one Saturday morning a month or pitching in to help older neighbors with a seasonal yard cleanup is a great family activity and a great way to build relationships with the neighborhood. Working together also can lay a foundation for community involvement and service that will benefit both the child and his or her community in the future.Charlotte Shoup-Olsen shared this information many years ago and I think it is still valid. Charlotte was a former Kansas State University Research and Extension Family Systems Specialist. Have a great school year!Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at bunruh@ksu.edu K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.