The National Sorghum Yield Contest embraces four objectives:

· Improve sorghum yields across the country,

· Identify top sorghum producers in each state,

· Recognize growers for their outstanding yields.

This article contains information from the KSRE publication MF3615 National Sorghum Yield Contest: A Summary for Kansas. The full publication is available online at: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3615.pdf

Results - five years of data were summarized (2013-2017) from the National Sorghum Yield Contest with a focus on Kansas entries. The data analyzed comprised a total of 175 observations from 38 counties. Most entries were for dryland fields (63%) with an average yield of 139 bushels per acre. For irrigated fields, the average water application was 8 inches, with a yield of 161 bushels per acre. Data entries were split in three groups (high, medium, and low) according to their yield values.

· The high-yielding group included values from 175 to 230 bushels per acre, with an average of 190 bushels per acre.

· The medium-yielding group included values from 125 to 175 bushels per acre, with an average value of 150 bushels per acre.

· The low-yielding values ranged from 60 to 125 bushels per acre, with an average yield of 110 bushels per acre.

Grain yield reported by the National Agricultural Statistics Service from USDA for the sorghum yield from the same period (2013-2017) ranged from 59 to 91 bushels per acre. Thus, the data from the yield contest is roughly two-fold above the state average.

Conventional tillage presented similar frequencies across yield groups. The high-yielding group presented a large proportion of fields with reduced-till; yet this factor was not significant to explain the yield variations. Irrigated fields prevailed in the high-yielding group 72%; diminishing their frequency within the medium- and low-yielding groups (34 and 19%, respectively).

Crop Management -management practices explained close to 80% of the yield variation. Irrigation was the factor accounting for a large proportion of the yield variation (21%), followed by nitrogen fertilization (18%), and changes in planting date (11%). Row spacing did not vary among yield groups. Most entries (88%) presented a row spacing of 30 inches. The remaining 12% had other variations with narrower rows (10 to 20 inches). No significant yield differences were observed relating to row spacing. High-yielding planting dates ranged from May 1 to June 1. A greater proportion of late-planting dates (after June 1) were found in medium- to low-yielding groups. No distinctive pattern was found regarding plant density among yield groups Irrigated fields had higher seeding rates. Observations with nitrogen fertilization of less than 200 pounds per acre were the most frequent. These low nitrogen fertilization rates were less frequent in the high-yielding group, with the high-yielding group presenting a high frequency of high phosphorus rates (P&gt;25 pounds per acre) and lowest proportion of no phosphorus fertilization.

Summary - the reported management practices implemented by farmers in the five years (2013-2017) analyzed from the National Sorghum Yield Contest impacted the sorghum yields in different magnitudes. The result of the study indicated that the use of irrigation and adequate nitrogen fertilization is critical to maximize sorghum grain yields in Kansas. In addition, planting before June was shown to be a relevant strategy to maximize sorghum yields across the different production regions.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574181994278.png" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>The National Sorghum Yield Contest embraces four objectives:· Improve sorghum yields across the country,· Transfer knowledge between growers,· Identify top sorghum producers in each state,· Recognize growers for their outstanding yields.This article contains information from the KSRE publication MF3615 National Sorghum Yield Contest: A Summary for Kansas. The full publication is available online at: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3615.pdfResults - five years of data were summarized (2013-2017) from the National Sorghum Yield Contest with a focus on Kansas entries. The data analyzed comprised a total of 175 observations from 38 counties. Most entries were for dryland fields (63%) with an average yield of 139 bushels per acre. For irrigated fields, the average water application was 8 inches, with a yield of 161 bushels per acre. Data entries were split in three groups (high, medium, and low) according to their yield values.· The high-yielding group included values from 175 to 230 bushels per acre, with an average of 190 bushels per acre.· The medium-yielding group included values from 125 to 175 bushels per acre, with an average value of 150 bushels per acre.· The low-yielding values ranged from 60 to 125 bushels per acre, with an average yield of 110 bushels per acre.Grain yield reported by the National Agricultural Statistics Service from USDA for the sorghum yield from the same period (2013-2017) ranged from 59 to 91 bushels per acre. Thus, the data from the yield contest is roughly two-fold above the state average.Conventional tillage presented similar frequencies across yield groups. The high-yielding group presented a large proportion of fields with reduced-till; yet this factor was not significant to explain the yield variations. Irrigated fields prevailed in the high-yielding group 72%; diminishing their frequency within the medium- and low-yielding groups (34 and 19%, respectively).Crop Management -management practices explained close to 80% of the yield variation. Irrigation was the factor accounting for a large proportion of the yield variation (21%), followed by nitrogen fertilization (18%), and changes in planting date (11%). Row spacing did not vary among yield groups. Most entries (88%) presented a row spacing of 30 inches. The remaining 12% had other variations with narrower rows (10 to 20 inches). No significant yield differences were observed relating to row spacing. High-yielding planting dates ranged from May 1 to June 1. A greater proportion of late-planting dates (after June 1) were found in medium- to low-yielding groups. No distinctive pattern was found regarding plant density among yield groups Irrigated fields had higher seeding rates. Observations with nitrogen fertilization of less than 200 pounds per acre were the most frequent. These low nitrogen fertilization rates were less frequent in the high-yielding group, with the high-yielding group presenting a high frequency of high phosphorus rates (P&gt;25 pounds per acre) and lowest proportion of no phosphorus fertilization.Summary - the reported management practices implemented by farmers in the five years (2013-2017) analyzed from the National Sorghum Yield Contest impacted the sorghum yields in different magnitudes. The result of the study indicated that the use of irrigation and adequate nitrogen fertilization is critical to maximize sorghum grain yields in Kansas. In addition, planting before June was shown to be a relevant strategy to maximize sorghum yields across the different production regions.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: National Sorghum Yield Contest - A summary for Kansas

Eating healthy can be a challenge with busy lifestyles, but small changes can benefit your overall health. Kansas State University food scientist Karen Blakeslee encourages daily physical activity and replacing some foods with more nutritious options.

“The concept of nutrition includes choosing healthful foods, then after consumption, the body breaks the foods down into the nutrients that provide fuel for our bodies. So, for example, a fresh orange would be more nutritious than a can of orange soda,” Blakeslee said.

Blakeslee suggests keeping fruits and vegetables easily accessible, selecting whole grain products, drinking water or unsweetened beverages and replacing salt with spices and herbs.

Improving health at home, school or work can look like setting reminders to get up and move every hour, if possible, or using the stairs at work to add more movement, Blakeslee said.

“Every little bit counts. Try a new fruit or vegetable each week as a family,” Blakeslee said.

Blakeslee offers tips to improve nutritional decisions at home such as:

· Make a grocery list to match that plan and stick with the list.

· Eat a variety of foods from all food groups.

· If fresh produce is not available, canned, frozen or dried can be a great choice.

· Avoid meal plans that specify restricting certain foods or food groups.

· Learn to cook at home and make it a family activity. When kids actively help prepare meals, they are more likely to eat what they make.

“Remember that food and eating nutritious food should be a happy occasion to create memories and traditions,” Blakeslee said.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Eating healthy can be a challenge with busy lifestyles, but small changes can benefit your overall health. Kansas State University food scientist Karen Blakeslee encourages daily physical activity and replacing some foods with more nutritious options.“The concept of nutrition includes choosing healthful foods, then after consumption, the body breaks the foods down into the nutrients that provide fuel for our bodies. So, for example, a fresh orange would be more nutritious than a can of orange soda,” Blakeslee said.Blakeslee suggests keeping fruits and vegetables easily accessible, selecting whole grain products, drinking water or unsweetened beverages and replacing salt with spices and herbs.Improving health at home, school or work can look like setting reminders to get up and move every hour, if possible, or using the stairs at work to add more movement, Blakeslee said.“Every little bit counts. Try a new fruit or vegetable each week as a family,” Blakeslee said.Blakeslee offers tips to improve nutritional decisions at home such as:· Plan meals and snacks.· Make a grocery list to match that plan and stick with the list.· Eat a variety of foods from all food groups.· If fresh produce is not available, canned, frozen or dried can be a great choice.· Avoid meal plans that specify restricting certain foods or food groups.· Learn to cook at home and make it a family activity. When kids actively help prepare meals, they are more likely to eat what they make.“Remember that food and eating nutritious food should be a happy occasion to create memories and traditions,” Blakeslee said.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: March is National Nutrition Month

This week’s 4-H project highlight is Everything STEM! Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math cross over to so many day-to-day areas!

When we think of STEM, we usually think of robotics or Unmanned Aerial Systems but 4-H STEM project learning includes AG Mechanics (welding), Architectural Block Construction (ABC), Computer Science, Electricity/Electronics, Renewable Energy, Rocketry/Aerospace, and Small Engines!

Ag mechanics, small engines, electricity, and ABC all have the potential for pursuing jobs in welding, mechanic work, electricians, drafting, and construction! Additionally, those same interests can lead youth to pursue careers in vo-ag/vo-tech education, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, architecture or architectural engineering.

The rocketry part of the STEM project has been around the longest and helps youth explore all the pieces of aerospace.

You never know what youth with an interest in renewable energy or unmanned aerial systems will develop the next technology to solve issues for all of us! An important part of the STEM project areas is to develop with scientific skills of hypothesis, experimentation, recording of results and the always important, patience and perseverance.

When I think of the wealth of STEM-related jobs in our area, I am amazed at the opportunities. Many manufacturing jobs require STEM skills or understanding to progress. Crop and livestock companies are increasingly using unmanned aerial systems to check watersheds, irrigation systems, and pest or weed management issues without needing to disturb the soil. There is always a need for good electricians and builders!

In particular, the Ag Mechanics/Welding area has really grown in the last year and I’m excited to continue to see that growth. ABC continues to challenge youth to think spatially and sets them up for construction work, architecture, or construction science. Rocketry will continue to be one of our bigger STEM project areas as it includes the fun of building and then launching your creation!

If you are interested in learning more about these or other 4-H projects, check out kansas4-h.org in the Projects section! All projects include communications skills, record keeping, career connections, and opportunities for leadership and community service!

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910. Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>This week’s 4-H project highlight is Everything STEM! Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math cross over to so many day-to-day areas!When we think of STEM, we usually think of robotics or Unmanned Aerial Systems but 4-H STEM project learning includes AG Mechanics (welding), Architectural Block Construction (ABC), Computer Science, Electricity/Electronics, Renewable Energy, Rocketry/Aerospace, and Small Engines!Ag mechanics, small engines, electricity, and ABC all have the potential for pursuing jobs in welding, mechanic work, electricians, drafting, and construction! Additionally, those same interests can lead youth to pursue careers in vo-ag/vo-tech education, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, architecture or architectural engineering.The rocketry part of the STEM project has been around the longest and helps youth explore all the pieces of aerospace.You never know what youth with an interest in renewable energy or unmanned aerial systems will develop the next technology to solve issues for all of us! An important part of the STEM project areas is to develop with scientific skills of hypothesis, experimentation, recording of results and the always important, patience and perseverance.When I think of the wealth of STEM-related jobs in our area, I am amazed at the opportunities. Many manufacturing jobs require STEM skills or understanding to progress. Crop and livestock companies are increasingly using unmanned aerial systems to check watersheds, irrigation systems, and pest or weed management issues without needing to disturb the soil. There is always a need for good electricians and builders!In particular, the Ag Mechanics/Welding area has really grown in the last year and I’m excited to continue to see that growth. ABC continues to challenge youth to think spatially and sets them up for construction work, architecture, or construction science. Rocketry will continue to be one of our bigger STEM project areas as it includes the fun of building and then launching your creation!If you are interested in learning more about these or other 4-H projects, check out kansas4-h.org in the Projects section! All projects include communications skills, record keeping, career connections, and opportunities for leadership and community service!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910. Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

BERAN: 4-H project highlight - Everything STEM

As our weather warms, alfalfa producers are reminded to eliminate weeds in their fields before plants break dormancy. Herbicides for controlling winter annual weeds such as pennycress, mustards and shepherd's purse should be applied before alfalfa regrowth reaches 2 inches of height. If alfalfa shoots are green when sprayed, its growth may be set back a couple weeks.

Broadleaf weeds can lower yields, reduce hay quality and slow first-cutting alfalfa dry-down. Grassy weeds such as downy brome, cheatgrass and bromegrass can have even higher impact on lowering hay quality.

If your alfalfa variety is Roundup Ready, then glyphosate can be applied to the alfalfa almost any time without harming the fields. Fortunately, if you treat your alfalfa soon, you can have cleaner, healthier alfalfa at first cutting.

Before spraying these weeds, be sure they are causing economic damage to your crop. Spraying will provide a purer alfalfa stand but may reduce your overall total tonnage.

Our new 2023 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, Rangeland, and Noncropland guide, lists herbicides labelled to control weeds in alfalfa. To be most successful, apply herbicides before alfalfa shoots green up this spring to avoid alfalfa injury. If it does get late, use either Raptor or Pursuit, because they tend to cause less injury to your alfalfa.

Get ready to control unwanted weeds now before alfalfa plants break dormancy. Spray timing is critical.

Eggs will hatch after about 300 growing degree days, a physiological measurement of temperature. That puts the newly hatched weevils in farmer’s field roughly in late March. It soon will be time to start scouting your alfalfa fields.

Alfalfa weevils leave behind tiny holes – about the size of a pin prick – in the leaves of alfalfa plants.

It is recommended that producers wait until there is a 30-50% infestation of alfalfa weevils in a field before deciding to spray. To test the infestation level, pick stems and then vigorously shake them into a white bucket to count the number of larvae that fall off.

If a producer shakes 10 stems but only counts 2 larvae, then there is a 20% infestation level and should be checked within the next 4-5 days, depending on temperatures. Ideally it is recommended to do this sampling in at least 2 to 3 different areas or spots in the field to get a better estimation.

“Don’t go out there and spray too early,” advises Jeff Whitworth, Extension Entomologist. “These insecticides only last 10-14 days.”

He recommends checking the weather forecast before treating for weevils. “Anytime the temperature gets down into the mid-20s, the young larvae will be killed.”

If rain is forecast in the coming 3-4 days, Whitworth suggests holding off on spraying.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574181994278.png" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>As our weather warms, alfalfa producers are reminded to eliminate weeds in their fields before plants break dormancy. Herbicides for controlling winter annual weeds such as pennycress, mustards and shepherd's purse should be applied before alfalfa regrowth reaches 2 inches of height. If alfalfa shoots are green when sprayed, its growth may be set back a couple weeks.Broadleaf weeds can lower yields, reduce hay quality and slow first-cutting alfalfa dry-down. Grassy weeds such as downy brome, cheatgrass and bromegrass can have even higher impact on lowering hay quality.If your alfalfa variety is Roundup Ready, then glyphosate can be applied to the alfalfa almost any time without harming the fields. Fortunately, if you treat your alfalfa soon, you can have cleaner, healthier alfalfa at first cutting.Before spraying these weeds, be sure they are causing economic damage to your crop. Spraying will provide a purer alfalfa stand but may reduce your overall total tonnage.Our new 2023 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, Rangeland, and Noncropland guide, lists herbicides labelled to control weeds in alfalfa. To be most successful, apply herbicides before alfalfa shoots green up this spring to avoid alfalfa injury. If it does get late, use either Raptor or Pursuit, because they tend to cause less injury to your alfalfa.Get ready to control unwanted weeds now before alfalfa plants break dormancy. Spray timing is critical.Alfalfa weevils start scouting soonEggs will hatch after about 300 growing degree days, a physiological measurement of temperature. That puts the newly hatched weevils in farmer’s field roughly in late March. It soon will be time to start scouting your alfalfa fields.Alfalfa weevils leave behind tiny holes – about the size of a pin prick – in the leaves of alfalfa plants.It is recommended that producers wait until there is a 30-50% infestation of alfalfa weevils in a field before deciding to spray. To test the infestation level, pick stems and then vigorously shake them into a white bucket to count the number of larvae that fall off.If a producer shakes 10 stems but only counts 2 larvae, then there is a 20% infestation level and should be checked within the next 4-5 days, depending on temperatures. Ideally it is recommended to do this sampling in at least 2 to 3 different areas or spots in the field to get a better estimation.“Don’t go out there and spray too early,” advises Jeff Whitworth, Extension Entomologist. “These insecticides only last 10-14 days.”He recommends checking the weather forecast before treating for weevils. “Anytime the temperature gets down into the mid-20s, the young larvae will be killed.”If rain is forecast in the coming 3-4 days, Whitworth suggests holding off on spraying.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Dormant spraying alfalfa weeds

Walk Kansas is an eight-week challenge focusing on physical activity and healthy eating. Walking or running or biking more than 400 miles across the state of Kansas over the next eight weeks would seem a bit intimidating to most folks.

Yet, an estimated 5,000 people in Kansas and beyond are gearing up to do just that as part of a popular program that kicks off on March 26.

Walk Kansas, a team-based challenge that encourages teams of six to exercise and live more healthfully while working toward a common goal, will run through May 20. Registration is available online through the end of March. The cost is $10 per person.

“When we created Walk Kansas in 2001, we were looking at the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, which recommend a minimum 150 minutes of activity per week,” said Sharolyn Jackson, a K-State Research and Extension northeast area specialist and the state leader for Walk Kansas for more than two decades.

“So we determined that if six people would collectively meet the minimum guidelines of physical activity, they could virtually walk across the state of Kansas, which is 423 miles, in about eight weeks.”

Jackson said many forms of activity count toward “miles” accumulated. She said miles are calculated based on minutes of activity, with adjustments for moderate or vigorous forms of activity. To reach 150 minutes a week, she urges participants to make a goal to exercise 20-30 minutes per day.

“We count any type of activity that gets your heart beating a little bit faster, or exerting energy to where you can carry on a conversation just barely, but you can’t sing; that’s the moderate intensity level,” she said. “And vigorous activity also gives real benefits, such as short bursts of 30 seconds to a minute while you’re walking; you can kind of gauge vigorous exercise by whether you can say a few words but not really carry on a conversation.”

This year’s program offers four Walk Kansas routes:

· Route 1 is 435 miles past Eight Wonders of Kansas. An online map shows team members some of the sights they’ll pass as they work toward their goal. Teams can reach this goal by meeting the minimum guideline of 150 minutes per week for each team member.

· Route 2 is new this year – and actually begins in New Mexico. The distance covered is 640 miles and requires 200 minutes per week for each team member.

· Route 3 challenges teams to cover 764 miles, beginning in the northeast corner of Kansas and finishing in the southwest corner. It requires about 240 minutes of exercise per week for each team member.

· Route 4 is called the Little Balkans route, beginning in southeast Kansas to Nicodemus, with numerous turns. Those teams ambitious enough to take on this challenge will cover 1,200 miles – or six hours of exercise per week, per person.

There is also a solo trail for those who don’t have a team, or just prefer to take on the challenge themselves. Participants do not have to live in Kansas to be on a team or to do the solo challenge.

In addition to tracking their minutes of activity, participants are asked to report the number of cups of fruits and vegetables and, optionally, water they consume weekly. Participants are also encouraged to add in some type of strength exercise at least two days per week.

From April 2 through May 14 – Weeks 2 through 7 of Walk Kansas – Jackson said organizers will offer a weekly webinar on healthy eating, focusing on the Mediterranean eating style. The course is called Med Instead of Meds,’ to reflect the goal to help participants learn ways to potentially replace medications with healthy eating.

Please call or email if you have questions!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Walk Kansas is an eight-week challenge focusing on physical activity and healthy eating. Walking or running or biking more than 400 miles across the state of Kansas over the next eight weeks would seem a bit intimidating to most folks.Yet, an estimated 5,000 people in Kansas and beyond are gearing up to do just that as part of a popular program that kicks off on March 26.Walk Kansas, a team-based challenge that encourages teams of six to exercise and live more healthfully while working toward a common goal, will run through May 20. Registration is available online through the end of March. The cost is $10 per person.“When we created Walk Kansas in 2001, we were looking at the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, which recommend a minimum 150 minutes of activity per week,” said Sharolyn Jackson, a K-State Research and Extension northeast area specialist and the state leader for Walk Kansas for more than two decades.“So we determined that if six people would collectively meet the minimum guidelines of physical activity, they could virtually walk across the state of Kansas, which is 423 miles, in about eight weeks.”Jackson said many forms of activity count toward “miles” accumulated. She said miles are calculated based on minutes of activity, with adjustments for moderate or vigorous forms of activity. To reach 150 minutes a week, she urges participants to make a goal to exercise 20-30 minutes per day.“We count any type of activity that gets your heart beating a little bit faster, or exerting energy to where you can carry on a conversation just barely, but you can’t sing; that’s the moderate intensity level,” she said. “And vigorous activity also gives real benefits, such as short bursts of 30 seconds to a minute while you’re walking; you can kind of gauge vigorous exercise by whether you can say a few words but not really carry on a conversation.”This year’s program offers four Walk Kansas routes:· Route 1 is 435 miles past Eight Wonders of Kansas. An online map shows team members some of the sights they’ll pass as they work toward their goal. Teams can reach this goal by meeting the minimum guideline of 150 minutes per week for each team member.· Route 2 is new this year – and actually begins in New Mexico. The distance covered is 640 miles and requires 200 minutes per week for each team member.· Route 3 challenges teams to cover 764 miles, beginning in the northeast corner of Kansas and finishing in the southwest corner. It requires about 240 minutes of exercise per week for each team member.· Route 4 is called the Little Balkans route, beginning in southeast Kansas to Nicodemus, with numerous turns. Those teams ambitious enough to take on this challenge will cover 1,200 miles – or six hours of exercise per week, per person.There is also a solo trail for those who don’t have a team, or just prefer to take on the challenge themselves. Participants do not have to live in Kansas to be on a team or to do the solo challenge.In addition to tracking their minutes of activity, participants are asked to report the number of cups of fruits and vegetables and, optionally, water they consume weekly. Participants are also encouraged to add in some type of strength exercise at least two days per week.From April 2 through May 14 – Weeks 2 through 7 of Walk Kansas – Jackson said organizers will offer a weekly webinar on healthy eating, focusing on the Mediterranean eating style. The course is called Med Instead of Meds,’ to reflect the goal to help participants learn ways to potentially replace medications with healthy eating.Please call or email if you have questions!Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Popular Walk Kansas program gears up for 2023

The beginning of the year has been quiet for Kansas wildfires after above-average moisture in January, but the trend may not continue into peak fire season. In previous years, the incidence of fires increased due to the state’s ongoing drought, resulting in grass or fuel loading.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Chip Redmond, the manager of the&nbsp;<a href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/" target="_blank">Kansas Mesonet</a>, a network of 70 weather stations throughout the state, said short-term weather drives fire potential and determines grass’s ability to burn, making fire season predictions challenging.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

“Contrary to popular belief, large wildfires in Kansas are usually independent of long-term drought conditions,” Redmond said. “Weather events like a mid-latitude cyclone -- a low pressure system that typically forms east of the Rocky Mountains and moves across the Plains -- typically feature strong winds and provide significant challenges with shifting winds that make firefighting dangerous and fire spread nearly impossible to suppress.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

Strong, low-pressure systems can be forecasted 1-2 weeks in advance. Beyond that, forecasters look at upcoming patterns, Redmond adds.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Redmond said those areas that have received moisture will likely continue to see precipitation, which doesn’t favor the central and western parts of the state, which will remain mostly dry.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“The conclusion of fire season is typically considered if or when grasses green up across the state. This varies by year and is mostly dependent on soil moisture and temperatures,” Redmond said.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Eric Ward, Kansas Forest Service assistant fire management officer, said&nbsp;fires occur statewide during the spring, but the south-central area has a history of very serious spring fires, and the Kansas Flint Hills always has a lot of fires.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

“Most fires in Kansas are caused by human activity,” Ward said. “Debris burning, escaped prescribed burn, welding or cutting in dry grass, dragging chains, defective equipment. Be especially cautious on any dry breezy day – which is pretty common in a Kansas springtime before things green up.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

He notes that the Kansas Forest Service supports the safe use of prescribed fire, but doing so comes with precautions.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

“Those wishing to burn should get training in how to do so safely, and partner with neighbors to help each other out and ensure enough personnel and equipment are on scene to keep the fire where it is supposed to be.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

Ward suggests checking the fire weather forecast on the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.weather.gov/fire/" target="_blank">local National Weather Service website</a>&nbsp;to get weather information specific to fire behavior, such as dropping humidity or forecasted wind shifts.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“Weather should be checked for the day of the planned burn, but also for at least 2-4 days after. A number of fires in recent years occurred when the weather was okay on the day of the burn but turned dry and windy a day or two later, and a residual ember was whipped to flame and causes damage,” Ward said.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kansasforests.org/fire_management/" target="_blank">Kansas Forest Service Fire Management Program</a>&nbsp;offers resources and tools to learn more about fire control and prevention.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“Wildfires are a real risk for Kansas even with recent moisture. People should have a plan and take proper precautions to avoid fire starts and limit fire spread,” Redmond said.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>The beginning of the year has been quiet for Kansas wildfires after above-average moisture in January, but the trend may not continue into peak fire season. In previous years, the incidence of fires increased due to the state’s ongoing drought, resulting in grass or fuel loading.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chip Redmond, the manager of the&nbsp;<a href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/" target="_blank">Kansas Mesonet</a>, a network of 70 weather stations throughout the state, said short-term weather drives fire potential and determines grass’s ability to burn, making fire season predictions challenging.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;“Contrary to popular belief, large wildfires in Kansas are usually independent of long-term drought conditions,” Redmond said. “Weather events like a mid-latitude cyclone -- a low pressure system that typically forms east of the Rocky Mountains and moves across the Plains -- typically feature strong winds and provide significant challenges with shifting winds that make firefighting dangerous and fire spread nearly impossible to suppress.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Strong, low-pressure systems can be forecasted 1-2 weeks in advance. Beyond that, forecasters look at upcoming patterns, Redmond adds.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Redmond said those areas that have received moisture will likely continue to see precipitation, which doesn’t favor the central and western parts of the state, which will remain mostly dry.&nbsp;&nbsp;“The conclusion of fire season is typically considered if or when grasses green up across the state. This varies by year and is mostly dependent on soil moisture and temperatures,” Redmond said.&nbsp;&nbsp;Eric Ward, Kansas Forest Service assistant fire management officer, said&nbsp;fires occur statewide during the spring, but the south-central area has a history of very serious spring fires, and the Kansas Flint Hills always has a lot of fires.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;“Most fires in Kansas are caused by human activity,” Ward said. “Debris burning, escaped prescribed burn, welding or cutting in dry grass, dragging chains, defective equipment. Be especially cautious on any dry breezy day – which is pretty common in a Kansas springtime before things green up.”&nbsp;&nbsp;He notes that the Kansas Forest Service supports the safe use of prescribed fire, but doing so comes with precautions.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;“Those wishing to burn should get training in how to do so safely, and partner with neighbors to help each other out and ensure enough personnel and equipment are on scene to keep the fire where it is supposed to be.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Ward suggests checking the fire weather forecast on the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.weather.gov/fire/" target="_blank">local National Weather Service website</a>&nbsp;to get weather information specific to fire behavior, such as dropping humidity or forecasted wind shifts.&nbsp;&nbsp;“Weather should be checked for the day of the planned burn, but also for at least 2-4 days after. A number of fires in recent years occurred when the weather was okay on the day of the burn but turned dry and windy a day or two later, and a residual ember was whipped to flame and causes damage,” Ward said.&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kansasforests.org/fire_management/" target="_blank">Kansas Forest Service Fire Management Program</a>&nbsp;offers resources and tools to learn more about fire control and prevention.&nbsp;&nbsp;“Wildfires are a real risk for Kansas even with recent moisture. People should have a plan and take proper precautions to avoid fire starts and limit fire spread,” Redmond said.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.&nbsp;

BOOR: Wildfires a real risk for Kansas even with moisture

It is always a treat to eat out at a favorite restaurant or community event, and as consumers, we expect the food to be safe. We must rely on the food handlers to provide the safest meal possible.

K-State Research and Extension in partnership with the Kansas Restaurant and Hospitality Association provides training for all food handlers. The ServSafe® program is a national certification program designed to teach safe handling practices to those who serve food to the public.

ServSafe® Food Handlers class is scheduled for Monday, March 20, 2023 from 1:30-4:30pm at the Cottonwood Extension Office at 601 Main in Hays. The class covers basic food safety, personal hygiene, preventing cross contamination, time and temperature, cleaning and sanitation. The course is for commercial food safety employees and non-profit volunteers. The cost for the course is $15 and covers the cost of the ServSafe® Food Handlers manual, training materials and refreshments. Registration is due by March 17, 2023. Please call the office or email if you have any questions or want to register for the class.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>It is always a treat to eat out at a favorite restaurant or community event, and as consumers, we expect the food to be safe. We must rely on the food handlers to provide the safest meal possible.K-State Research and Extension in partnership with the Kansas Restaurant and Hospitality Association provides training for all food handlers. The ServSafe® program is a national certification program designed to teach safe handling practices to those who serve food to the public.ServSafe® Food Handlers class is scheduled for Monday, March 20, 2023 from 1:30-4:30pm at the Cottonwood Extension Office at 601 Main in Hays. The class covers basic food safety, personal hygiene, preventing cross contamination, time and temperature, cleaning and sanitation. The course is for commercial food safety employees and non-profit volunteers. The cost for the course is $15 and covers the cost of the ServSafe® Food Handlers manual, training materials and refreshments. Registration is due by March 17, 2023. Please call the office or email if you have any questions or want to register for the class.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: ServSafe food handlers training offered

By JAMES BELL 
Hays Post

Registration is open now for the K-State Research and Extension’s Walk
Kansas program.

The annual eight-week activity challenge is designed to encourage activity
in children and adults, set to begin on March 26.

“We try to change things up a little bit each year,” said Cottonwood
Extension District Family and Community Wellness agent Monique Koerner. 

This year, participants can select from several team challenges, from 435 to
1,200 miles.

&nbsp;“Typically, it's a group activity,” Koerner said. “So, people get
teams of four to six people together – you can also do it solo as well – but
there are typically three different trails that people can choose from based on
the activity challenge that they want for those eight weeks.”

Whether in a team or solo, she said the goal of the program is to help
participants stay healthy.

“Staying active and having healthy eating habits can actually reduce our
chances of developing some of those chronic diseases, heart disease, diabetes,
those types of things,” Koerner said. “As we get older, it's important to focus
a little bit more on those things and maybe be more intentional. And so I think
that's what Walk Kansas brings to the table.”

The program has a dedicated website, <a href="https://www.walkkansasonline.org/">walkkansasonline.org</a>, where
participants register and track the progress of area teams.

“You can watch your trail on the map as well,” Koerner said. &nbsp;“So, it
just makes it a little more fun when you're doing it together as a team and can
choose a trail and watch your progress on the map and see what other teams are
doing.”

There's a whole health breakdown on it as well with tabs for physical
activity guidelines, basics of exercise and strength training, healthy eating
guidelines including nutritional recipes, stress management, relationship and
memory improvement tips, she said.

While the website has various tools for encouraging healthy behaviors, only
tracking walk time or steps is required.

Registration is not locked into a location, and participants from outside
Kansas are welcome, but participants will be able to see area activities after
selecting an extension district.

<div><iframe title="Registration open for Walk Kansas" allowtransparency="true" height="600" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?i=d3yhp-13b25aa-pb&from=pb6admin&square=1&share=1&download=1&rtl=0&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=3267a3&size=600" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>By JAMES BELL 
Hays PostRegistration is open now for the K-State Research and Extension’s Walk
Kansas program.The annual eight-week activity challenge is designed to encourage activity
in children and adults, set to begin on March 26.“We try to change things up a little bit each year,” said Cottonwood
Extension District Family and Community Wellness agent Monique Koerner. This year, participants can select from several team challenges, from 435 to
1,200 miles.&nbsp;“Typically, it's a group activity,” Koerner said. “So, people get
teams of four to six people together – you can also do it solo as well – but
there are typically three different trails that people can choose from based on
the activity challenge that they want for those eight weeks.”Whether in a team or solo, she said the goal of the program is to help
participants stay healthy.“Staying active and having healthy eating habits can actually reduce our
chances of developing some of those chronic diseases, heart disease, diabetes,
those types of things,” Koerner said. “As we get older, it's important to focus
a little bit more on those things and maybe be more intentional. And so I think
that's what Walk Kansas brings to the table.”The program has a dedicated website, <a href="https://www.walkkansasonline.org/">walkkansasonline.org</a>, where
participants register and track the progress of area teams.“You can watch your trail on the map as well,” Koerner said. &nbsp;“So, it
just makes it a little more fun when you're doing it together as a team and can
choose a trail and watch your progress on the map and see what other teams are
doing.”There's a whole health breakdown on it as well with tabs for physical
activity guidelines, basics of exercise and strength training, healthy eating
guidelines including nutritional recipes, stress management, relationship and
memory improvement tips, she said.While the website has various tools for encouraging healthy behaviors, only
tracking walk time or steps is required.Registration is $10. Registration is not locked into a location, and participants from outside
Kansas are welcome, but participants will be able to see area activities after
selecting an extension district.

🎙 Walk Kansas registration open now

Great Bend residents will have a chance to meet the new Cottonwood District Extension Director Jay Harris. A Great Bend Chamber of Commerce of Coffee Hour and open house will be held March 16, beginning at 9:30 a.m. at 3007 10th Street.

<a href="https://greatbendpost.com/posts/4a6d01e8-c105-41c0-82db-78f345e416e2">RELATED STORY: Jay Harris to serve as Cottonwood District Extension Director</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/3/1678311073684.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Great Bend residents will have a chance to meet the new Cottonwood District Extension Director Jay Harris. A Great Bend Chamber of Commerce of Coffee Hour and open house will be held March 16, beginning at 9:30 a.m. at 3007 10th Street.<a href="https://greatbendpost.com/posts/4a6d01e8-c105-41c0-82db-78f345e416e2">RELATED STORY: Jay Harris to serve as Cottonwood District Extension Director</a>

Great Bend residents can meet new Cottonwood Extension Director

Kansas cattle producers will have the opportunity to become Beef Quality Assurance (BQA) certified, or renew an expired certification, this spring through four in-person trainings across the state. BQA is a nationally coordinated, state implemented program that offers education for cattle producers on up-to-date best management strategies with a commitment to quality through every segment of the beef industry.&nbsp;

The BQA trainings will be offered by K-State Research and Extension, Kansas Livestock Association and the Kansas Beef Checkoff. At no cost to them, producers can attend one of the following trainings:&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Kansas cattle producers will have the opportunity to become Beef Quality Assurance (BQA) certified, or renew an expired certification, this spring through four in-person trainings across the state. BQA is a nationally coordinated, state implemented program that offers education for cattle producers on up-to-date best management strategies with a commitment to quality through every segment of the beef industry.&nbsp;The BQA trainings will be offered by K-State Research and Extension, Kansas Livestock Association and the Kansas Beef Checkoff. At no cost to them, producers can attend one of the following trainings:&nbsp;<ul>
 <li>March 28, 6 p.m. — City Limits Convention Center, Colby&nbsp;</li><li>March 30, 6 p.m. — Butler County Community and 4-H Building, El Dorado&nbsp;</li><li>April 11, 6 p.m. — Stanley Stout Center, Manhattan&nbsp;</li><li>April 13, 6 p.m. — Hilton Garden Inn, Hays&nbsp; Each BQA training will kick off with a dinner sponsored by Certified Angus Beef (CAB). As part of the dinner, attendees will hear how CAB is sharing the BQA story of every cattleman’s commitment to raising healthy, nutritious and high-quality beef with beef consumers and the brand’s licensed partners.&nbsp; “Certified Angus Beef supports BQA because it’s an easy and effective way for producers to communicate cattle care to people on the opposite end of the beef supply chain,” says Bruce Cobb, CAB executive vice president of production. “Besides sharing producer stories and helping to drive demand for premium beef, providing a meal to attendees is the most direct way we can support cattlemen who get BQA certified at these events.”&nbsp; During the BQA training, Dr. A.J. Tarpoff, DVM, associate professor and beef Extension veterinarian at K-State, will walk through BQA best practices. Topics will include cattle care, extreme weather planning, stockmenship and other critical topics for cattle production.&nbsp; BQA certification is good for 3 years. These continuing education programs are not only valuable to you and your operation, but attending these sessions also proves to our downstream consumer that we are committed to producing the highest quality, safest beef supply in the world.&nbsp; Each workshop is free of charge and includes a complimentary meal. To register for one of the sessions contact Brooke Wines at&nbsp;brooke@kla.org&nbsp;or 785-273-5115. Onsite registration will also be available at each location.&nbsp; Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910&nbsp; K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.&nbsp;</li>
 </ul>

BOOR: Four, free Beef Quality Assurance events around Kansas

If there was a simple $25 add on that could be purchased at the automotive parts store, installed in less than 1 hour, with a tool as simple as a screwdriver, that would guarantee an improvement in fuel efficiency of your cars, trucks, and tractors? Would you do it?

For the soil on your property, soil testing could be considered that miracle product. Using a simple soil probe, it takes about 30 minutes to collect a good sample, one trip to town to deliver it to the Extension Office, Coop or ag retailer, it costs about $25, and it will guarantee an improvement in crop production efficiency each growing season, before it needs to be “replaced”. You would think the extension office, Coops or ag retailers would be inundated with samples every spring, but unfortunately that is not the case.

Several surveys from past years in the Southern &amp; Great Plains have continued to show that an overall small percentage of farmers soil test regularly, and some of those don’t even follow the soil test recommendation once it is received.

Nothing that could be done offered a greater return on investment than what is possible from a $25 soil test. Especially following a low yielding, drought that we experienced last year. Logic would tell us that there should be left-over fertilizer from the last growing season. The only way to know how much, is to properly take soil samples.

The folks who study the adaptation of new technology would tell you that some will study their lesson, decide and quickly move toward early implementation of new technology. Some will watch closely until they see it is successful with others and then move toward implementation. Others will implement the new technology when they determine it is critical for their survival. And a last group will implement a new technology only when it becomes legally mandated.

So, even if there was a cheap, simple add on that guaranteed to increase fuel efficiency there would still be those who would not make the effort to change. After decades of promoting soil testing I guess those of us who work in Extension Education and the commercial ag industry have witnessed this same reluctance to adapt a proven technology.

But even after decades of promoting soil testing we won’t give up. Call your local county or district extension office, Coop or ag retailer for more information about the benefits of soil testing.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574181994278.png" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>If there was a simple $25 add on that could be purchased at the automotive parts store, installed in less than 1 hour, with a tool as simple as a screwdriver, that would guarantee an improvement in fuel efficiency of your cars, trucks, and tractors? Would you do it?For the soil on your property, soil testing could be considered that miracle product. Using a simple soil probe, it takes about 30 minutes to collect a good sample, one trip to town to deliver it to the Extension Office, Coop or ag retailer, it costs about $25, and it will guarantee an improvement in crop production efficiency each growing season, before it needs to be “replaced”. You would think the extension office, Coops or ag retailers would be inundated with samples every spring, but unfortunately that is not the case.Several surveys from past years in the Southern &amp; Great Plains have continued to show that an overall small percentage of farmers soil test regularly, and some of those don’t even follow the soil test recommendation once it is received.Nothing that could be done offered a greater return on investment than what is possible from a $25 soil test. Especially following a low yielding, drought that we experienced last year. Logic would tell us that there should be left-over fertilizer from the last growing season. The only way to know how much, is to properly take soil samples.The folks who study the adaptation of new technology would tell you that some will study their lesson, decide and quickly move toward early implementation of new technology. Some will watch closely until they see it is successful with others and then move toward implementation. Others will implement the new technology when they determine it is critical for their survival. And a last group will implement a new technology only when it becomes legally mandated.So, even if there was a cheap, simple add on that guaranteed to increase fuel efficiency there would still be those who would not make the effort to change. After decades of promoting soil testing I guess those of us who work in Extension Education and the commercial ag industry have witnessed this same reluctance to adapt a proven technology.But even after decades of promoting soil testing we won’t give up. Call your local county or district extension office, Coop or ag retailer for more information about the benefits of soil testing.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: It’s soil sampling time for summer crops and forages

As I continue to highlight a few of the 40 projects that 4-H offers, my focus this week is on Clothing and Textiles, Forestry, and Woodworking.

One of my favorite projects as a 4-H member was the Clothing and Textiles project! Beyond the practical aspects of learning about fabrics and how to sew, the Clothing and Textiles project also helps youth with learning about fabric care: when something says to wash in cold water, what does that mean? When a label states “dry clean only”, what do you do with that? Another important life skill is learning to calculate the cost per wear; in other words, if you purchase a cheap item but if it falls apart after 3 washings versus a more expensive item that you may wear weekly for 2 years. Which is truly the better purchase? The Buymanship part of Clothing and Textiles also includes how to select an outfit for a particular event and that fits you appropriately while working within a budget. These are important life skills no matter your job and career choice.

As part of the Ag and Natural Resources 4-H curriculum, Forestry provides an opportunity to learn about trees, their impact on our environment, and management. Additionally, the Forestry project encourages youth to go outside and explore. They develop collections of trees and can learn about related careers such as the Forestry Service, Natural Resources Conservation Service, ag-management fields, the National Park Service, and Wildlife and Parks.

The Woodworking project is one of my favorites to view because this is not something in my skill set! The Woodworking project requires that you enjoy working with wood, using tools, and building things such as a table, wooden toy, or a chair. Very practical skills begin with measuring things and using hand tools to learning to safely operate routers and jointers. These are great skills whether you are looking at a career in carpentry or are interested in developing a lifelong hobby.

When you visit a county or the Kansas State Fair this year, I hope that you will take time to view these projects knowing a little more about the learning objectives of our 4-H members!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>As I continue to highlight a few of the 40 projects that 4-H offers, my focus this week is on Clothing and Textiles, Forestry, and Woodworking.One of my favorite projects as a 4-H member was the Clothing and Textiles project! Beyond the practical aspects of learning about fabrics and how to sew, the Clothing and Textiles project also helps youth with learning about fabric care: when something says to wash in cold water, what does that mean? When a label states “dry clean only”, what do you do with that? Another important life skill is learning to calculate the cost per wear; in other words, if you purchase a cheap item but if it falls apart after 3 washings versus a more expensive item that you may wear weekly for 2 years. Which is truly the better purchase? The Buymanship part of Clothing and Textiles also includes how to select an outfit for a particular event and that fits you appropriately while working within a budget. These are important life skills no matter your job and career choice.As part of the Ag and Natural Resources 4-H curriculum, Forestry provides an opportunity to learn about trees, their impact on our environment, and management. Additionally, the Forestry project encourages youth to go outside and explore. They develop collections of trees and can learn about related careers such as the Forestry Service, Natural Resources Conservation Service, ag-management fields, the National Park Service, and Wildlife and Parks.The Woodworking project is one of my favorites to view because this is not something in my skill set! The Woodworking project requires that you enjoy working with wood, using tools, and building things such as a table, wooden toy, or a chair. Very practical skills begin with measuring things and using hand tools to learning to safely operate routers and jointers. These are great skills whether you are looking at a career in carpentry or are interested in developing a lifelong hobby.When you visit a county or the Kansas State Fair this year, I hope that you will take time to view these projects knowing a little more about the learning objectives of our 4-H members!If you are interested in learning more about these or other 4-H projects, check out kansas4-h.org in the Projects section! All projects include communications skills, record keeping, career connections, and opportunities for leadership and community service!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910. Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

BERAN: Highlighting more 4-H projects

Live in Kansas and the Midwest for very long, and it becomes commonplace to expect a wide variety of spring and summer weather. Tornadoes, damaging winds, large hail, flash flooding and lightning often dominate the news headlines in this part of the country.

But Chip Redmond says those weather hazards can happen most anytime of year.

“You can’t just focus on a couple weeks of the year,” said Redmond, manager of the Kansas Mesonet, a network of weather monitoring stations throughout the state. “For example, we see tornadoes most often in the spring and early summer, but we could see them year-round. We’ve had tornadoes in December before.”

The National Weather Service in Topeka has designated March 6-10 as Severe Weather Preparedness Week in Kansas, including a statewide tornado drill on Tuesday, March 7 at 10 a.m. All Kansans are urged to participate in the drill by practicing the plans they have in place for seeking shelter from a tornado.

“You’ve got to keep that plan fresh,” Redmond said. “Anytime there’s a wind threat, whether it’s a tornado or severe winds, the best thing to do is to get centrally located in your house – typically a bathroom that has four interior walls around it, or underneath the stairwell in a basement. You want as many walls between you and the outside in all directions.”

Redmond suggests people keep a weather safety kit that includes such items as non-perishable food, blankets, boots, extra clothes, helmets, weather radio, batteries, a charging device for phones and even a map to track the path of the storm while listening to news reports.

He also recommends that parents practice the plan with children well in advance of severe weather threats; doing so helps to ease children’s anxiety in a real emergency.

Though parts of Kansas are starved for rain, flash flooding is also a common threat in spring and summer. It’s also a tricky threat.

“Honestly, flash flooding kills more people than tornadoes in most years,” Redmond said. “That’s because people really underestimate the power of water.”

He said water can quickly rise in areas that people don’t expect – such as across a roadway – and the current is often turbulent.

“There’s a good meteorologist slogan for when water’s on the road: ‘Turn Around, Don’t Drown,’” Redmond said. “You don’t know what kind of turbulence and current that water has underneath, and for that matter, you don’t know the state of the road underneath the water. Find another way to your destination.”

To stay safe from lightning, the meteorologist’s advice is ‘When Thunder Roars, Go Indoors.’ Lightning strikes the U.S. 25 million times a year, according to the National Weather Service, accounting for an average of 47 deaths.

“Staying safe in severe weather really is having situational awareness all the time,” Redmond said. “Whether you’re driving down the road or going to bed at night, know the forecast and know what’s going on around you all the time. Forecasts aren’t perfect; they can change very quickly. So make a habit of checking the weather in the morning, during the day and before you go to bed.”

More weather safety tips are available online from the National Weather Service. More information on Kansas weather conditions, including up-to-date forecasts, is available online from the Kansas Mesonet.

What’s the difference between a weather watch and warning

The National Weather Service issues alerts on severe weather based on the immediacy of a storm. Knowing the terms associated with weather alerts can help you stay safe.

A storm watch means that severe weather has not yet occurred, but weather conditions are expected to produce potentially dangerous weather.

A storm warning means that meteorologists have already observed severe conditions, and dangerous weather is imminent in your area or location. Take appropriate action as quickly and safely as possible.

Sometimes, a weather advisory is issued, indicating a less serious condition compared to warnings, but still requires residents to take appropriate precautions to avoid threats to life or property.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Live in Kansas and the Midwest for very long, and it becomes commonplace to expect a wide variety of spring and summer weather. Tornadoes, damaging winds, large hail, flash flooding and lightning often dominate the news headlines in this part of the country.But Chip Redmond says those weather hazards can happen most anytime of year.“You can’t just focus on a couple weeks of the year,” said Redmond, manager of the Kansas Mesonet, a network of weather monitoring stations throughout the state. “For example, we see tornadoes most often in the spring and early summer, but we could see them year-round. We’ve had tornadoes in December before.”The National Weather Service in Topeka has designated March 6-10 as Severe Weather Preparedness Week in Kansas, including a statewide tornado drill on Tuesday, March 7 at 10 a.m. All Kansans are urged to participate in the drill by practicing the plans they have in place for seeking shelter from a tornado.“You’ve got to keep that plan fresh,” Redmond said. “Anytime there’s a wind threat, whether it’s a tornado or severe winds, the best thing to do is to get centrally located in your house – typically a bathroom that has four interior walls around it, or underneath the stairwell in a basement. You want as many walls between you and the outside in all directions.”Redmond suggests people keep a weather safety kit that includes such items as non-perishable food, blankets, boots, extra clothes, helmets, weather radio, batteries, a charging device for phones and even a map to track the path of the storm while listening to news reports.He also recommends that parents practice the plan with children well in advance of severe weather threats; doing so helps to ease children’s anxiety in a real emergency.Though parts of Kansas are starved for rain, flash flooding is also a common threat in spring and summer. It’s also a tricky threat.“Honestly, flash flooding kills more people than tornadoes in most years,” Redmond said. “That’s because people really underestimate the power of water.”He said water can quickly rise in areas that people don’t expect – such as across a roadway – and the current is often turbulent.“There’s a good meteorologist slogan for when water’s on the road: ‘Turn Around, Don’t Drown,’” Redmond said. “You don’t know what kind of turbulence and current that water has underneath, and for that matter, you don’t know the state of the road underneath the water. Find another way to your destination.”To stay safe from lightning, the meteorologist’s advice is ‘When Thunder Roars, Go Indoors.’ Lightning strikes the U.S. 25 million times a year, according to the National Weather Service, accounting for an average of 47 deaths.“Staying safe in severe weather really is having situational awareness all the time,” Redmond said. “Whether you’re driving down the road or going to bed at night, know the forecast and know what’s going on around you all the time. Forecasts aren’t perfect; they can change very quickly. So make a habit of checking the weather in the morning, during the day and before you go to bed.”More weather safety tips are available online from the National Weather Service. More information on Kansas weather conditions, including up-to-date forecasts, is available online from the Kansas Mesonet.# # #What’s the difference between a weather watch and warningThe National Weather Service issues alerts on severe weather based on the immediacy of a storm. Knowing the terms associated with weather alerts can help you stay safe.A storm watch means that severe weather has not yet occurred, but weather conditions are expected to produce potentially dangerous weather.A storm warning means that meteorologists have already observed severe conditions, and dangerous weather is imminent in your area or location. Take appropriate action as quickly and safely as possible.Sometimes, a weather advisory is issued, indicating a less serious condition compared to warnings, but still requires residents to take appropriate precautions to avoid threats to life or property.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Severe weather can hit anytime

Did you know that deer hunting was enjoyed by 7.9 million people in 2016?

Deer hunters come join us on Tuesday, March 7th at 6:00 p.m. at the Cottonwood Extension Meeting room, 601 Main Street in Hays.

Drew Richetts, an assistant professor and Extension Wildlife specialist with K-State Research &amp; Extension will give a ninety-minute program on white-tailed deer biology, space use, cover requirements, nutritional requirements, managing white-tailed deer habitat, supplemental feeding and managing white-tailed deer populations. And bring your questions, there will be plenty of time for Q &amp; A.

A meal will be provided for only $5.00 per person, payable at the door. RSVP is requested for the meal count. You can register on-line at https://tinyurl.com/ywesfcsb or call 785-628-9430 or email Theresa tam3@ksu.edu

Come learn how to improve the habitat and increase your chances of success when pursuing the most popular game animal in North America.

Wheat Rx Schools scheduled for early March The dates and locations have been set for two Wheat Rx Schools to be held in early March. The first event will take place on March 7 in McPherson. The second seminar is scheduled for March 8 in Russell. Wheat Rx is a partnership between Kansas Wheat Commission and K-State Research and Extension to disseminate the latest research recommendations for high-yielding and high-quality wheat to Kansas wheat farmers.

These two Wheat Rx schools will have speakers sharing the most up-to-date wheat research information on how to manage your wheat crop not only for yield but also for quality and sustainability, as well as industry partners sharing how growers can capitalize on high protein wheat. Detailed agendas for each school are being finalized and will be shared soon.

Registration for the event is $110 for non-members of the Kansas Association of Wheat Growers. However, members (including new members) will receive one free registration. Lunch and meeting materials are included with the registration fee. Online registration is open at https://kswheat.com/wheat-rx-registration-page

· March 7 McPherson Opera House – Grand Ballroom 216 S Main Street McPherson, KS 67460

· March 8 Fossil Creek Hotel and Suites 1430 South Fossil Street Russell, KS 67665

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574181994278.png" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Did you know that deer hunting was enjoyed by 7.9 million people in 2016?Deer hunters come join us on Tuesday, March 7th at 6:00 p.m. at the Cottonwood Extension Meeting room, 601 Main Street in Hays.Drew Richetts, an assistant professor and Extension Wildlife specialist with K-State Research &amp; Extension will give a ninety-minute program on white-tailed deer biology, space use, cover requirements, nutritional requirements, managing white-tailed deer habitat, supplemental feeding and managing white-tailed deer populations. And bring your questions, there will be plenty of time for Q &amp; A.A meal will be provided for only $5.00 per person, payable at the door. RSVP is requested for the meal count. You can register on-line at https://tinyurl.com/ywesfcsb or call 785-628-9430 or email Theresa tam3@ksu.eduCome learn how to improve the habitat and increase your chances of success when pursuing the most popular game animal in North America.Wheat Rx Schools scheduled for early March The dates and locations have been set for two Wheat Rx Schools to be held in early March. The first event will take place on March 7 in McPherson. The second seminar is scheduled for March 8 in Russell. Wheat Rx is a partnership between Kansas Wheat Commission and K-State Research and Extension to disseminate the latest research recommendations for high-yielding and high-quality wheat to Kansas wheat farmers.These two Wheat Rx schools will have speakers sharing the most up-to-date wheat research information on how to manage your wheat crop not only for yield but also for quality and sustainability, as well as industry partners sharing how growers can capitalize on high protein wheat. Detailed agendas for each school are being finalized and will be shared soon.Registration for the event is $110 for non-members of the Kansas Association of Wheat Growers. However, members (including new members) will receive one free registration. Lunch and meeting materials are included with the registration fee. Online registration is open at https://kswheat.com/wheat-rx-registration-page2023 Wheat Rx Schools· March 7 McPherson Opera House – Grand Ballroom 216 S Main Street McPherson, KS 67460· March 8 Fossil Creek Hotel and Suites 1430 South Fossil Street Russell, KS 67665Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Basic wildlife habitat management principles of white-tailed deer

Good nutrition is important to overall health, and it begins at birth, said the experts at the Kansas State University Beef Cattle Institute on a recent Cattle Chat podcast where they discussed the importance of the calves nursing within the first 24 hours of life.

“Colostrum is the first milk that the calf gets from its mother that contains a lot of immunity to set it up for the first 4-5 months of life,” said K-State veterinarian Brad White. “As soon as the calf starts drinking, it has 12-24 hours to absorb the colostrum before its gut closes.”

To help facilitate the delivery of colostrum to the calf, veterinarian Bob Larson said there needs to be selection pressure put on teat size and udder structure.

“I want the cows to deliver the colostrum, so I am going to retain females that have a good mothering ability along with a quality udder,” Larson said.

“Once the calf starts to nurse, make sure they get a full dose of colostrum because once milk enters their gut, the process of closing begins,”.

One step that producers can do to set up the cows for success is to make sure they maintain a good body condition entering the calving season and while they are nursing calves.

“Cows that are thin will produce colostrum that is of lower quality than those that are receiving good nutrition,” said Phillip Lancaster, beef cattle nutritionist. “Research has shown that a calf born to a thin cow in a stressful delivery will experience a diminished absorption of the colostrum.”

To make sure the cows maintain their weight pre-calving, Lancaster said producers need to be sure that the energy and protein requirements are an emphasis in the ration.

Even with the best preparation, experts agree that difficult births do happen occasionally and at a higher rate with heifers calving for the first time.

“When the female and her calf have gone through a difficult birth, often both the dam and the calf are exhausted and nursing becomes a challenge,” Larson said. “This may be a time when the producer needs to intervene and supplement the colostrum.”

In such a case, producers have options to consider on sourcing the colostrum.

“The best option for the colostrum is to get it from the dam herself even if that means you have to milk out the cow and give it to the calf through a bottle or tube depending on how well the calf is thriving,” Lubbers said.

If that is not possible, then Lubbers recommends supplementing with a commercial replacement powder or obtaining colostrum from another cow within the herd that the producer was able to collect earlier in the calving season.

“Because of the biosecurity risks, I would only use colostrum from my own herd or provide it by way of a commercial supplement,”

Larson agreed with this recommendation, adding: “Make sure to keep some commercial supplement on hand because the timing of when this needs to be delivered is important.”

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Good nutrition is important to overall health, and it begins at birth, said the experts at the Kansas State University Beef Cattle Institute on a recent Cattle Chat podcast where they discussed the importance of the calves nursing within the first 24 hours of life.“Colostrum is the first milk that the calf gets from its mother that contains a lot of immunity to set it up for the first 4-5 months of life,” said K-State veterinarian Brad White. “As soon as the calf starts drinking, it has 12-24 hours to absorb the colostrum before its gut closes.”To help facilitate the delivery of colostrum to the calf, veterinarian Bob Larson said there needs to be selection pressure put on teat size and udder structure.“I want the cows to deliver the colostrum, so I am going to retain females that have a good mothering ability along with a quality udder,” Larson said.“Once the calf starts to nurse, make sure they get a full dose of colostrum because once milk enters their gut, the process of closing begins,”.One step that producers can do to set up the cows for success is to make sure they maintain a good body condition entering the calving season and while they are nursing calves.“Cows that are thin will produce colostrum that is of lower quality than those that are receiving good nutrition,” said Phillip Lancaster, beef cattle nutritionist. “Research has shown that a calf born to a thin cow in a stressful delivery will experience a diminished absorption of the colostrum.”To make sure the cows maintain their weight pre-calving, Lancaster said producers need to be sure that the energy and protein requirements are an emphasis in the ration.Even with the best preparation, experts agree that difficult births do happen occasionally and at a higher rate with heifers calving for the first time.“When the female and her calf have gone through a difficult birth, often both the dam and the calf are exhausted and nursing becomes a challenge,” Larson said. “This may be a time when the producer needs to intervene and supplement the colostrum.”In such a case, producers have options to consider on sourcing the colostrum.“The best option for the colostrum is to get it from the dam herself even if that means you have to milk out the cow and give it to the calf through a bottle or tube depending on how well the calf is thriving,” Lubbers said.If that is not possible, then Lubbers recommends supplementing with a commercial replacement powder or obtaining colostrum from another cow within the herd that the producer was able to collect earlier in the calving season.“Because of the biosecurity risks, I would only use colostrum from my own herd or provide it by way of a commercial supplement,”Larson agreed with this recommendation, adding: “Make sure to keep some commercial supplement on hand because the timing of when this needs to be delivered is important.”Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Calves nursing

Jay Harris will begin serving as the Cottonwood District Extension Director, effective March 6. Cottonwood District has offices in Great Bend and Hays, Kansas.&nbsp; Harris’s primary office is in Hays.&nbsp;

He earned both his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in agronomy from Kansas State University. &nbsp;Harris has most recently been employed as a business manager for Western Prairie Equine Service and as an agricultural education teacher for Thomas More Prep-Marian Jr./Sr. High School in Hays, KS.&nbsp;

Extension Directors provide administrative leadership for budget and fiscal operations; personnel management of local staff; overall program development, delivery, and evaluation; and assurance of accessibility to local programming by all individuals.&nbsp; Harris will also be working directly with the community vitality programs in Cottonwood District.&nbsp;

Local extension faculty are jointly employed in a partnership between K-State Research and Extension, headquartered on the Kansas State University campus in Manhattan, and the local Extension board. &nbsp;

The role of K-State Research and Extension is to encourage the adoption of research-based information to improve the quality of life for Kansans. K-State Research and Extension is the short name for the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service.&nbsp;

More information about K-State Research and Extension | Cottonwood District is available online at&nbsp;<a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/" target="_blank">cottonwood.k-state.edu</a>.&nbsp; Contact Jay Harris via email at:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:jayharris@ksu.edu" target="_blank">jayharris@ksu.edu</a>. &nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/2/1677253834470.jpeg" alt="Jay Harris" />
 <figcaption>Jay Harris</figcaption>
 </figure>Jay Harris will begin serving as the Cottonwood District Extension Director, effective March 6. Cottonwood District has offices in Great Bend and Hays, Kansas.&nbsp; Harris’s primary office is in Hays.&nbsp;He earned both his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in agronomy from Kansas State University. &nbsp;Harris has most recently been employed as a business manager for Western Prairie Equine Service and as an agricultural education teacher for Thomas More Prep-Marian Jr./Sr. High School in Hays, KS.&nbsp;Extension Directors provide administrative leadership for budget and fiscal operations; personnel management of local staff; overall program development, delivery, and evaluation; and assurance of accessibility to local programming by all individuals.&nbsp; Harris will also be working directly with the community vitality programs in Cottonwood District.&nbsp;Local extension faculty are jointly employed in a partnership between K-State Research and Extension, headquartered on the Kansas State University campus in Manhattan, and the local Extension board. &nbsp;The role of K-State Research and Extension is to encourage the adoption of research-based information to improve the quality of life for Kansans. K-State Research and Extension is the short name for the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service.&nbsp;More information about K-State Research and Extension | Cottonwood District is available online at&nbsp;<a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/" target="_blank">cottonwood.k-state.edu</a>.&nbsp; Contact Jay Harris via email at:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:jayharris@ksu.edu" target="_blank">jayharris@ksu.edu</a>. &nbsp;

Jay Harris to Serve as Cottonwood District Extension Director 

Drew Richetts, an assistant professor and Extension Wildlife specialist with K-State Research &amp; Extension will give a ninety-minute program on white-tailed deer biology, space use, cover requirements, nutritional requirements, managing white-tailed deer habitat, supplemental feeding and managing white-tailed deer populations.

A meal will be provided for only $5.00 per person, payable at the door. RSVP is requested for the meal count by Friday, March 3rd. Call 785-628-9430 that’s 628-9430 or email Theresa at tam3@ksu.edu that’s tam3@ksu.edu

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574181994278.png" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Did you know that deer hunting was enjoyed by 7.9 million people in 2016?Deer hunters come join us on Tuesday, March 7th at 6:00 p.m. at the Cottonwood Extension Meeting room, 601 Main Street in Hays.Drew Richetts, an assistant professor and Extension Wildlife specialist with K-State Research &amp; Extension will give a ninety-minute program on white-tailed deer biology, space use, cover requirements, nutritional requirements, managing white-tailed deer habitat, supplemental feeding and managing white-tailed deer populations.A meal will be provided for only $5.00 per person, payable at the door. RSVP is requested for the meal count by Friday, March 3rd. Call 785-628-9430 that’s 628-9430 or email Theresa at tam3@ksu.edu that’s tam3@ksu.eduCome learn how to improve the habitat and increase your chances of success when pursuing the most popular game animal in North America.

February is National Children’s Dental Health Month!

Now more than ever, kids are faced with a bewildering array of food choices -- from fresh produce to sugar-laden processed convenience meals and snack foods. What children eat and when they eat it may affect not only their general health but also their oral health. Americans are consuming foods and drinks high in sugar and starches more often and in larger portions than ever before. It’s clear that junk foods and drinks gradually have replaced nutritious beverages and foods for many people. For example, in the U.S., on average, individuals consume approximately 50 gallons of sugary beverages per year! Alarmingly, a steady diet of sugary foods and drinks can ruin teeth, especially among those who snack throughout the day. Common activities may contribute to the tendency toward tooth decay. These include ― grazing habitually on foods with minimal nutritional value, and frequently sipping on sugary drinks. Consuming too much sugar can also affect your overall health, such as becoming overweight/obese, or getting heart disease or type 2 diabetes. When sugar is consumed over and over again in large, often hidden amounts, the harmful effect on teeth can be dramatic. Sugar on teeth provides food for bacteria, which produce acid. The acid in turn can eat away the enamel on teeth. If you are eating and drinking sugary foods and drinks often throughout the day this will affect your teeth almost continuously versus eating food in a few settings throughout the day. The following suggestions can reduce your children’s risk of tooth decay:

- Sugary foods and drinks should be consumed with meals. Saliva production increases during meals and helps neutralize acid production and rinse food particles from the mouth.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>February is National Children’s Dental Health Month!Now more than ever, kids are faced with a bewildering array of food choices -- from fresh produce to sugar-laden processed convenience meals and snack foods. What children eat and when they eat it may affect not only their general health but also their oral health. Americans are consuming foods and drinks high in sugar and starches more often and in larger portions than ever before. It’s clear that junk foods and drinks gradually have replaced nutritious beverages and foods for many people. For example, in the U.S., on average, individuals consume approximately 50 gallons of sugary beverages per year! Alarmingly, a steady diet of sugary foods and drinks can ruin teeth, especially among those who snack throughout the day. Common activities may contribute to the tendency toward tooth decay. These include ― grazing habitually on foods with minimal nutritional value, and frequently sipping on sugary drinks. Consuming too much sugar can also affect your overall health, such as becoming overweight/obese, or getting heart disease or type 2 diabetes. When sugar is consumed over and over again in large, often hidden amounts, the harmful effect on teeth can be dramatic. Sugar on teeth provides food for bacteria, which produce acid. The acid in turn can eat away the enamel on teeth. If you are eating and drinking sugary foods and drinks often throughout the day this will affect your teeth almost continuously versus eating food in a few settings throughout the day. The following suggestions can reduce your children’s risk of tooth decay:- Sugary foods and drinks should be consumed with meals. Saliva production increases during meals and helps neutralize acid production and rinse food particles from the mouth.- Limit between-meal snacks. If kids crave a snack, offer them nutritious foods.- If your kids chew gum, make it sugarless – Chewing sugarless gum after eating can increase saliva flow and help wash out food and decay-producing acid.- Monitor beverage consumption – Children should make healthy beverage choices such water and low-fat milk.- Help your children develop good brushing and flossing habits.- Schedule regular dental visits starting at age one.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.