While I spent 20 years in banking in a previous career, I would never claim to be an expert on investing. Melissa Schrag, Family and Community Wellness agent from the Central Kansas District, focuses on Family Resource Management and shared some great information, including definitions, about navigating investment markets and, with her permission, I’d like to share it with you.

Navigating Bear Markets: Tips for Staying Composed During Downturns

Wall Street may be nearing a bear market, as concerns grow that tariffs on imported goods could impact global economic stability. But what exactly is a bear market, and how can investors stay steady when markets dip?

A bear market is a period when the prices of securities, like stocks, fall by 20% or more from recent highs. It’s marked by widespread pessimism, negative investor sentiment, and selling pressure.

The term comes from the bear’s behavior—hibernation—symbolizing a market retreat. Conversely, a rising market is called a bull market, because bulls charge forward, representing upward momentum.

1. Keep Emotions in Check Bear markets can be nerve-wracking. Fear and negative headlines can overwhelm you, but reacting emotionally often leads to poor decisions.

2. Don’t Try to Outrun the Bear Avoid jumping in and out of the market. Selling during declines may cause you to miss the recovery. Remember: time in the market beats timing the market.

3. Stick to Your Long-Term Strategy Focus on your long-term goals. Review your portfolio regularly to ensure it aligns with your objectives but avoid drastic changes based on short-term market swings.

4. Use the Downturn to Your Advantage Bear markets offer opportunities to buy quality investments at lower prices. Consider rebalancing your portfolio to maintain your target asset allocation.

5. Adjust If You’re Taking Income If you rely on investment income, consider reducing withdrawals temporarily. This helps your portfolio recover when markets rebound.

6. Stay Calm and Ignore the Noise Bear markets come with plenty of doom-and-gloom headlines. Staying calm and sticking to your strategy usually leads to better outcomes.

If you found this article useful, Melissa would appreciate your follow up so take a moment and provide feedback at https://bit.ly/49SMXra.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran - Family &amp; Community Wellness Educator for Cottonwood Extension District with K-State Research and Extension" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran - Family &amp; Community Wellness Educator for Cottonwood Extension District with K-State Research and Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>While I spent 20 years in banking in a previous career, I would never claim to be an expert on investing. Melissa Schrag, Family and Community Wellness agent from the Central Kansas District, focuses on Family Resource Management and shared some great information, including definitions, about navigating investment markets and, with her permission, I’d like to share it with you.Navigating Bear Markets: Tips for Staying Composed During DownturnsWall Street may be nearing a bear market, as concerns grow that tariffs on imported goods could impact global economic stability. But what exactly is a bear market, and how can investors stay steady when markets dip?What is a Bear Market?A bear market is a period when the prices of securities, like stocks, fall by 20% or more from recent highs. It’s marked by widespread pessimism, negative investor sentiment, and selling pressure.Why the name “bear market?”The term comes from the bear’s behavior—hibernation—symbolizing a market retreat. Conversely, a rising market is called a bull market, because bulls charge forward, representing upward momentum.6 Tips to Navigate Bear Markets1. Keep Emotions in Check Bear markets can be nerve-wracking. Fear and negative headlines can overwhelm you, but reacting emotionally often leads to poor decisions.2. Don’t Try to Outrun the Bear Avoid jumping in and out of the market. Selling during declines may cause you to miss the recovery. Remember: time in the market beats timing the market.3. Stick to Your Long-Term Strategy Focus on your long-term goals. Review your portfolio regularly to ensure it aligns with your objectives but avoid drastic changes based on short-term market swings.4. Use the Downturn to Your Advantage Bear markets offer opportunities to buy quality investments at lower prices. Consider rebalancing your portfolio to maintain your target asset allocation.5. Adjust If You’re Taking Income If you rely on investment income, consider reducing withdrawals temporarily. This helps your portfolio recover when markets rebound.6. Stay Calm and Ignore the Noise Bear markets come with plenty of doom-and-gloom headlines. Staying calm and sticking to your strategy usually leads to better outcomes.If you found this article useful, Melissa would appreciate your follow up so take a moment and provide feedback at https://bit.ly/49SMXra.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: Market strategies

Chinch bug activity has been elevated in Kansas over the last couple of seasons. Now would be a good time to discuss the differences between chinch bugs (Blissus leucopterus) and false chinch bugs (Nysius sp.). To make proper management decisions, knowing how to correctly identify these insects is critical.

Adults bugs - adult chinch bugs are less than ¼ inch long bugs with black bodies and white wings that are kept folded over their backs. Two dark, triangular markings are present near the center of the wings, creating a distinctive “X” mark (Figure 1).

Adult false chinch bugs are very similar in appearance, but smaller. Instead of having black bodies, false chinch bugs are brownish-gray with clear wings that lack a distinct “X” mark.

Immature chinch bugs are bright red after hatching, darkening to black as they go through a series of 5 molts. A distinct white band will be visible across the nymphs’ bodies until the wing buds become large enough to obscure it.

Immature false chinch bugs are grayish-brown, never bright red, and lack the white band across their bodies.

Damage by bugs - chinch bugs and false chinch bugs are true bugs in the order Hemiptera, which means they both have piercing-sucking mouthparts that they use to puncture plant tissue to feed on plant juices. However, the symptoms of feeding appear differently for these two bugs. When chinch bugs feed, digestive enzymes are injected into the plant tissue, causing it to break down and discolor. Reddish spots are often present at chinch bug feeding sites. Heavy chinch bug feeding can also cause stunting, wilting, and necrotic lesions on plants. False chinch bug feeding, on the other hand, usually has little effect on plants, but extreme numbers of the bugs on a plant can cause wilting and death.

Be proactive about chinch bug management - think about chinch bug management before wheat is harvested. Simply relying on rescue treatments for young sorghum fields is not recommended. If possible, avoid planting sorghum adjacent to wheat, particularly if the wheat stand is thin and stressed out. Wheat fields should be scouted for the presence of chinch bugs before harvest to provide an estimate of risk to newly planted sorghum fields. One adult chinch bug or 5 nymphs per foot of row will be a hazard to the borders of sorghum planted nearby. If chinch bug problems are expected, an early planted trap crop of sorghum can be utilized between the wheat and sorghum fields, and this trap crop can be sprayed if migrating chinch bugs become numerous. Follow-up sprays will likely be needed if the local chinch bug population is high; 5 chinch bugs per seedling would warrant action. Planting time insecticides and seed treatments can provide some early protection for young sorghum, but their effectiveness deteriorates beyond a few weeks. Additionally, scouting should be done weekly during the growing season. Plants that are a foot tall and all the way through flowering can be damaged by 50 chinch bugs per plant.

Additional details on life history and management recommendations for these two pests can be found in the following Kansas Crop Pest publications. · Chinch Bug: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3107.pdf · False Chinch bug: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3047.pdf

Information provided by Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomologist.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Chinch bug activity has been elevated in Kansas over the last couple of seasons. Now would be a good time to discuss the differences between chinch bugs (Blissus leucopterus) and false chinch bugs (Nysius sp.). To make proper management decisions, knowing how to correctly identify these insects is critical.Adults bugs - adult chinch bugs are less than ¼ inch long bugs with black bodies and white wings that are kept folded over their backs. Two dark, triangular markings are present near the center of the wings, creating a distinctive “X” mark (Figure 1).Adult false chinch bugs are very similar in appearance, but smaller. Instead of having black bodies, false chinch bugs are brownish-gray with clear wings that lack a distinct “X” mark.Immature chinch bugs are bright red after hatching, darkening to black as they go through a series of 5 molts. A distinct white band will be visible across the nymphs’ bodies until the wing buds become large enough to obscure it.Immature false chinch bugs are grayish-brown, never bright red, and lack the white band across their bodies.Damage by bugs - chinch bugs and false chinch bugs are true bugs in the order Hemiptera, which means they both have piercing-sucking mouthparts that they use to puncture plant tissue to feed on plant juices. However, the symptoms of feeding appear differently for these two bugs. When chinch bugs feed, digestive enzymes are injected into the plant tissue, causing it to break down and discolor. Reddish spots are often present at chinch bug feeding sites. Heavy chinch bug feeding can also cause stunting, wilting, and necrotic lesions on plants. False chinch bug feeding, on the other hand, usually has little effect on plants, but extreme numbers of the bugs on a plant can cause wilting and death.Be proactive about chinch bug management - think about chinch bug management before wheat is harvested. Simply relying on rescue treatments for young sorghum fields is not recommended. If possible, avoid planting sorghum adjacent to wheat, particularly if the wheat stand is thin and stressed out. Wheat fields should be scouted for the presence of chinch bugs before harvest to provide an estimate of risk to newly planted sorghum fields. One adult chinch bug or 5 nymphs per foot of row will be a hazard to the borders of sorghum planted nearby. If chinch bug problems are expected, an early planted trap crop of sorghum can be utilized between the wheat and sorghum fields, and this trap crop can be sprayed if migrating chinch bugs become numerous. Follow-up sprays will likely be needed if the local chinch bug population is high; 5 chinch bugs per seedling would warrant action. Planting time insecticides and seed treatments can provide some early protection for young sorghum, but their effectiveness deteriorates beyond a few weeks. Additionally, scouting should be done weekly during the growing season. Plants that are a foot tall and all the way through flowering can be damaged by 50 chinch bugs per plant.Additional details on life history and management recommendations for these two pests can be found in the following Kansas Crop Pest publications. · Chinch Bug: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3107.pdf · False Chinch bug: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3047.pdfInformation provided by Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomologist.

CAMPBELL: Distinguish chinch bugs from false chinch bugs

Changes to your eyesight are normal with age. You may be less able to see up close without reading glasses. It may take your eyes longer to adjust to changing light levels. These problems can usually be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or improved lighting. But some changes can be a sign of disease.

A condition called age-related macular degeneration, or AMD, is the leading cause of vision loss in older adults in the U.S. It’s caused by light-sensing tissue in the back of your eye, or retina, deteriorating. The deterioration happens in the center of the retina, called the macula. In advanced stages, AMD can make it hard to see things clearly when you look straight ahead. You may not be able to recognize faces, read, drive, or do certain household tasks independently.

You’re more likely to have AMD at age 55 and older. Smoking, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure increase your risk for AMD. So does having a family history of the disease.

There are two types of AMD. Dry AMD, also called atrophic AMD, is more common. This condition progresses through several stages. Early AMD has no symptoms. In intermediate AMD, you might notice mild blurriness or have trouble seeing in low light. Late AMD usually causes a blurry area or blank spots in or near the center of your vision. Colors may appear faded.

The other type is called neovascular, or wet, AMD. It can cause fast vision loss if not treated promptly. In wet AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow in the back of the eye. These can bleed and leak fluid that damages the macula. A telltale sign is when straight lines appear wavy or crooked. Dry AMD can also turn into wet AMD.

It can take years for AMD to progress. When you detect it early, you can take steps to delay its progress.

An eye doctor can detect AMD using a dilated eye exam. In the exam, they dilate (or widen) your pupils using special eye drops. This allows them to see inside your eyes. They may also take pictures of the inside of your eye using a technique called optical coherence tomography.

If you are diagnosed with AMD, there are several things you can do to slow its progression. “For those early and intermediate stages, it’s all about a healthy lifestyle,” says Dr. Tiarnán Keenan, an ophthalmologist at NIH. This includes eating a healthy diet, getting enough physical activity,

and not smoking. A healthy lifestyle may also lower your chances of getting AMD in the first place.

· Eat a healthy diet, including fruits and vegetables (especially dark leafy greens like spinach or kale) and fish high in omega-3 fatty acids (like salmon or tuna).

· Get regular physical activity. Experts recommend getting at least 150 minutes of moderate activity a week.

· Maintain healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

· Don’t smoke, or quit if you do. Get free help to quit smoking at smokefree.gov, 1-800-QUIT-NOW (1-800-784-8669), or by texting QUIT to 47848.

· Get regular eye exams. Your eye doctor can tell you how often you need an exam based on your age and other risk factors.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Changes to your eyesight are normal with age. You may be less able to see up close without reading glasses. It may take your eyes longer to adjust to changing light levels. These problems can usually be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or improved lighting. But some changes can be a sign of disease.A condition called age-related macular degeneration, or AMD, is the leading cause of vision loss in older adults in the U.S. It’s caused by light-sensing tissue in the back of your eye, or retina, deteriorating. The deterioration happens in the center of the retina, called the macula. In advanced stages, AMD can make it hard to see things clearly when you look straight ahead. You may not be able to recognize faces, read, drive, or do certain household tasks independently.You’re more likely to have AMD at age 55 and older. Smoking, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure increase your risk for AMD. So does having a family history of the disease.There are two types of AMD. Dry AMD, also called atrophic AMD, is more common. This condition progresses through several stages. Early AMD has no symptoms. In intermediate AMD, you might notice mild blurriness or have trouble seeing in low light. Late AMD usually causes a blurry area or blank spots in or near the center of your vision. Colors may appear faded.The other type is called neovascular, or wet, AMD. It can cause fast vision loss if not treated promptly. In wet AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow in the back of the eye. These can bleed and leak fluid that damages the macula. A telltale sign is when straight lines appear wavy or crooked. Dry AMD can also turn into wet AMD.It can take years for AMD to progress. When you detect it early, you can take steps to delay its progress.An eye doctor can detect AMD using a dilated eye exam. In the exam, they dilate (or widen) your pupils using special eye drops. This allows them to see inside your eyes. They may also take pictures of the inside of your eye using a technique called optical coherence tomography.If you are diagnosed with AMD, there are several things you can do to slow its progression. “For those early and intermediate stages, it’s all about a healthy lifestyle,” says Dr. Tiarnán Keenan, an ophthalmologist at NIH. This includes eating a healthy diet, getting enough physical activity,and not smoking. A healthy lifestyle may also lower your chances of getting AMD in the first place.Lower Your Risk of AMD· Eat a healthy diet, including fruits and vegetables (especially dark leafy greens like spinach or kale) and fish high in omega-3 fatty acids (like salmon or tuna).· Get regular physical activity. Experts recommend getting at least 150 minutes of moderate activity a week.· Maintain healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels.· Don’t smoke, or quit if you do. Get free help to quit smoking at smokefree.gov, 1-800-QUIT-NOW (1-800-784-8669), or by texting QUIT to 47848.· Get regular eye exams. Your eye doctor can tell you how often you need an exam based on your age and other risk factors.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Healthy lifestyle can protect eye health

Cattle incapable of relieving themselves of high temperatures experience heat stress. Humans alleviate overheating through sweating, but Kansas State University beef extension veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said cattle do not have that option.

“Heat stress coping behaviors is what we see when cattle are adapting to warmer temperatures,” he said. “Whenever we get hot, we sweat to maintain homeostasis. For livestock species, and especially cattle, that capability gets overwhelmed.”

Tarpoff added: “They dissipate heat in other ways like increasing their respiratory rate (breathing) by panting.”

Besides panting, producers identify heat stress by their increased standing, large groups of animals bunching up close to water tanks and crowding in shaded areas.

“They're trying to get increased airflow by standing, but they actually end up using each other as shade which is counter-productive,” Tarpoff said.

High temperatures and humidity, slow wind speeds and increased solar radiation comprise the four weather conditions contributing to heat stress.

“When we're comfortable, cattle might not be and vice versa. We really need to consider those four key parameters,” Tarpoff said. “We have an animal comfort index that uses the four of them to get a feel on how cattle are experiencing their environment.”

Monitor the animal comfort index in Kansas through the&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/">K-State Mesonet</a>.

Correctly managing heat stress has proven to be essential for maximizing animal wellbeing and performance, according to Tarpoff.

“It is one of those critical chores just as important as feeding or making sure the animals have water. Whether we are asking them to be good cows or an animal to produce beef in a feedlot, we need to put them in scenarios where they’re more comfortable because then they are more productive,” he said.

Tarpoff urges operations housing their cattle in dry lots to keep it simple when developing a plan to lessen the consequences of heat stress.

“Whenever it comes to heat stress, it's back to the basics: feed and water. Water intake can nearly double as temperatures rise from 70 to 90 degrees (Fahrenheit). We need more water access, flow and availability for those animals,” he said. He added: “We might be able to modify our feeding times to alleviate some of these stressors. Whenever we feed cattle, we feed the rumen microbes, and that comes at a cost called the heat of fermentation. We can feed later in the evening, so the digestion happens during the cooler nighttime hours.”

Producers often construct shades to cool off cattle in times of unrelenting heat. A recent&nbsp;study&nbsp;conducted by K-State researchers looking at effects of shade on heat stress revealed that shade structures can impact more than just animal temperature.

“They are a piece of infrastructure,” Tarpoff said. “That two-year trial showed added benefits of investing in shades. We saw increased feed efficiency, increased growth rate and increased average daily gain. We also saw reduced panting rates and water consumption needs by over a gallon per head per day.”

Additionally, bedding pens with straw can reduce the pen floor temperature by 25 degrees and fence-line sprinklers help lower ground temperatures and keep cattle cool if used in the overnight hours, according to Tarpoff.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Cattle incapable of relieving themselves of high temperatures experience heat stress. Humans alleviate overheating through sweating, but Kansas State University beef extension veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said cattle do not have that option.“Heat stress coping behaviors is what we see when cattle are adapting to warmer temperatures,” he said. “Whenever we get hot, we sweat to maintain homeostasis. For livestock species, and especially cattle, that capability gets overwhelmed.”Tarpoff added: “They dissipate heat in other ways like increasing their respiratory rate (breathing) by panting.”Besides panting, producers identify heat stress by their increased standing, large groups of animals bunching up close to water tanks and crowding in shaded areas.“They're trying to get increased airflow by standing, but they actually end up using each other as shade which is counter-productive,” Tarpoff said.High temperatures and humidity, slow wind speeds and increased solar radiation comprise the four weather conditions contributing to heat stress.“When we're comfortable, cattle might not be and vice versa. We really need to consider those four key parameters,” Tarpoff said. “We have an animal comfort index that uses the four of them to get a feel on how cattle are experiencing their environment.”Monitor the animal comfort index in Kansas through the&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/">K-State Mesonet</a>.Correctly managing heat stress has proven to be essential for maximizing animal wellbeing and performance, according to Tarpoff.“It is one of those critical chores just as important as feeding or making sure the animals have water. Whether we are asking them to be good cows or an animal to produce beef in a feedlot, we need to put them in scenarios where they’re more comfortable because then they are more productive,” he said.Tarpoff urges operations housing their cattle in dry lots to keep it simple when developing a plan to lessen the consequences of heat stress.“Whenever it comes to heat stress, it's back to the basics: feed and water. Water intake can nearly double as temperatures rise from 70 to 90 degrees (Fahrenheit). We need more water access, flow and availability for those animals,” he said. He added: “We might be able to modify our feeding times to alleviate some of these stressors. Whenever we feed cattle, we feed the rumen microbes, and that comes at a cost called the heat of fermentation. We can feed later in the evening, so the digestion happens during the cooler nighttime hours.”Producers often construct shades to cool off cattle in times of unrelenting heat. A recent&nbsp;study&nbsp;conducted by K-State researchers looking at effects of shade on heat stress revealed that shade structures can impact more than just animal temperature.“They are a piece of infrastructure,” Tarpoff said. “That two-year trial showed added benefits of investing in shades. We saw increased feed efficiency, increased growth rate and increased average daily gain. We also saw reduced panting rates and water consumption needs by over a gallon per head per day.”Additionally, bedding pens with straw can reduce the pen floor temperature by 25 degrees and fence-line sprinklers help lower ground temperatures and keep cattle cool if used in the overnight hours, according to Tarpoff.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Correctly managing heat stress for cattle 

By COLE REIF Great Bend Post

The filing deadline has passed in Barton County. Anyone interested in
running for office and wanted their name on the ballot for this upcoming local election
needed to file by 12 p.m. Monday, June 2. While there are a number
of positions where no one filed, there are also a handful of races
that will be contested.


Barton County Clerk and Elections Officer Bev Schmeidler said while the&nbsp;elections on odd-numbered years and non-presidential elections don’t receive as much
voter turnout, oftentimes these are the elections that deserve the biggest
participation.


"These are the people that touch are everyday lives," said Schmeidler. "They're the ones that make the decisions for what goes on in our cities, schools, what affects our children and all the things that we deal with."

There are three candidates vying to become the Hoisington Mayor, with E.D.
Bivens, Scott Fleming and Chris Kinman all running. Both Davis Jimenez and Alan
Moeder filed for Great Bend Mayor. The Barton Community College Board Trustees has seven candidates filed for three open positions.

Schmeidler said the majority of these non-partisan races will be sorted out in
the General Election in November. A certain number of candidates have to file
to warrant a Primary Election in August.


"Examples of the City of Great Bend and Hoisington where they have the wards for city council, there would have to be at least four people file for one of those wards before a primary was called for," said Schmeidler. "The ones that have at large voting, say they have five council positions, there would have to be 16 filed."

The Ward 2 Great Bend City Council seat has four names on the ballot.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;

View the list below of the candidate list from Barton County.

Great Bend &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: Alan Moeder, Davis Jimenez &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 1: Shelly Peacock, Deklyn Craven &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 2: Stephen Patton, Suresh Bahadur Maharjan, Charlie &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Dixon,&nbsp;Jay Luerman &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 3: Cody Harris, Shelly Arnberger &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 4: Rickee Maddox

Hoisington &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: Chris Kinman, E.D. Bivens, Scott Fleming &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 1: Becky Steiner &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 2: Darren Reinert &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 3: Mike Davis &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 4: Aaron Braddy

Ellinwood &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: Irlan Fullbright &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 2): Jon Prescott, Scott Tillotson

Claflin &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 3): Doug Hubbard, Robert Gunder, Dorian Hickel

Albert &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: N/A &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 5): N/A

Galatia &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: N/A &nbsp; &nbsp;Council: N/A

Olmitz &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 3): N/A

Pawnee Rock &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 3): Kerry Rose, Joyce Link, Caitlin Cross

Susank &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: N/A &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 5): N/A

Barton Community College Board of Trustees &nbsp; &nbsp;Trustee (vote 3): John Moshier, Will Rains, Kimberly Becker, Carl Helm, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Amber&nbsp;Smith, Billy Eldridge, Kyle Zoeller

USD 355 Ellinwood Board of Education &nbsp; &nbsp;Board (vote 3): Gary Zorn, Whitney Asher, Stephen Billinger

USD 428 Great Bend Board of Education &nbsp; &nbsp;Board (vote 3): Chad Burroughs, Sarah Schenek, Barbara Thoren, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Jacqueline Disque

USD 431 Hoisington Board of Education &nbsp; &nbsp;Board (vote 3): Neil Ochs, Traci Schneider, Derek David, Sara Tarlton

Ellinwood Hospital District &nbsp; &nbsp;Trustee (vote 2): Aaron Sauer, Austin Asher

Cottonwood Extension District &nbsp; &nbsp;Board (vote 2): Jenice Williams, Alexa Straub

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1748883874550.jpeg" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>By COLE REIF Great Bend PostThe filing deadline has passed in Barton County. Anyone interested in
running for office and wanted their name on the ballot for this upcoming local election
needed to file by 12 p.m. Monday, June 2. While there are a number
of positions where no one filed, there are also a handful of races
that will be contested.
Barton County Clerk and Elections Officer Bev Schmeidler said while the&nbsp;elections on odd-numbered years and non-presidential elections don’t receive as much
voter turnout, oftentimes these are the elections that deserve the biggest
participation.
"These are the people that touch are everyday lives," said Schmeidler. "They're the ones that make the decisions for what goes on in our cities, schools, what affects our children and all the things that we deal with."There are three candidates vying to become the Hoisington Mayor, with E.D.
Bivens, Scott Fleming and Chris Kinman all running. Both Davis Jimenez and Alan
Moeder filed for Great Bend Mayor. The Barton Community College Board Trustees has seven candidates filed for three open positions.Schmeidler said the majority of these non-partisan races will be sorted out in
the General Election in November. A certain number of candidates have to file
to warrant a Primary Election in August.
"Examples of the City of Great Bend and Hoisington where they have the wards for city council, there would have to be at least four people file for one of those wards before a primary was called for," said Schmeidler. "The ones that have at large voting, say they have five council positions, there would have to be 16 filed."The Ward 2 Great Bend City Council seat has four names on the ballot.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;View the list below of the candidate list from Barton County.Great Bend &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: Alan Moeder, Davis Jimenez &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 1: Shelly Peacock, Deklyn Craven &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 2: Stephen Patton, Suresh Bahadur Maharjan, Charlie &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Dixon,&nbsp;Jay Luerman &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 3: Cody Harris, Shelly Arnberger &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 4: Rickee MaddoxHoisington &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: Chris Kinman, E.D. Bivens, Scott Fleming &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 1: Becky Steiner &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 2: Darren Reinert &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 3: Mike Davis &nbsp; &nbsp;Council Ward 4: Aaron BraddyEllinwood &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: Irlan Fullbright &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 2): Jon Prescott, Scott TillotsonClaflin &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 3): Doug Hubbard, Robert Gunder, Dorian HickelAlbert &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: N/A &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 5): N/AGalatia &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: N/A &nbsp; &nbsp;Council: N/AOlmitz &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 3): N/APawnee Rock &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 3): Kerry Rose, Joyce Link, Caitlin CrossSusank &nbsp; &nbsp;Mayor: N/A &nbsp; &nbsp;Council (vote 5): N/ABarton Community College Board of Trustees &nbsp; &nbsp;Trustee (vote 3): John Moshier, Will Rains, Kimberly Becker, Carl Helm, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Amber&nbsp;Smith, Billy Eldridge, Kyle ZoellerUSD 355 Ellinwood Board of Education &nbsp; &nbsp;Board (vote 3): Gary Zorn, Whitney Asher, Stephen BillingerUSD 428 Great Bend Board of Education &nbsp; &nbsp;Board (vote 3): Chad Burroughs, Sarah Schenek, Barbara Thoren, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Jacqueline DisqueUSD 431 Hoisington Board of Education &nbsp; &nbsp;Board (vote 3): Neil Ochs, Traci Schneider, Derek David, Sara TarltonEllinwood Hospital District &nbsp; &nbsp;Trustee (vote 2): Aaron Sauer, Austin AsherCottonwood Extension District &nbsp; &nbsp;Board (vote 2): Jenice Williams, Alexa Straub

Candidate list of those that filed for Barton Co. elections

June is the time to fertilize warm-season lawn grasses such as bermudagrass, buffalograss, and zoysiagrass. These species all thrive in warmer summer weather, so this is the time they respond best to fertilization. The most important nutrient is nitrogen (N), and these three species need it in varying amounts.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Bermudagrass requires the most nitrogen. Bermudagrass used on athletic fields needs about 4 lbs. nitrogen per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season.&nbsp; High-quality home lawns are often given 3 pounds per 1000 square feet and low maintenance areas can get by on 2 lbs.. Apply this as separate applications, about 4 weeks apart consisting of 1 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. starting in early May for athletic fields.&nbsp; It is already too late for the May application, but the June application is just around the corner. The nitrogen can come from either a quick- or slow-release source. So any lawn fertilizer will work. Plan the last application for no later than August 15. This helps ensure the bermudagrass is not overstimulated, making it susceptible to winter-kill.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Zoysiagrass grows more slowly than bermudagrass and is prone to develop thatch.&nbsp; Consequently, it does not need as much nitrogen. In fact, too much is worse than too little. One and one-half to 2 pounds N per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season is sufficient. Split the total in two and apply once in early June and again around mid-July. Slow-release nitrogen is preferable but quick-release is acceptable. Slow-release nitrogen is sometimes listed as "slowly available" or "water insoluble."&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Buffalograss requires the least nitrogen of all lawn species commonly grown in Kansas. It will survive and persist with no supplemental nitrogen, but giving it one lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. will improve color and density. This application should be made in early June. For a little darker color, fertilize it as described for zoysiagrass in the previous paragraph, but do not apply more than a total of 2 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. in one season.&nbsp; As with zoysia, slow-release nitrogen is preferable, but fast-release is also OK. As for all turfgrasses, phosphorus and potassium are best applied according to soil test results because many soils already have adequate amounts of these nutrients for turfgrass growth. If you need to apply phosphorus or potassium, it is best to core aerate beforehand to ensure the nutrients reach the roots.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider.

Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>June is the time to fertilize warm-season lawn grasses such as bermudagrass, buffalograss, and zoysiagrass. These species all thrive in warmer summer weather, so this is the time they respond best to fertilization. The most important nutrient is nitrogen (N), and these three species need it in varying amounts.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bermudagrass requires the most nitrogen. Bermudagrass used on athletic fields needs about 4 lbs. nitrogen per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season.&nbsp; High-quality home lawns are often given 3 pounds per 1000 square feet and low maintenance areas can get by on 2 lbs.. Apply this as separate applications, about 4 weeks apart consisting of 1 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. starting in early May for athletic fields.&nbsp; It is already too late for the May application, but the June application is just around the corner. The nitrogen can come from either a quick- or slow-release source. So any lawn fertilizer will work. Plan the last application for no later than August 15. This helps ensure the bermudagrass is not overstimulated, making it susceptible to winter-kill.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Zoysiagrass grows more slowly than bermudagrass and is prone to develop thatch.&nbsp; Consequently, it does not need as much nitrogen. In fact, too much is worse than too little. One and one-half to 2 pounds N per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season is sufficient. Split the total in two and apply once in early June and again around mid-July. Slow-release nitrogen is preferable but quick-release is acceptable. Slow-release nitrogen is sometimes listed as "slowly available" or "water insoluble."&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Buffalograss requires the least nitrogen of all lawn species commonly grown in Kansas. It will survive and persist with no supplemental nitrogen, but giving it one lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. will improve color and density. This application should be made in early June. For a little darker color, fertilize it as described for zoysiagrass in the previous paragraph, but do not apply more than a total of 2 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. in one season.&nbsp; As with zoysia, slow-release nitrogen is preferable, but fast-release is also OK. As for all turfgrasses, phosphorus and potassium are best applied according to soil test results because many soils already have adequate amounts of these nutrients for turfgrass growth. If you need to apply phosphorus or potassium, it is best to core aerate beforehand to ensure the nutrients reach the roots.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Fertilize warm-season grasses

There are lots of ways for you to be involved in the Barton County Fair!

The theme for the 2025 Barton County Fair is Barnyard Mardi Gras and it will be happening June 25th-29th. Exhibits are due to the fairgrounds for most categories on Wednesday, June 25th. Our 4-H members must pre-enter their exhibits while Open Class entries can be entered online ahead of time or on-site on the 25th.

We have a couple of 4-H pre-fair judging events for Sewing &amp; Textiles, Shopping In Style, and Fiber Arts, as well as the 4-H Dog Show. However, these results will be on display in Expo II throughout the fair week.

Judging is handled a bit differently for 4-H and Open Class. Consultative judging is used to provide one-on-one feedback about project learning, and the exhibit, as an important part of the learning opportunity for the 4-H member and all members receive a ribbon on their entry. We use the Danish system for 4-H exhibits which defines a Purple as exemplary, a Blue as above average, a Red as average, and a White as having substantial deficiencies. For Open Class, the judge will evaluate the exhibit item and determine if it receives one of the top three placings awarded per class.

Each year, the Barton County Fair Association has several special award categories for Open Class which tie to the theme. Be on the lookout for the announcements about these and all Open Class opportunities. Open Class offers a youth (16 and younger), Adult (17-65), Senior (65 and better), and a Professional class for those who teach about or make a practice of selling their work.

Online entries aren’t open just yet for 4-H or Open Class but keep an eye on bartoncountyfair.com for updates, schedules, and entry information.

Come join us June 25th through 29th to watch the livestock shows, check out 4-H and Open Class exhibits, listen to a concert, share a meal with friends, and support all ages across our community as they showcase their interests from art to woodworking!

We look forward to seeing your entry for the Barnyard Mardi Gras!

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. " />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. </figcaption>
 </figure>There are lots of ways for you to be involved in the Barton County Fair!The theme for the 2025 Barton County Fair is Barnyard Mardi Gras and it will be happening June 25th-29th. Exhibits are due to the fairgrounds for most categories on Wednesday, June 25th. Our 4-H members must pre-enter their exhibits while Open Class entries can be entered online ahead of time or on-site on the 25th.We have a couple of 4-H pre-fair judging events for Sewing &amp; Textiles, Shopping In Style, and Fiber Arts, as well as the 4-H Dog Show. However, these results will be on display in Expo II throughout the fair week.Judging is handled a bit differently for 4-H and Open Class. Consultative judging is used to provide one-on-one feedback about project learning, and the exhibit, as an important part of the learning opportunity for the 4-H member and all members receive a ribbon on their entry. We use the Danish system for 4-H exhibits which defines a Purple as exemplary, a Blue as above average, a Red as average, and a White as having substantial deficiencies. For Open Class, the judge will evaluate the exhibit item and determine if it receives one of the top three placings awarded per class.Each year, the Barton County Fair Association has several special award categories for Open Class which tie to the theme. Be on the lookout for the announcements about these and all Open Class opportunities. Open Class offers a youth (16 and younger), Adult (17-65), Senior (65 and better), and a Professional class for those who teach about or make a practice of selling their work.Online entries aren’t open just yet for 4-H or Open Class but keep an eye on bartoncountyfair.com for updates, schedules, and entry information.Come join us June 25th through 29th to watch the livestock shows, check out 4-H and Open Class exhibits, listen to a concert, share a meal with friends, and support all ages across our community as they showcase their interests from art to woodworking!We look forward to seeing your entry for the Barnyard Mardi Gras!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: 4-H members must pre-enter exhibits for Barton Co. Fair

With irrigation systems running across Kansas fields, a simple adjustment could make a big difference in conserving water and boosting crop performance —slowing down the speed of center pivot systems. Kansas State University water resource engineer Jonathan Aguilar said “when a pivot moves too quickly, much of the water applied doesn’t have time to soak into the soil. Slowing down the pivot gives the soil more time to absorb moisture, improving irrigation effectiveness.”

Aguilar’s research focuses on practical solutions that farmers can implement immediately without needing costly upgrades. He outlined several strategies to improve irrigation efficiency this season:

· Monitor soil moisture before irrigating. Aguilar advises using soil moisture sensors or simply checking soil conditions in the field. If the soil surface is still saturated or water is pooling, it’s a clear sign that you can wait before irrigating again. Slowing the system without causing runoff ensures water reaches the root zone rather than being lost in evaporation.

· Match application rates to crop needs. Overwatering early in the season is a common mistake that wastes water and can harm crop development. Aguilar recommends adjusting irrigation schedules based on crop growth stages, weather patterns, and evapotranspiration data. Monitoring forecasts and rainfall can also help avoid unnecessary irrigation. Much of the water savings are easily gained early and late in the cropping season, and during rain events.

· Irrigate during cooler parts of the day. High temperatures and strong winds during the afternoon hours contribute to significant water loss through evaporation. Aguilar recommends scheduling irrigation for early morning or late evening hours to minimize evaporation losses, when feasible. Research shows that irrigating during the hottest part of the day can lead to 10-25% more water loss through evaporation.

· Ensure uniform water application. Regularly inspect pivot nozzles to ensure they operate correctly and provide even coverage across the field. Malfunctioning nozzles can result in overwatering some areas and underwatering others, reducing overall efficiency and possibly yield.

While new technologies can improve irrigation systems, adjusting pivot speed is a low-cost, high-impact change that can deliver immediate benefits.

“Farmers often believe that speeding up the pivot will help them stay ahead of the crop’s water demands,” Aguilar said. “But in reality, moving too fast often does more harm than good. Slowing the system allows for better infiltration and helps crops become more resilient during dry periods.”

With water resources becoming increasingly scarce and costly, Aguilar encourages producers to revisit their irrigation management plans and consider how simple changes can lead to better outcomes.

For more information on irrigation efficiency and water management strategies, visit ksre.ksu.edu or contact your local K-State Research and Extension office.

Information provided by Jonathan Aguilar and Kelsey Stremel, KSRE news.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266615291.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>With irrigation systems running across Kansas fields, a simple adjustment could make a big difference in conserving water and boosting crop performance —slowing down the speed of center pivot systems. Kansas State University water resource engineer Jonathan Aguilar said “when a pivot moves too quickly, much of the water applied doesn’t have time to soak into the soil. Slowing down the pivot gives the soil more time to absorb moisture, improving irrigation effectiveness.”Key Irrigation Strategies for 2025Aguilar’s research focuses on practical solutions that farmers can implement immediately without needing costly upgrades. He outlined several strategies to improve irrigation efficiency this season:· Monitor soil moisture before irrigating. Aguilar advises using soil moisture sensors or simply checking soil conditions in the field. If the soil surface is still saturated or water is pooling, it’s a clear sign that you can wait before irrigating again. Slowing the system without causing runoff ensures water reaches the root zone rather than being lost in evaporation.· Match application rates to crop needs. Overwatering early in the season is a common mistake that wastes water and can harm crop development. Aguilar recommends adjusting irrigation schedules based on crop growth stages, weather patterns, and evapotranspiration data. Monitoring forecasts and rainfall can also help avoid unnecessary irrigation. Much of the water savings are easily gained early and late in the cropping season, and during rain events.· Irrigate during cooler parts of the day. High temperatures and strong winds during the afternoon hours contribute to significant water loss through evaporation. Aguilar recommends scheduling irrigation for early morning or late evening hours to minimize evaporation losses, when feasible. Research shows that irrigating during the hottest part of the day can lead to 10-25% more water loss through evaporation.· Ensure uniform water application. Regularly inspect pivot nozzles to ensure they operate correctly and provide even coverage across the field. Malfunctioning nozzles can result in overwatering some areas and underwatering others, reducing overall efficiency and possibly yield.While new technologies can improve irrigation systems, adjusting pivot speed is a low-cost, high-impact change that can deliver immediate benefits.“Farmers often believe that speeding up the pivot will help them stay ahead of the crop’s water demands,” Aguilar said. “But in reality, moving too fast often does more harm than good. Slowing the system allows for better infiltration and helps crops become more resilient during dry periods.”With water resources becoming increasingly scarce and costly, Aguilar encourages producers to revisit their irrigation management plans and consider how simple changes can lead to better outcomes.For more information on irrigation efficiency and water management strategies, visit ksre.ksu.edu or contact your local K-State Research and Extension office.Information provided by Jonathan Aguilar and Kelsey Stremel, KSRE news.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Slowing down pivots can improve water efficiency and yields

<a href="mailto:melgares@ksu.edu" target="_blank">By Pat Melgares</a>, K-State Research and Extension news service&nbsp;&nbsp;

MANHATTAN, Kan. – A Kansas State University extension agent is hailing the success of a pair of programs that have helped to address a high rate of preterm births in the state.

Monique Koerner, a family community wellness agent in K-State Research and Extension’s Cottonwood District, called the state’s preterm birth rate “concerning.”

“The chronic conditions that many in our state face is concerning,” she said. “But there are a lot of ways that we can help improve the health of our maternal child health population.”

In its 2024 Report Card highlighting the collective factors that contribute to maternal and infant mortality and morbidity in the United States, the March of Dimes called the nation’s preterm birth rate “alarmingly high.”

The report notes that in 2023, more than 370,000 babies were born preterm, about 10.4% of all births. Kansas was one of 15 states that earned a ‘D’ on the report card, with 10.5% of all births considered preterm.

The March of Dimes’ report notes that chronic health conditions caused by smoking, hypertension, unhealthy weight and diabetes contribute to high rates of preterm births in Kansas.

Koerner has recently introduced a prenatal education program called&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kdhe.ks.gov/577/Becoming-a-Mom">Becoming a Mom</a>&nbsp;to help expectant mothers with support and guidance. The free classes are available in several of the state’s counties currently, and are supported by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Kansas Perinatal Community Collaboratives, and the March of Dimes.

The six-week, prenatal education class – one session per week – is available to expectant mothers and their “support people,” according to Koerner.

“We’ve had several dads come to our classes, as well,” she said. “Really, anybody that is there to support the mom is welcome, because we want them to get the education, too.”

The classes cover such topics as an overview of pregnancy, health, nutrition, exercise, stress, labor and delivery, infant feeding, infant care (including safe sleep and car seats), family planning, mental health and more.

“We also invite people from the local community to come in and talk with the participants,” Koerner said. “One of my goals for this class was to break down the barriers that might exist in the community. If people have names and faces and have met people, it will be easier to reach out to those resources when they need them.”

Koerner also helped to establish an event called a Community Baby Shower in Ellis County in April, which drew 42 participants.

“We’re going to have to have a bigger venue next year because I think this is just going to grow,” she said.

The event provided education for infant care, and those who completed Safe Sleep instruction received a free portable crib, and other giveaways. Koerner said extension agents in other parts of the state are also hosting events similar to the Community Baby Shower.

More information on these or similar programs to help expectant and young mothers is available at local extension offices in Kansas.

<a href="mailto:melgares@ksu.edu" target="_blank">By Pat Melgares</a>, K-State Research and Extension news service&nbsp;&nbsp;MANHATTAN, Kan. – A Kansas State University extension agent is hailing the success of a pair of programs that have helped to address a high rate of preterm births in the state.Monique Koerner, a family community wellness agent in K-State Research and Extension’s Cottonwood District, called the state’s preterm birth rate “concerning.”“The chronic conditions that many in our state face is concerning,” she said. “But there are a lot of ways that we can help improve the health of our maternal child health population.”In its 2024 Report Card highlighting the collective factors that contribute to maternal and infant mortality and morbidity in the United States, the March of Dimes called the nation’s preterm birth rate “alarmingly high.”The report notes that in 2023, more than 370,000 babies were born preterm, about 10.4% of all births. Kansas was one of 15 states that earned a ‘D’ on the report card, with 10.5% of all births considered preterm.The March of Dimes’ report notes that chronic health conditions caused by smoking, hypertension, unhealthy weight and diabetes contribute to high rates of preterm births in Kansas.Koerner has recently introduced a prenatal education program called&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kdhe.ks.gov/577/Becoming-a-Mom">Becoming a Mom</a>&nbsp;to help expectant mothers with support and guidance. The free classes are available in several of the state’s counties currently, and are supported by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Kansas Perinatal Community Collaboratives, and the March of Dimes.The six-week, prenatal education class – one session per week – is available to expectant mothers and their “support people,” according to Koerner.“We’ve had several dads come to our classes, as well,” she said. “Really, anybody that is there to support the mom is welcome, because we want them to get the education, too.”The classes cover such topics as an overview of pregnancy, health, nutrition, exercise, stress, labor and delivery, infant feeding, infant care (including safe sleep and car seats), family planning, mental health and more.“We also invite people from the local community to come in and talk with the participants,” Koerner said. “One of my goals for this class was to break down the barriers that might exist in the community. If people have names and faces and have met people, it will be easier to reach out to those resources when they need them.”Koerner also helped to establish an event called a Community Baby Shower in Ellis County in April, which drew 42 participants.“We’re going to have to have a bigger venue next year because I think this is just going to grow,” she said.The event provided education for infant care, and those who completed Safe Sleep instruction received a free portable crib, and other giveaways. Koerner said extension agents in other parts of the state are also hosting events similar to the Community Baby Shower.More information on these or similar programs to help expectant and young mothers is available at local extension offices in Kansas.

KOERNER: Extension leads programs to address high preterm birth rate

Many of my most recent home visits have been centered around tree health and subsequently around trees experiencing dieback or death from drought stress. The past several years has been very dry and it typically it takes a few years for a tree to show stress from an event. If you take a good look at your tree, you can begin to analyze the overall health and take steps to keep them healthy. To&nbsp;determine the health of your trees, looking at the amount of new growth each year will show you how healthy they are. Observe the tips of the branches that are exposed (not shaded). A tree that grows less than 4 inches from the previous year is likely under stress and considered unhealthy. 

New growth is often identifiable by the color. The new twig emerging from the bud may be greener but the leaves are often a brighter shade as well. You'll notice the leaves attached directly to these new stems rather than lateral branches. New growth may also look more compressed than growth from previous years.

Though evaluating the amount of growth can help you determine if your tree is healthy, it does not tell you what may be the cause of an unhealthy tree. The effects of stress accumulate year after year. A drought two years ago can have an impact on growth of a recovering tree. The root growth may have been stunted and roots could struggle to take in enough water to support the tree as temperatures rise. When possible, ensure trees are receiving water to a depth of 12 inches every couple of weeks during the summer either from rain or supplemental watering.

One of the more common means of watering trees is the use of soaker hoses, but they are notorious for non-uniform watering. On small trees, circling the tree several times with the soaker hose will even out the amount of water applied but this isn't practical for larger trees.&nbsp; On larger trees, hooking both the beginning and the end of the soaker hose to a Y-adapter helps equalize the pressure and therefore provide a more uniform watering. The specific parts you need include the soaker hose, Y-adapter and female to female connector.

The soaker hose can circle the trunk at a distance within the dripline of the tree but at least ½ the distance to the dripline. The dripline of the tree is outermost reach of the branches.

Soil should be wet at least 12 inches deep as 80% of a tree’s roots are in the top foot of soil.&nbsp; Use a metal rod, wooden dowel, electric fence post or something similar to check depth. Dry soil is much harder to push through than wet and your probe will stop when it hits dry soil.&nbsp; How long it takes water to reach a 12-inch depth varies depending on the rate of water flow and soil.&nbsp; Record the amount of time it takes to reach 12 inches the first time the tree is watered.&nbsp; After that, simply water for that same amount of time.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Many of my most recent home visits have been centered around tree health and subsequently around trees experiencing dieback or death from drought stress. The past several years has been very dry and it typically it takes a few years for a tree to show stress from an event. If you take a good look at your tree, you can begin to analyze the overall health and take steps to keep them healthy. To&nbsp;determine the health of your trees, looking at the amount of new growth each year will show you how healthy they are. Observe the tips of the branches that are exposed (not shaded). A tree that grows less than 4 inches from the previous year is likely under stress and considered unhealthy. New growth is often identifiable by the color. The new twig emerging from the bud may be greener but the leaves are often a brighter shade as well. You'll notice the leaves attached directly to these new stems rather than lateral branches. New growth may also look more compressed than growth from previous years.Though evaluating the amount of growth can help you determine if your tree is healthy, it does not tell you what may be the cause of an unhealthy tree. The effects of stress accumulate year after year. A drought two years ago can have an impact on growth of a recovering tree. The root growth may have been stunted and roots could struggle to take in enough water to support the tree as temperatures rise. When possible, ensure trees are receiving water to a depth of 12 inches every couple of weeks during the summer either from rain or supplemental watering.One of the more common means of watering trees is the use of soaker hoses, but they are notorious for non-uniform watering. On small trees, circling the tree several times with the soaker hose will even out the amount of water applied but this isn't practical for larger trees.&nbsp; On larger trees, hooking both the beginning and the end of the soaker hose to a Y-adapter helps equalize the pressure and therefore provide a more uniform watering. The specific parts you need include the soaker hose, Y-adapter and female to female connector.The soaker hose can circle the trunk at a distance within the dripline of the tree but at least ½ the distance to the dripline. The dripline of the tree is outermost reach of the branches.Soil should be wet at least 12 inches deep as 80% of a tree’s roots are in the top foot of soil.&nbsp; Use a metal rod, wooden dowel, electric fence post or something similar to check depth. Dry soil is much harder to push through than wet and your probe will stop when it hits dry soil.&nbsp; How long it takes water to reach a 12-inch depth varies depending on the rate of water flow and soil.&nbsp; Record the amount of time it takes to reach 12 inches the first time the tree is watered.&nbsp; After that, simply water for that same amount of time.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: How to Assess Tree Health and Improve Survival

Screens are having a profound effect on our world and our children. Most experts in the early childhood field recommend no screen time for children under two years old. The only screen time that would be beneficial for a young child might include video chatting with important people in their lives. Screen time can affect children in many ways from developmental, behaviorally, and their physical health. Screen time often gets replaced by things that are important for children to experience. Just 10 Minutes is an initiative aimed at helping combat the effect of screen time in our lives and our relationships.

JustTenMinutes.org is a nonprofit initiative dedicated to helping families strengthen their relationships through daily, intentional, screen-free moments. The organization encourages parents and caregivers to set aside just 10 minutes each day for focused, undistracted connection with their children. These brief interactions—such as reading together, drawing, or sharing a favorite memory—are designed to nurture emotional growth, support brain development, and create lasting memories.

The initiative emphasizes the power of small, consistent actions. It provides research-backed insights into how short, meaningful interactions can have a profound impact on a child's development and a family's well-being. The organization also offers resources and activity ideas to help families make the most of their 10-minute connections.

JustTenMinutes.org collaborates with various partners, including healthcare organizations and community groups, to promote its message and expand its reach. Community partners such as Advent Health Kansas City Foundation, Kansas Head Start Association (KHSA), Kansas Parents as Teachers Association (KPATA) and Sing Play Love, indicating a broad network of support for its mission.

The website invites visitors to join its efforts by exploring activities, sharing experiences, and connecting with others who are committed to making meaningful moments a daily habit. Through its "Get Involved" section, JustTenMinutes.org provides opportunities for individuals and organizations to contribute to its mission of fostering stronger families and communities.

"Life moves quickly, and finding time for meaningful moments can feel challenging," says the organization's mission statement. "But what if you could make a significant impact in just 10 minutes a day?"

The initiative offers a variety of simple, research-backed activities designed to nurture emotional growth and build lasting memories. From nature art bracelets to finger counting games for toddlers, the website provides resources that are easy to integrate into daily routines. For more information or to get involved, visit JustTenMinutes.org.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Screens are having a profound effect on our world and our children. Most experts in the early childhood field recommend no screen time for children under two years old. The only screen time that would be beneficial for a young child might include video chatting with important people in their lives. Screen time can affect children in many ways from developmental, behaviorally, and their physical health. Screen time often gets replaced by things that are important for children to experience. Just 10 Minutes is an initiative aimed at helping combat the effect of screen time in our lives and our relationships.JustTenMinutes.org is a nonprofit initiative dedicated to helping families strengthen their relationships through daily, intentional, screen-free moments. The organization encourages parents and caregivers to set aside just 10 minutes each day for focused, undistracted connection with their children. These brief interactions—such as reading together, drawing, or sharing a favorite memory—are designed to nurture emotional growth, support brain development, and create lasting memories.The initiative emphasizes the power of small, consistent actions. It provides research-backed insights into how short, meaningful interactions can have a profound impact on a child's development and a family's well-being. The organization also offers resources and activity ideas to help families make the most of their 10-minute connections.JustTenMinutes.org collaborates with various partners, including healthcare organizations and community groups, to promote its message and expand its reach. Community partners such as Advent Health Kansas City Foundation, Kansas Head Start Association (KHSA), Kansas Parents as Teachers Association (KPATA) and Sing Play Love, indicating a broad network of support for its mission.The website invites visitors to join its efforts by exploring activities, sharing experiences, and connecting with others who are committed to making meaningful moments a daily habit. Through its "Get Involved" section, JustTenMinutes.org provides opportunities for individuals and organizations to contribute to its mission of fostering stronger families and communities."Life moves quickly, and finding time for meaningful moments can feel challenging," says the organization's mission statement. "But what if you could make a significant impact in just 10 minutes a day?"The initiative offers a variety of simple, research-backed activities designed to nurture emotional growth and build lasting memories. From nature art bracelets to finger counting games for toddlers, the website provides resources that are easy to integrate into daily routines. For more information or to get involved, visit JustTenMinutes.org.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Family connection through just 10 minutes a day

Barton County - Cottonwood District Wheat Variety Plot Field Day

Farmers on Wednesday May 21st starting at 8:30 a.m. will be the Barton County Cottonwood Extension District Wheat Variety Plot Field Day.&nbsp;

It is located North of Hoisington on HWY 281. Turn West on NW 190 Rd. (Galatia blacktop) go 1 mile, turn South onto NW 50th Ave. The farmer/cooperator is Tim Maier. In case of inclement weather, it will be held at the Galatia Coop, 101 Steinert.

Donuts, coffee and refreshments provided courtesy of sponsors. RSVP greatly appreciated bit.ly/KSRECottonwoodDistrictWheatPlotTours or call Brenda in the Great Bend office, 620-793-1910.

Ellis County - Cottonwood District Wheat Variety Plot Field Day

Wheat growers on Wednesday May 28th starting at 6:00 p.m. will be the Ellis County Cottonwood Extension District Wheat Variety Plot Field Day.&nbsp;

It is located at the Agricultural Research Center, Hays, 1232 240th Ave. It will be on the West side of county road 240th across from the buildings at the ag research center. In case of inclement weather, it will be held at the Agricultural Research Center auditorium.

Following the field day, a complimentary meal and refreshments will be provided by our sponsors. RSVP greatly appreciated for meal count bit.ly/KSRECottonwoodDistrictWheatPlotTours or call Theresa at 785-628-9430.

Barton County - Cottonwood District Wheat Variety Plot Field DayFarmers on Wednesday May 21st starting at 8:30 a.m. will be the Barton County Cottonwood Extension District Wheat Variety Plot Field Day.&nbsp;It is located North of Hoisington on HWY 281. Turn West on NW 190 Rd. (Galatia blacktop) go 1 mile, turn South onto NW 50th Ave. The farmer/cooperator is Tim Maier. In case of inclement weather, it will be held at the Galatia Coop, 101 Steinert.Donuts, coffee and refreshments provided courtesy of sponsors. RSVP greatly appreciated bit.ly/KSRECottonwoodDistrictWheatPlotTours or call Brenda in the Great Bend office, 620-793-1910.Ellis County - Cottonwood District Wheat Variety Plot Field DayWheat growers on Wednesday May 28th starting at 6:00 p.m. will be the Ellis County Cottonwood Extension District Wheat Variety Plot Field Day.&nbsp;It is located at the Agricultural Research Center, Hays, 1232 240th Ave. It will be on the West side of county road 240th across from the buildings at the ag research center. In case of inclement weather, it will be held at the Agricultural Research Center auditorium.Following the field day, a complimentary meal and refreshments will be provided by our sponsors. RSVP greatly appreciated for meal count bit.ly/KSRECottonwoodDistrictWheatPlotTours or call Theresa at 785-628-9430.

Barton & Ellis Co. Cottonwood District Wheat Variety Plot Field Days

Over the last several weeks, symptoms of wheat streak mosaic virus have been showing up in wheat fields across Kansas, including the Cottonwood District. This disease complex can be caused by several viruses, including wheat streak mosaic virus, Triticum mosaic virus, and wheat mosaic virus (high plains). These viruses are vectored by the wheat curl mite, a near-microscopic mite that survives between seasons on volunteer wheat and other grassy hosts. These grassy hosts serve as a “green bridge” for mites to survive from one wheat crop to the next. Infections may occur in the fall or spring, but fall infections typically result in the highest levels of yield loss. Although wheat streak mosaic infections can happen at any time, symptoms develop most rapidly at temperatures above 70°F. Symptoms have become more severe in Kansas over the last several weeks as temperatures have warmed. This article, is a condensed version of what was put into the K-State Agronomy eUpdate weekly newsletter. To read the full version just do a google search and also subscribe to the weekly email newsletter. Will a fungicide help with my wheat streak infection? No. There is no evidence that a fungicide application will do anything to stop the progression of wheat streak mosaic complex or preserve yield in infected fields. Fungicides are specifically formulated to kill diseases caused by fungi (leaf &amp; stripe rust, leaf spots, head scab, etc.) but have no activity against viral diseases like wheat streak mosaic. In addition, fields that have moderate to severe wheat streak mosaic infections will often have reduced yield potential that will diminish the economic return from a fungicide applied to control one of those other diseases (rust, leaf spots, or head scab).

Why is the wheat streak complex so severe and widely distributed this season? Although we are still trying to understand the extent of the damage across the state, says Kelsey Anderson Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist there are a few factors that came together this season that may have contributed to the outbreak. Wheat streak complex can be more severe in years where summer moisture that favors volunteer wheat establishment is followed by a warm fall that favors mite reproduction. In 2024, although August was relatively dry, precipitation in July and September would have supported late volunteer wheat emergence. Wheat curl mite populations prefer warm, dry weather and reproduce at high rates between 75-85°F. These mites only survive short periods (8-10 days) when conditions are warm, but during that time, they can lay up to 20 eggs. This rapid population growth can lead to a 25% increase in population size over the course of just two weeks. In 2024, Kansas experienced a very warm fall with higher-than-normal temperatures from September through November. These conditions may have sustained periods of time that were highly favorable for mite reproduction and movement across fields.

Is there anything I can do this season to help slow down the progression of the disease? No. Efforts to control wheat curl mites with foliar miticides and/or insecticidal seed treatments have never proven effective and have not been shown to reduce the spread or severity of the viruses.

What can we do to prepare for the 2025 planting season? The most critical way to prevent wheat streak complex infection is to control volunteer wheat after harvest and continue to control any secondary flushes of volunteer prior to planting. We also need to watch for hidden volunteer wheat in summer crops and cover crops. Although curl mites prefer wheat, they can also survive the summer on other grass species. Avoid planting wheat early to reduce the length of time mites have to increase their numbers and transmit disease.

Information provide by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Over the last several weeks, symptoms of wheat streak mosaic virus have been showing up in wheat fields across Kansas, including the Cottonwood District. This disease complex can be caused by several viruses, including wheat streak mosaic virus, Triticum mosaic virus, and wheat mosaic virus (high plains). These viruses are vectored by the wheat curl mite, a near-microscopic mite that survives between seasons on volunteer wheat and other grassy hosts. These grassy hosts serve as a “green bridge” for mites to survive from one wheat crop to the next. Infections may occur in the fall or spring, but fall infections typically result in the highest levels of yield loss. Although wheat streak mosaic infections can happen at any time, symptoms develop most rapidly at temperatures above 70°F. Symptoms have become more severe in Kansas over the last several weeks as temperatures have warmed. This article, is a condensed version of what was put into the K-State Agronomy eUpdate weekly newsletter. To read the full version just do a google search and also subscribe to the weekly email newsletter. Will a fungicide help with my wheat streak infection? No. There is no evidence that a fungicide application will do anything to stop the progression of wheat streak mosaic complex or preserve yield in infected fields. Fungicides are specifically formulated to kill diseases caused by fungi (leaf &amp; stripe rust, leaf spots, head scab, etc.) but have no activity against viral diseases like wheat streak mosaic. In addition, fields that have moderate to severe wheat streak mosaic infections will often have reduced yield potential that will diminish the economic return from a fungicide applied to control one of those other diseases (rust, leaf spots, or head scab).Why is the wheat streak complex so severe and widely distributed this season? Although we are still trying to understand the extent of the damage across the state, says Kelsey Anderson Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist there are a few factors that came together this season that may have contributed to the outbreak. Wheat streak complex can be more severe in years where summer moisture that favors volunteer wheat establishment is followed by a warm fall that favors mite reproduction. In 2024, although August was relatively dry, precipitation in July and September would have supported late volunteer wheat emergence. Wheat curl mite populations prefer warm, dry weather and reproduce at high rates between 75-85°F. These mites only survive short periods (8-10 days) when conditions are warm, but during that time, they can lay up to 20 eggs. This rapid population growth can lead to a 25% increase in population size over the course of just two weeks. In 2024, Kansas experienced a very warm fall with higher-than-normal temperatures from September through November. These conditions may have sustained periods of time that were highly favorable for mite reproduction and movement across fields.Is there anything I can do this season to help slow down the progression of the disease? No. Efforts to control wheat curl mites with foliar miticides and/or insecticidal seed treatments have never proven effective and have not been shown to reduce the spread or severity of the viruses.What can we do to prepare for the 2025 planting season? The most critical way to prevent wheat streak complex infection is to control volunteer wheat after harvest and continue to control any secondary flushes of volunteer prior to planting. We also need to watch for hidden volunteer wheat in summer crops and cover crops. Although curl mites prefer wheat, they can also survive the summer on other grass species. Avoid planting wheat early to reduce the length of time mites have to increase their numbers and transmit disease.Information provide by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: High levels of wheat streak mosaic virus in parts of Kansas

Ticks and the pathogens they transmit are a significant concern for both humans and animals alike. Controlling tick populations can be difficult because a large part of their lives are spent off the animal host or are on hosts we have little control over like deer, rabbits and other animals.&nbsp;Between feeding periods, ticks are found in brush or tall grasses, especially around water areas and streams. High humidity, the presence of protective leaf litter and animals moving through the area provide a perfect habitat for ticks.

Burning pastures in the Flint Hills can significantly reduce tick populations, with burning early in the spring while ticks are still overwintering being the most effective (Salazar et al., 2024). The impact of burning is immediate, with reduced tick numbers lasting the growing season after the burn. Female ticks lay thousands of eggs and tick populations can rebound very quickly if burning isn’t maintained. When burning, pay special attention to thickets and areas of dense plant growth. Eastern redcedars are a tick hot spot (Noden et al., 2021) and an area often visited by animals. Alarmingly, not only are more ticks found in these areas, but they are also carrying more pathogens than those collected from surrounding pasture (Noden et al., 2021). Keep grass around buildings short and bushes trimmed and off the ground.

For on animal tick control, fly tags can help control ear associated ticks like Gulf Coast and spinose ear ticks. These are not effective for tick species that are on the body of the animal, like the American dog tick, which transmits Anaplasmosis. Sprays can be effective if they reach areas where ticks are attached, and tick populations are not resistant. As seen with flies, rates of pesticide resistance in ticks are also increasing. Common tick attachment sites include areas under the tail, in folds of skin, under the belly/udder areas and dewlap. Pour-on’s can also be effective but be aware that those containing macrocyclic lactone group chemicals will impact your dung beetle populations.

Protect yourself and your family while outdoors too! Make sure you wear long pants tucked into socks and shirts with long sleeves, tucked into pants. Check yourself for ticks at the end of the day and remove any attached ticks as soon as possible. Dogs and cats should receive veterinarian prescribed tick control products. Be careful of ‘natural’ remedies found on the internet as these have not been tested for safety or efficacy. There has been a rise in garlic-based products for tick and flea control in dogs for sale on online retailers like Amazon. Garlic is not safe for dogs to consume and should not be used for flea and tick control.

More information on the most common ticks found in Kansas can be found here (<a target="_blank" href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/ticks-in-kansas_MF2653.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/ticks-in-kansas_MF2653.pdf</a>

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Ticks and the pathogens they transmit are a significant concern for both humans and animals alike. Controlling tick populations can be difficult because a large part of their lives are spent off the animal host or are on hosts we have little control over like deer, rabbits and other animals.&nbsp;Between feeding periods, ticks are found in brush or tall grasses, especially around water areas and streams. High humidity, the presence of protective leaf litter and animals moving through the area provide a perfect habitat for ticks.Burning pastures in the Flint Hills can significantly reduce tick populations, with burning early in the spring while ticks are still overwintering being the most effective (Salazar et al., 2024). The impact of burning is immediate, with reduced tick numbers lasting the growing season after the burn. Female ticks lay thousands of eggs and tick populations can rebound very quickly if burning isn’t maintained. When burning, pay special attention to thickets and areas of dense plant growth. Eastern redcedars are a tick hot spot (Noden et al., 2021) and an area often visited by animals. Alarmingly, not only are more ticks found in these areas, but they are also carrying more pathogens than those collected from surrounding pasture (Noden et al., 2021). Keep grass around buildings short and bushes trimmed and off the ground.For on animal tick control, fly tags can help control ear associated ticks like Gulf Coast and spinose ear ticks. These are not effective for tick species that are on the body of the animal, like the American dog tick, which transmits Anaplasmosis. Sprays can be effective if they reach areas where ticks are attached, and tick populations are not resistant. As seen with flies, rates of pesticide resistance in ticks are also increasing. Common tick attachment sites include areas under the tail, in folds of skin, under the belly/udder areas and dewlap. Pour-on’s can also be effective but be aware that those containing macrocyclic lactone group chemicals will impact your dung beetle populations.Protect yourself and your family while outdoors too! Make sure you wear long pants tucked into socks and shirts with long sleeves, tucked into pants. Check yourself for ticks at the end of the day and remove any attached ticks as soon as possible. Dogs and cats should receive veterinarian prescribed tick control products. Be careful of ‘natural’ remedies found on the internet as these have not been tested for safety or efficacy. There has been a rise in garlic-based products for tick and flea control in dogs for sale on online retailers like Amazon. Garlic is not safe for dogs to consume and should not be used for flea and tick control.More information on the most common ticks found in Kansas can be found here (<a target="_blank" href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/ticks-in-kansas_MF2653.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/ticks-in-kansas_MF2653.pdf</a>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Controlling tick populations

Change is a constant in every day life. Sometimes change is fun, sometimes hard, and nearly always challenging.

After almost nine years of working in the 4-H Youth Development program, I am beginning a move to Family and Community Wellness. This move continues my commitment to my goal of helping rural communities – and most importantly, MY rural communities – to thrive, not just survive!

While my heart will always beat a little 4-H green, I am excited about the potential in continuing established programs such as Stay Strong, Stay Healthy and SHICK (Senior Health Insurance Counseling for Kansas) and working with the Youth Entrepreneurship Challenge. Financial literacy for every age has been an important part of my professional world for many years and I look forward to additional training and experiences that will help me to expand that knowledge and resources across the Cottonwood Extension District.

For the next couple of months, I will still be focused on a positive learning experience for 4-H youth at the Barton County Fair! Come support the 120 4-H members during the fair June 25th through 30th. They have been working all year on livestock projects, foods and nutrition, photography, woodworking, and many more of the 50 available project areas! We use a process of consultative judging in many areas of 4-H and I love listening in as a 4-H member shares their challenges and learning experiences with a judge. I enjoy consultative judging so much that I judge at several area fairs after ours is complete.

Change is a part of the teaching youth to be resilient, flexible, and problem-solvers. While I know that my change impacts their 4-H experience, I hope that they always know that I am here to cheer them on, support a new 4-H agent when hired, and celebrate their successes and commiserate when things don’t go quite as planned. Every 4-H youth I have had the opportunity to work with become just a little bit one of “my kids”. I will continue to encourage them to live the 4-H Pledge every day:

I pledge my Head to clearer thinking (make good decisions)

My Heart to greater loyalty (be a good friend)

My Hands to larger service (be engaged in making our communities better)

And My Health to better living for my club, my community, my country, and my world.

Keep learning! Keep showing grace and kindness!

Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. " />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. </figcaption>
 </figure>Change is a constant in every day life. Sometimes change is fun, sometimes hard, and nearly always challenging.After almost nine years of working in the 4-H Youth Development program, I am beginning a move to Family and Community Wellness. This move continues my commitment to my goal of helping rural communities – and most importantly, MY rural communities – to thrive, not just survive!While my heart will always beat a little 4-H green, I am excited about the potential in continuing established programs such as Stay Strong, Stay Healthy and SHICK (Senior Health Insurance Counseling for Kansas) and working with the Youth Entrepreneurship Challenge. Financial literacy for every age has been an important part of my professional world for many years and I look forward to additional training and experiences that will help me to expand that knowledge and resources across the Cottonwood Extension District.For the next couple of months, I will still be focused on a positive learning experience for 4-H youth at the Barton County Fair! Come support the 120 4-H members during the fair June 25th through 30th. They have been working all year on livestock projects, foods and nutrition, photography, woodworking, and many more of the 50 available project areas! We use a process of consultative judging in many areas of 4-H and I love listening in as a 4-H member shares their challenges and learning experiences with a judge. I enjoy consultative judging so much that I judge at several area fairs after ours is complete.Change is a part of the teaching youth to be resilient, flexible, and problem-solvers. While I know that my change impacts their 4-H experience, I hope that they always know that I am here to cheer them on, support a new 4-H agent when hired, and celebrate their successes and commiserate when things don’t go quite as planned. Every 4-H youth I have had the opportunity to work with become just a little bit one of “my kids”. I will continue to encourage them to live the 4-H Pledge every day:I pledge my Head to clearer thinking (make good decisions)My Heart to greater loyalty (be a good friend)My Hands to larger service (be engaged in making our communities better)And My Health to better living for my club, my community, my country, and my world.Keep learning! Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

BERAN: Changing positions in Cottonwood Extension

State forestry and horticulture experts are urging patience and persistence when trying to manage bagworms, noting that caterpillars may emerge from eggs from late spring through early summer, depending on weather conditions.

Shad Hufnagel, forest health coordinator with the Kansas Forest Service, and Raymond Cloyd, extension specialist in horticultural entomology with K-State Research and Extension, advise that homeowners scout for bagworms from early- to mid-May and apply insecticides when young bagworms are present.

Once bagworms are detected, they said, homeowners might need to treat with an insecticide weekly for up to four weeks.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>State forestry and horticulture experts are urging patience and persistence when trying to manage bagworms, noting that caterpillars may emerge from eggs from late spring through early summer, depending on weather conditions.Shad Hufnagel, forest health coordinator with the Kansas Forest Service, and Raymond Cloyd, extension specialist in horticultural entomology with K-State Research and Extension, advise that homeowners scout for bagworms from early- to mid-May and apply insecticides when young bagworms are present.Once bagworms are detected, they said, homeowners might need to treat with an insecticide weekly for up to four weeks.Cloyd said that in addition to emergence over time, young bagworms can ‘blow in’ - called ‘ballooning’ - from neighboring plants on silken threads, thus increasing the importance of treating multiple times during the growing season.“Once the caterpillars emerge from eggs, they begin feeding on the host tree or shrub, creating a protective bag, hence the common name,” Cloyd said. “The plant material fed upon is used to build a protective covering that provides protection from predators and insecticide treatments, which can influence the effectiveness of insecticide applications.”Hufnagel added: “The larger and more robust the caterpillars and their cases become, the more difficult they are to control chemically.”Bagworm feeding is commonly associated with such conifers as juniper, arborvitae, pine, and spruce, but Hufnagel said the caterpillars also feed on numerous deciduous host plants. Although defoliation of deciduous trees and shrubs typically does not result in long-term plant damage, extreme defoliation of conifers can cause significant plant stress and even plant mortality.He said insecticides can be effective in mitigating damage to trees and shrubs. However, bagworm infestations are often cyclical; consequently, bagworm infestations may be low enough that spraying an insecticide may not be needed.For increased effectiveness and to prevent bagworms from causing substantial plant damage, Hufnagel advises judicious treatment of windbreaks, Christmas trees, and ornamental landscape trees as soon as bagworms are present.“Thorough coverage is important when treating for bagworms, including penetration into the interior plant canopy and upper branches,” he said. “Commercial treatments may be more effective for large trees or established windbreaks where applications from common household sprayers cannot reach the upper canopy of trees.”Many insecticides are labeled for bagworms, but timing of application and thorough coverage will ensure the effectiveness of insecticides in managing bagworms. When bagworm caterpillars are small (1/8 to 1/4 of an inch long), products containing&nbsp;Bacillus thuringiensis&nbsp;subspecies&nbsp;kurstaki&nbsp;(Btk) or spinosad as the active ingredient can be effective in managing bagworms.Cloyd said the recommended insecticides have minimal direct impact on beneficial insects compared to broad-spectrum insecticides, which could lead to outbreaks of spider mites or scale insects that can cause damage to treated trees and shrubs.If insecticides are not applied when bagworm caterpillars are 1/8 to 1/4 of an inch in length, then broad-spectrum insecticides -- including those containing malathion, acephate, or cyfluthrin as the active ingredients -- can be applied. Be sure to read the product label and follow directions.Hand removing and destroying bagworm bags is an option for smaller infestations.For more information on controlling bagworms, reference the publication,&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3474.pdf">Bagworm: Insect Pest of Trees and Shrubs</a>, written by Cloyd.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.