Seems like it is everywhere! You have probably heard about the risks of consuming too much sugar but what are some practical tips to reduce added sugars in our diet? Added sugars are sugars and syrups added to foods/ beverages when they are processed or prepared. Added sugar is in 80 percent of the products at the grocery store. Most of us eat and drink more sugar than we realize.

Adding sugar to processed foods makes them more appealing and tastier. Sugar gives baked items flavor, texture and color. It helps preserve foods and it fuels fermentation, enabling bread to rise. Sugar also serves as a bulking agent in baked goods and ice cream, and it balances the acidity of foods containing vinegar and tomatoes. Sugar is often added to foods advertised as low-fat because it gives the food more flavor after removing the fat.

So, how much added sugar is too much? The Dietary Guidelines for American recommend you limit added sugars to less than 10% of daily calories. If you eat about 2,000 calories a day, you should limit added sugars to about 12 teaspoons or 48 grams. To put this in perspective, a 12-ounce can of soda has about 10 teaspoons (40 grams) of sugar.

You will be surprised by products that contain high amounts of added sugar, so the best way to make informed decisions is to read labels. The Nutrition Facts label displays the total amount of all sugars (natural and added) found in a serving of the product. There is also a line for added sugars. Another option is to look at the ingredient list on the package. Ingredients are listed in descending order by weight, so if sugar is one of the first few ingredients the product is likely high in added sugars.

· Start by drinking water and other beverages that don’t contain sugar or artificial sugars. One rule that many find useful is to not drink sugar. Add fresh fruit and herbs to your water for a bit of flavor.

· When you drink fruit juice, make sure it is 100% juice, and better yet, eat the fruit!

· Choose breakfast cereals with less sugar.

· Go for fresh or frozen fruit as dessert.

· Buy canned fruit packed in water or juice, not syrup.

· Choose nutrient-rich snacks like vegetables, fruits, low-fat cheese, nuts, whole grain crackers, and low-calorie yogurt instead of candy, pastries, and cookies.

· When you have a dessert high in sugar, share it with others. Sometimes all you need is a bite or two to satisfy a craving.

· Store-bought marinara sauces are often high in sugar and salt. The best is to make your own from fresh tomatoes.

I hope you find these tips useful as we navigate the next few weeks of celebrations. If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to reach out.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Seems like it is everywhere! You have probably heard about the risks of consuming too much sugar but what are some practical tips to reduce added sugars in our diet? Added sugars are sugars and syrups added to foods/ beverages when they are processed or prepared. Added sugar is in 80 percent of the products at the grocery store. Most of us eat and drink more sugar than we realize.Adding sugar to processed foods makes them more appealing and tastier. Sugar gives baked items flavor, texture and color. It helps preserve foods and it fuels fermentation, enabling bread to rise. Sugar also serves as a bulking agent in baked goods and ice cream, and it balances the acidity of foods containing vinegar and tomatoes. Sugar is often added to foods advertised as low-fat because it gives the food more flavor after removing the fat.So, how much added sugar is too much? The Dietary Guidelines for American recommend you limit added sugars to less than 10% of daily calories. If you eat about 2,000 calories a day, you should limit added sugars to about 12 teaspoons or 48 grams. To put this in perspective, a 12-ounce can of soda has about 10 teaspoons (40 grams) of sugar.You will be surprised by products that contain high amounts of added sugar, so the best way to make informed decisions is to read labels. The Nutrition Facts label displays the total amount of all sugars (natural and added) found in a serving of the product. There is also a line for added sugars. Another option is to look at the ingredient list on the package. Ingredients are listed in descending order by weight, so if sugar is one of the first few ingredients the product is likely high in added sugars.To reduce added sugars in your diet:· Start by drinking water and other beverages that don’t contain sugar or artificial sugars. One rule that many find useful is to not drink sugar. Add fresh fruit and herbs to your water for a bit of flavor.· When you drink fruit juice, make sure it is 100% juice, and better yet, eat the fruit!· Choose breakfast cereals with less sugar.· Go for fresh or frozen fruit as dessert.· Buy canned fruit packed in water or juice, not syrup.· Choose nutrient-rich snacks like vegetables, fruits, low-fat cheese, nuts, whole grain crackers, and low-calorie yogurt instead of candy, pastries, and cookies.· When you have a dessert high in sugar, share it with others. Sometimes all you need is a bite or two to satisfy a craving.· Store-bought marinara sauces are often high in sugar and salt. The best is to make your own from fresh tomatoes.I hope you find these tips useful as we navigate the next few weeks of celebrations. If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to reach out.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Tips to reduce added sugars in your diet

Even though we are in a severe drought, the date has been set for the Barton County Wheat Demonstration Plot Field Day. “Sometimes we can learn more in periods of drought than in wetter years” says Stacy Campbell, Crop Production Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.

The Barton County Wheat Plot Field Day is scheduled for Thursday, May 18, beginning at 8:30 a.m. It is located from highway 281 North of Hoisington on the Galatia blacktop, NW 190 Road go 1 mile west, turn south onto NW 50 Ave. go 1/8 mile. Tim Maier is the cooperator and K-State has an intensive management test trail there along with many varieties to view and discuss.

No RSVP necessary to attend, coffee, juice, water and donuts will be provided courtesy of American Ag Credit and Ed Junior Farm.

In case of inclement weather, it will be held indoors at Tim Maier’s Farm Shed, 525 NW 190 Road.

We hope to see you on Thursday, May 18 at 8:30 a.m. at the Barton Co. Wheat Plot Field Day!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Even though we are in a severe drought, the date has been set for the Barton County Wheat Demonstration Plot Field Day. “Sometimes we can learn more in periods of drought than in wetter years” says Stacy Campbell, Crop Production Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.The Barton County Wheat Plot Field Day is scheduled for Thursday, May 18, beginning at 8:30 a.m. It is located from highway 281 North of Hoisington on the Galatia blacktop, NW 190 Road go 1 mile west, turn south onto NW 50 Ave. go 1/8 mile. Tim Maier is the cooperator and K-State has an intensive management test trail there along with many varieties to view and discuss.No RSVP necessary to attend, coffee, juice, water and donuts will be provided courtesy of American Ag Credit and Ed Junior Farm.In case of inclement weather, it will be held indoors at Tim Maier’s Farm Shed, 525 NW 190 Road.We hope to see you on Thursday, May 18 at 8:30 a.m. at the Barton Co. Wheat Plot Field Day!

CAMPBELL: Barton Co. Wheat Demonstration Plot Field Day – May 18

The first ever Wheat Rx field day will be offered at the Agricultural Research Center - Hays (1232 240th Ave) on Thursday, May 25, from 8 am to 1 pm. This is a collaboration between K-State Research &amp; Extension and the Kansas Wheat Commission. Growers and anyone interested will have the opportunity to see hands on the most update research on growing high yield, high quality, economically feasible wheat. Crop walks include breeding nurseries, long term fertility and tillage experiments, improved agronomy management and disease control trials, finishing up with an inside talk about recent economics of wheat production. Attendance is free but registration is requested at https://kswheat.com/events/wheat-rx-hays for head count a light breakfast and a lunch meal will be provided.

- 8:40 am: Meeting kickoff and quick overview – Aaron Harries

- 9:00-9:30 am: Guorong Zhang: Wheat research for western Kansas

- 9:40 – 10:10 am: Augustine Obour: What we have learned after 48 years of tillage and N fertility management research

- 10:20 – 10:50 am: Romulo Lollato: Wheat agronomy intensification for combined food security and environmental stewardship

- 10:50 – 11:20 am: Kelsey Onofre: Wheat disease update and management

- 11:30 am: Lucas Haag: Economics of wheat production

- 12:00 pm: lunch RSVP requested at https://kswheat.com/events/wheat-rx-hays

If you have any questions give me a call at the Cottonwood Extension District office in Hays.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>The first ever Wheat Rx field day will be offered at the Agricultural Research Center - Hays (1232 240th Ave) on Thursday, May 25, from 8 am to 1 pm. This is a collaboration between K-State Research &amp; Extension and the Kansas Wheat Commission. Growers and anyone interested will have the opportunity to see hands on the most update research on growing high yield, high quality, economically feasible wheat. Crop walks include breeding nurseries, long term fertility and tillage experiments, improved agronomy management and disease control trials, finishing up with an inside talk about recent economics of wheat production. Attendance is free but registration is requested at https://kswheat.com/events/wheat-rx-hays for head count a light breakfast and a lunch meal will be provided.- 8:00 am: Coffee and registration- 8:40 am: Meeting kickoff and quick overview – Aaron Harries- 9:00-9:30 am: Guorong Zhang: Wheat research for western Kansas- 9:40 – 10:10 am: Augustine Obour: What we have learned after 48 years of tillage and N fertility management research- 10:20 – 10:50 am: Romulo Lollato: Wheat agronomy intensification for combined food security and environmental stewardship- 10:50 – 11:20 am: Kelsey Onofre: Wheat disease update and management- 11:30 am: Lucas Haag: Economics of wheat production- 12:00 pm: lunch RSVP requested at https://kswheat.com/events/wheat-rx-haysIf you have any questions give me a call at the Cottonwood Extension District office in Hays.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Wheat Rx Field Day – May 25 in NW Kansas

May is an excellent time to fertilize cool-season lawns such as tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass if they will be irrigated throughout the summer. Non-irrigated lawns often go through a period of summer dormancy because of drought and do not need this fertilization.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; May is a good time to fertilize because the springtime flush of growth characteristic of these grasses has tapered off, so the fertilizer you apply will be less likely to cause excessive shoot growth than if you fertilized at a full rate in April. Slow-release nitrogen sources are ideal. These nitrogen sources promote controlled growth, which is desirable as the stressful summer weather approaches. Relatively few fertilizers available to the homeowner supply ALL of the nitrogen in the slowly available form. But one such product that is widely available is Milorganite. Other such products available in the retail market include cottonseed meal, alfalfa-based fertilizers, and any other products derived from plants or animals. (Bloodmeal is an exception, and contrary to popular belief, the nitrogen it supplies is quickly available.) These products are all examples of natural organic fertilizers. They typically contain less than 10 percent nitrogen by weight, so compared to most synthetic fertilizers, more product must be applied to get the same amount of nitrogen. Translation: they are more expensive! Apply enough to give the lawn one pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet. For example, if the fertilizer is 6 percent nitrogen by weight, you will need to apply almost 17 pounds of fertilizer product per 1,000 square feet.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Summer lawn fertilizers that contain at least a portion of the nitrogen as slow-release are fine to use as well. Be sure to follow label directions. If cost is prohibitive, you can use the less expensive quick-release (i.e., soluble) sources, but split the application into two doses as follows: apply enough to give the lawn 0.5 lb nitrogen per 1,000 square feet in May and again in early June.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is a short name for the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, a program designed to generate and distribute useful knowledge for the well-being of Kansans. Supported by county, state, federal and private funds, the program has county Extension offices, experiment fields, area Extension offices and regional research centers statewide. Its headquarters is on the K-State campus in Manhattan.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>May is an excellent time to fertilize cool-season lawns such as tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass if they will be irrigated throughout the summer. Non-irrigated lawns often go through a period of summer dormancy because of drought and do not need this fertilization.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; May is a good time to fertilize because the springtime flush of growth characteristic of these grasses has tapered off, so the fertilizer you apply will be less likely to cause excessive shoot growth than if you fertilized at a full rate in April. Slow-release nitrogen sources are ideal. These nitrogen sources promote controlled growth, which is desirable as the stressful summer weather approaches. Relatively few fertilizers available to the homeowner supply ALL of the nitrogen in the slowly available form. But one such product that is widely available is Milorganite. Other such products available in the retail market include cottonseed meal, alfalfa-based fertilizers, and any other products derived from plants or animals. (Bloodmeal is an exception, and contrary to popular belief, the nitrogen it supplies is quickly available.) These products are all examples of natural organic fertilizers. They typically contain less than 10 percent nitrogen by weight, so compared to most synthetic fertilizers, more product must be applied to get the same amount of nitrogen. Translation: they are more expensive! Apply enough to give the lawn one pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet. For example, if the fertilizer is 6 percent nitrogen by weight, you will need to apply almost 17 pounds of fertilizer product per 1,000 square feet.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Summer lawn fertilizers that contain at least a portion of the nitrogen as slow-release are fine to use as well. Be sure to follow label directions. If cost is prohibitive, you can use the less expensive quick-release (i.e., soluble) sources, but split the application into two doses as follows: apply enough to give the lawn 0.5 lb nitrogen per 1,000 square feet in May and again in early June.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is a short name for the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, a program designed to generate and distribute useful knowledge for the well-being of Kansans. Supported by county, state, federal and private funds, the program has county Extension offices, experiment fields, area Extension offices and regional research centers statewide. Its headquarters is on the K-State campus in Manhattan.

BOOR: Fertilize cool season

I’m writing this article on May Day! I was always excited for May Day when I was a kid because my mother and I had a tradition. I would make construction paper baskets and then we would go around Hays looking for flowers such as tulips and lilacs that were blooming. We would knock on doors and politely ask the homes occupant if we could snip a couple of flowers for our May Day baskets. Most of the time people were happy to help. Then we would place the flowers and some other sweet treats in my home-made construction paper baskets and take them to a few friends and my teachers. With May Day baskets, you ring the door bell and then leave to allow the basket to be an anonymous gift for the recipient. I was always so excited to go to school the next day and see if my teachers and friends enjoyed their May Day baskets. I enjoyed showing my children how to make the baskets and deliver them when they were young also.

I share this story because May is also Mental Health Awareness month. This story brings to light many things we can do for our mental health. If you feel like you’re stuck in a rut mentally and emotionally, a few simple changes may help you break free:

• Take media breaks. Limit how much you are watching, reading, or listening to news stories and social media. Instead, get outside and enjoy the sunshine, warmth and breeze.

• Take care of your body. Get plenty of sleep, eat a healthy, balanced diet and exercise regularly.

• Make time to unwind. Try to do some other activities you enjoy.

• Connect with others. Do something kind for someone.

Making May Day baskets can incorporate many of these items such as getting outside and enjoying nature or get some exercise, connecting with others, and doing enjoyable activities. Giving to others can help you change your mindset.

May Day baskets can also be a wonderful parent-child activity to do together. What better way to help a parent or child’s mental health then spending time together doing something fun and meaningful? If you do it yearly, it can become a tradition. Traditions within families help children feel a sense of belonging and worth.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>I’m writing this article on May Day! I was always excited for May Day when I was a kid because my mother and I had a tradition. I would make construction paper baskets and then we would go around Hays looking for flowers such as tulips and lilacs that were blooming. We would knock on doors and politely ask the homes occupant if we could snip a couple of flowers for our May Day baskets. Most of the time people were happy to help. Then we would place the flowers and some other sweet treats in my home-made construction paper baskets and take them to a few friends and my teachers. With May Day baskets, you ring the door bell and then leave to allow the basket to be an anonymous gift for the recipient. I was always so excited to go to school the next day and see if my teachers and friends enjoyed their May Day baskets. I enjoyed showing my children how to make the baskets and deliver them when they were young also.I share this story because May is also Mental Health Awareness month. This story brings to light many things we can do for our mental health. If you feel like you’re stuck in a rut mentally and emotionally, a few simple changes may help you break free:• Take media breaks. Limit how much you are watching, reading, or listening to news stories and social media. Instead, get outside and enjoy the sunshine, warmth and breeze.• Take care of your body. Get plenty of sleep, eat a healthy, balanced diet and exercise regularly.• Make time to unwind. Try to do some other activities you enjoy.• Connect with others. Do something kind for someone.Making May Day baskets can incorporate many of these items such as getting outside and enjoying nature or get some exercise, connecting with others, and doing enjoyable activities. Giving to others can help you change your mindset.May Day baskets can also be a wonderful parent-child activity to do together. What better way to help a parent or child’s mental health then spending time together doing something fun and meaningful? If you do it yearly, it can become a tradition. Traditions within families help children feel a sense of belonging and worth.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: It's May

I love getting to highlight all of the different projects that 4-H offers! While livestock is usually the first thing that people think of, I have highlighted eighteen projects over the last few weeks and, while several have been related to agriculture, none have been our livestock projects.

This week I am starting off with the Rabbit project! Rabbits are a great small animal project and help teach animal science and responsibility as well as a multitude of specific features of different breeds, and grooming and showmanship. I had no idea there were so many types of rabbits! Additionally, youth can experience learning to judge rabbits.

Another small species project is poultry. While we generally think of chickens, the poultry project can include turkeys, geese, and ducks. Youth also have the opportunity to learn about other types of poultry, about eggs and candling, and can experience learning to poultry judge.

Nearly everyone has had a pet at some point and learning responsibility for feeding and care is a big deal! The Pet project lets 4-H youth explore different types of pets and how to care for a variety from fish to cats. Youth learn about potential hazards for pets in the home, about nutritional needs, and about diseases and symptoms. This is a great project for kids who want to explore the first steps of veterinary science.

Like any animal, the more that rabbits, poultry, and most pets are handled, the easier it is for youth to showcase their animal and what they have learned while gaining confidence and practicing communication skills in talking to a judge.

If you are interested in learning more about these or other 4-H projects, check out kansas4-h.org in the Projects section! All projects include communications skills, record keeping, career connections, and opportunities for leadership and community service!

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910. Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>I love getting to highlight all of the different projects that 4-H offers! While livestock is usually the first thing that people think of, I have highlighted eighteen projects over the last few weeks and, while several have been related to agriculture, none have been our livestock projects.This week I am starting off with the Rabbit project! Rabbits are a great small animal project and help teach animal science and responsibility as well as a multitude of specific features of different breeds, and grooming and showmanship. I had no idea there were so many types of rabbits! Additionally, youth can experience learning to judge rabbits.Another small species project is poultry. While we generally think of chickens, the poultry project can include turkeys, geese, and ducks. Youth also have the opportunity to learn about other types of poultry, about eggs and candling, and can experience learning to poultry judge.Nearly everyone has had a pet at some point and learning responsibility for feeding and care is a big deal! The Pet project lets 4-H youth explore different types of pets and how to care for a variety from fish to cats. Youth learn about potential hazards for pets in the home, about nutritional needs, and about diseases and symptoms. This is a great project for kids who want to explore the first steps of veterinary science.Like any animal, the more that rabbits, poultry, and most pets are handled, the easier it is for youth to showcase their animal and what they have learned while gaining confidence and practicing communication skills in talking to a judge.If you are interested in learning more about these or other 4-H projects, check out kansas4-h.org in the Projects section! All projects include communications skills, record keeping, career connections, and opportunities for leadership and community service!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910. Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

BERAN: What 4-H has to offer

May is Mental Health awareness month and the past few years have been extremely difficult to navigate. It has never been more important to talk about stress and mental strain each one of us may be experiencing. Sustained higher levels of stress can lead to depression, anxiety, fatigue, and other triggers that cause a greater propensity for attempting suicide. The stigma of mental health can also make it difficult for people to feel that they can reach out for support. There are a number of helpful sources available for people in need and I will highlight those today.

The National Suicide helpline is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week by calling or texting “988”. Support services are confidential and free of charge. This helpline is now a streamlined version of the suicide hotline and involves the ability to call and talk with someone, or text the number and use the text version if you do not want to talk.

Local resources are also available. In the Great Bend area, the Center for Counseling and Consultation can be reached on their confidential crisis line 24 hours a day, seven days a week at 800-875-2544 or 620-792-2544 as well as at their website&nbsp;<a href="https://thecentergb.org/" target="_blank">https://thecentergb.org</a>. In the Hays area, High Plains Mental Health is there to help. Contract them at 785-628-2871 or on their crisis line 24/7 at 800-432-0333. Their website is&nbsp;<a href="https://hpmhc.com/" target="_blank">https://hpmhc.com</a>.

K-State Research and Extension also has available resources. The Stress and Resiliency team are trained in several programs including: Mental Health First Aid, Michigan State Farm Stress Training, and QPR (Question, Persuade, Refer). The Team is available for on sight programs, contact them at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/health/stress-management/trainings-programs.html" target="_blank">https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/health/stress-management/trainings-programs.html</a>, or by email to rclews@ksu,.edu, mcfarla@ksu.edu, or aboor@ksu.edu.

The Kansas Agriculture Mediations Services are ready to assist. They will gather your information and can connect you with financial advisors, legal advice, lawyers, and can also put you in contact with metal health facilities closer to your location. One call can get you in touch with many that can help your unique situation. They can be reached at 800-321-3276.

In closing, be sure to watch out for your friends and family. If you feel like something is wrong, ask. Help them get the help they need. And remember it is beneficial to implement daily coping strategies. Try taking a walk, get a message, or try guided restful breathing practices. Other coping suggestions to try, listen to music or just take ten minutes to write down your blessings. Positive thoughts and practices can go a long way to improve an outlook on life. But, mostly if you need help, please seek it. Your friends and family need you.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>May is Mental Health awareness month and the past few years have been extremely difficult to navigate. It has never been more important to talk about stress and mental strain each one of us may be experiencing. Sustained higher levels of stress can lead to depression, anxiety, fatigue, and other triggers that cause a greater propensity for attempting suicide. The stigma of mental health can also make it difficult for people to feel that they can reach out for support. There are a number of helpful sources available for people in need and I will highlight those today.The National Suicide helpline is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week by calling or texting “988”. Support services are confidential and free of charge. This helpline is now a streamlined version of the suicide hotline and involves the ability to call and talk with someone, or text the number and use the text version if you do not want to talk.Local resources are also available. In the Great Bend area, the Center for Counseling and Consultation can be reached on their confidential crisis line 24 hours a day, seven days a week at 800-875-2544 or 620-792-2544 as well as at their website&nbsp;<a href="https://thecentergb.org/" target="_blank">https://thecentergb.org</a>. In the Hays area, High Plains Mental Health is there to help. Contract them at 785-628-2871 or on their crisis line 24/7 at 800-432-0333. Their website is&nbsp;<a href="https://hpmhc.com/" target="_blank">https://hpmhc.com</a>.K-State Research and Extension also has available resources. The Stress and Resiliency team are trained in several programs including: Mental Health First Aid, Michigan State Farm Stress Training, and QPR (Question, Persuade, Refer). The Team is available for on sight programs, contact them at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/health/stress-management/trainings-programs.html" target="_blank">https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/health/stress-management/trainings-programs.html</a>, or by email to rclews@ksu,.edu, mcfarla@ksu.edu, or aboor@ksu.edu.The Kansas Agriculture Mediations Services are ready to assist. They will gather your information and can connect you with financial advisors, legal advice, lawyers, and can also put you in contact with metal health facilities closer to your location. One call can get you in touch with many that can help your unique situation. They can be reached at 800-321-3276.In closing, be sure to watch out for your friends and family. If you feel like something is wrong, ask. Help them get the help they need. And remember it is beneficial to implement daily coping strategies. Try taking a walk, get a message, or try guided restful breathing practices. Other coping suggestions to try, listen to music or just take ten minutes to write down your blessings. Positive thoughts and practices can go a long way to improve an outlook on life. But, mostly if you need help, please seek it. Your friends and family need you.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Mental Health Awareness Month approaching

A popular guide to gardening in Kansas has undergone a major makeover that one of its authors said helps to “better reflect the needs and experiences of a wide range of Kansas gardeners, especially our newest gardeners.”

An updated version of the Kansas Garden Guide – which in 2022 was downloaded 35,931 times, or about 100 times a day – will be available to order by early May from the K-State Research and Extension bookstore.

The guide already is available to view online in its entirety. Viewers can print pages that relate to specific information.

The updated guide is chalked full of information from new things learned about growing plants in Kansas and understanding the science of soils, plants, and microorganisms better.

The updated publication reflects changes in practices, as well. Also, the way that people think about and approach gardening changes over time. Gardens today are usually smaller and there are many new gardeners that have started gardening over the past several years.

The new guide, has expanded to 202 pages complete with full-color pictures and illustrations. The Kansas Garden Guide – originally printed in the early 1980s -- was last printed in 2010, and included 76 full color pages.

· Planting and maintaining a garden, including watering, fertilizing and other best practices.

· Fall gardens and extending the garden season.

· Managing insect pests and identifying plant diseases and environmental stressors.

· Taking advantage of pollinators and beneficial insects.

· Growing herbs, including a wider variety of herbs.

· Growing vegetable crops, including tips on choosing varieties, crop rotation, common concerns, and more.

· Updated planting and harvesting calendars.

Cheryl Boyer, a nursery crop production and marketing specialist for K-State Research and Extension, said she “wouldn’t want to tackle my home garden without this guide.”

“The Kansas Garden Guide is essential for successful edible gardening in Kansas,” she said. “We have excellent demonstration gardens in nearly every Kansas county, showing off what we can accomplish with the knowledge contained in the Kansas Garden Guide.”

Boyer added that while the guide is oriented to home gardeners, commercial growers also will benefit from the updated recommendations: “This would make an excellent resource for every nursery, garden center and hardware store to have on hand.”

Horticulture specialist with K-State say perhaps the most important aspect of the publication is that the guidelines are specific to Kansas’ growing conditions.

Most other gardening resources that Kansas gardeners are going to find are more reflective of conditions in other parts of the country. The Kansas Garden Guide focuses on what you need to know to have success in Kansas challenging climate.

In Kansas, home gardeners produce $20 to $25 million worth of vegetables each year, according to information published in the new guide. These vegetables not only help Kansans save money on food costs, but also contribute to overall nutrition and health. The direct link to the guide is www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/S51.pdf.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>A popular guide to gardening in Kansas has undergone a major makeover that one of its authors said helps to “better reflect the needs and experiences of a wide range of Kansas gardeners, especially our newest gardeners.”An updated version of the Kansas Garden Guide – which in 2022 was downloaded 35,931 times, or about 100 times a day – will be available to order by early May from the K-State Research and Extension bookstore.The guide already is available to view online in its entirety. Viewers can print pages that relate to specific information.The updated guide is chalked full of information from new things learned about growing plants in Kansas and understanding the science of soils, plants, and microorganisms better.The updated publication reflects changes in practices, as well. Also, the way that people think about and approach gardening changes over time. Gardens today are usually smaller and there are many new gardeners that have started gardening over the past several years.The new guide, has expanded to 202 pages complete with full-color pictures and illustrations. The Kansas Garden Guide – originally printed in the early 1980s -- was last printed in 2010, and included 76 full color pages.New or expanded content includes:· Starting and planning a garden.· Raised bed and container gardening.· Improving soil health and composting.· Planting and maintaining a garden, including watering, fertilizing and other best practices.· Fall gardens and extending the garden season.· Managing insect pests and identifying plant diseases and environmental stressors.· Taking advantage of pollinators and beneficial insects.· Harvesting and storing produce.· Growing herbs, including a wider variety of herbs.· Growing vegetable crops, including tips on choosing varieties, crop rotation, common concerns, and more.· Updated planting and harvesting calendars.Cheryl Boyer, a nursery crop production and marketing specialist for K-State Research and Extension, said she “wouldn’t want to tackle my home garden without this guide.”“The Kansas Garden Guide is essential for successful edible gardening in Kansas,” she said. “We have excellent demonstration gardens in nearly every Kansas county, showing off what we can accomplish with the knowledge contained in the Kansas Garden Guide.”Boyer added that while the guide is oriented to home gardeners, commercial growers also will benefit from the updated recommendations: “This would make an excellent resource for every nursery, garden center and hardware store to have on hand.”Horticulture specialist with K-State say perhaps the most important aspect of the publication is that the guidelines are specific to Kansas’ growing conditions.Most other gardening resources that Kansas gardeners are going to find are more reflective of conditions in other parts of the country. The Kansas Garden Guide focuses on what you need to know to have success in Kansas challenging climate.In Kansas, home gardeners produce $20 to $25 million worth of vegetables each year, according to information published in the new guide. These vegetables not only help Kansans save money on food costs, but also contribute to overall nutrition and health. The direct link to the guide is www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/S51.pdf.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: K-State unveils expanded Kansas Garden Guide

In addition to carving out time for physical activity, including moderate intensity (walking, biking, etc.) and strengthening exercises, it is also important to just move more and sit less throughout your day. This is where “tiny habits” can have great impact. These tiny habits often feel easiest to accomplish because they happen “automatically” and don’t require much thought or planning. They are small bits of movement integrated into your day and have become habits.

This Tiny Habits approach, developed by BJ Fogg, Director of the Behavior Design Lab at Stanford University, can be summed up like this: If you want to create a new habit, make a plan to do it RIGHT AFTER an existing habit that you already do reliably. Here are steps to help you create tiny habits that work for you:

1. Think about tasks that you do consistently throughout a typical day. Perhaps you can relate to one of these: Sending emails and brushing your teeth.

2. Now, think about a small behavior (related to sitting less or moving more) that you would like to do more consistently throughout the day. Some examples: Stand up and stretch more often; improve your balance.

3. Finally, create your tiny habit: After I hit send on an email, I will stand up and stretch; while I brush my teeth, I will stand on one foot/leg to improve my balance.

Tiny habits, like these, work because you’re sequencing a new habit with something you already do reliably, building it into your typical routine without disruption. You can also think about adding and connecting activity, or other healthful behaviors, to other things you do consistently, like:

» Park further away from your destination.

» Stand up and walk around while talking on the phone, and during TV commercials.

» Lift light weights while on a Zoom call (with your camera off).

» Set an alarm to prompt you to get up and move a little every hour.

» Walk the stairs whenever possible, instead of taking an elevator.

» When eating out (and at home) have water with your meal instead of ordering a beverage.

» Keep a bowl of fruit on your desk or kitchen counter so it is ready for a quick snack.

What are some ways you can create tiny habits to increase physical activity and make healthier choices? How can you connect these to things you already do throughout your day?

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>In addition to carving out time for physical activity, including moderate intensity (walking, biking, etc.) and strengthening exercises, it is also important to just move more and sit less throughout your day. This is where “tiny habits” can have great impact. These tiny habits often feel easiest to accomplish because they happen “automatically” and don’t require much thought or planning. They are small bits of movement integrated into your day and have become habits.This Tiny Habits approach, developed by BJ Fogg, Director of the Behavior Design Lab at Stanford University, can be summed up like this: If you want to create a new habit, make a plan to do it RIGHT AFTER an existing habit that you already do reliably. Here are steps to help you create tiny habits that work for you:1. Think about tasks that you do consistently throughout a typical day. Perhaps you can relate to one of these: Sending emails and brushing your teeth.2. Now, think about a small behavior (related to sitting less or moving more) that you would like to do more consistently throughout the day. Some examples: Stand up and stretch more often; improve your balance.3. Finally, create your tiny habit: After I hit send on an email, I will stand up and stretch; while I brush my teeth, I will stand on one foot/leg to improve my balance.Tiny habits, like these, work because you’re sequencing a new habit with something you already do reliably, building it into your typical routine without disruption. You can also think about adding and connecting activity, or other healthful behaviors, to other things you do consistently, like:» Park further away from your destination.» Stand up and walk around while talking on the phone, and during TV commercials.» Lift light weights while on a Zoom call (with your camera off).» Set an alarm to prompt you to get up and move a little every hour.» Walk the stairs whenever possible, instead of taking an elevator.» When eating out (and at home) have water with your meal instead of ordering a beverage.» Keep a bowl of fruit on your desk or kitchen counter so it is ready for a quick snack.What are some ways you can create tiny habits to increase physical activity and make healthier choices? How can you connect these to things you already do throughout your day?Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Tiny habits

What is motivation? It can be what drives you to maintain or achieve goals. Or, you might say it is a form of desire. It is important to know where your motivation comes from. It could be external things that motivate you or internal desires that drive you.

External motivators are usually what you rely on when it comes to exercise. Think of a carrot and a stick. You lure yourself to exercise with the carrot — “You’ll lose weight!” — or you hit yourself with an invisible stick — “You’ll get fat if you don’t exercise!” With this type of motivation, you are not exercising because you like it. Rather, it will result in what you want sometime in the future.

Extrinsic motivation is not always bad, if it works. But what if it doesn’t give you what you want? What if you don’t have genetics to achieve a certain size or weight? What if you can’t exercise enough to get the bathing suit body you want? This is when motivation slides.

There is another type of motivation that is internal, something that is important to you now and not some future goal. Perhaps your motivation is that exercise feels good, it helps relieve stress, and as your body gets stronger you can do more than you did before.

Identify some things that you value most in your life and think about how sitting less and moving more can contribute to those values. Some examples: “I value being a productive employee and I know that taking a daily walk helps me feel less stressed and more focused at work. “I value time with my grandchildren. I know that stretching, doing strengthening exercises and walking will help me be more active with them.”

External motivators can be fleeting, but internal motivators have staying power. This week, focus on your values and what motivates you from within.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>What is motivation? It can be what drives you to maintain or achieve goals. Or, you might say it is a form of desire. It is important to know where your motivation comes from. It could be external things that motivate you or internal desires that drive you.External motivators are usually what you rely on when it comes to exercise. Think of a carrot and a stick. You lure yourself to exercise with the carrot — “You’ll lose weight!” — or you hit yourself with an invisible stick — “You’ll get fat if you don’t exercise!” With this type of motivation, you are not exercising because you like it. Rather, it will result in what you want sometime in the future.Extrinsic motivation is not always bad, if it works. But what if it doesn’t give you what you want? What if you don’t have genetics to achieve a certain size or weight? What if you can’t exercise enough to get the bathing suit body you want? This is when motivation slides.There is another type of motivation that is internal, something that is important to you now and not some future goal. Perhaps your motivation is that exercise feels good, it helps relieve stress, and as your body gets stronger you can do more than you did before.Identify some things that you value most in your life and think about how sitting less and moving more can contribute to those values. Some examples: “I value being a productive employee and I know that taking a daily walk helps me feel less stressed and more focused at work. “I value time with my grandchildren. I know that stretching, doing strengthening exercises and walking will help me be more active with them.”External motivators can be fleeting, but internal motivators have staying power. This week, focus on your values and what motivates you from within.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Motivation – internal or external?

Alfalfa weevil activity began early this year for our Oklahoma neighbors and it appears that degree day accumulation for Kansas alfalfa weevils is well ahead of normal for most locations in the state. Only northwest Kansas is at or slightly behind normal. There were reports of treatable infestations in south-central Kansas during the last week of March and getting towards the middle of April, fields are being treated, or close to being treated, in the central, southeast, and northeast regions of the state.

Alfalfa weevil degree days are a great way to estimate what might be going on in the field and serve as a useful tool to know when to time scouting. Alfalfa weevil eggs begin hatching after 300 degree days have accumulated (Table 2). Since we cannot determine if the eggs present were laid the previous fall or the current spring, in Kansas, scouting should start after 180 degree days have accumulated starting from January 1.

Be aware of insecticide resistance While warmer spring temperatures have allowed for faster alfalfa weevil development, at the same time in some areas dramatic temperature fluctuations have slowed down alfalfa growth making the plants unable to keep up with feeding damage. In shorter fields, between 3 and 7 inches tall, treatment may be warranted when feeding is evident on the top inch of growth and 1 to 2 larvae are present. If a field is treated, it is important to verify that the expected amount of control was achieved. In 2020, populations of alfalfa weevil resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin were verified in northwest and southwest Kansas as well as Oklahoma. While this resistance has not appeared to become a widespread problem for Kansas producers, Oklahoma continues to have resistance statewide and it appears resistance to zeta-cypermethrin is developing there. There are numerous products available for alfalfa weevil control in Kansas. When making management decisions it is important to rotate modes of action as this is an effective way to prevent the development of resistance.

For the most up-to-date alfalfa weevil degree day accumulations, visit the Kansas Mesonet Alfalfa Weevil Degree Day Calculator (https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/degreedays/). For a complete guide to alfalfa weevil management recommendations please refer to the 2023 Alfalfa Insect Pest Management Guide.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Alfalfa weevil activity began early this year for our Oklahoma neighbors and it appears that degree day accumulation for Kansas alfalfa weevils is well ahead of normal for most locations in the state. Only northwest Kansas is at or slightly behind normal. There were reports of treatable infestations in south-central Kansas during the last week of March and getting towards the middle of April, fields are being treated, or close to being treated, in the central, southeast, and northeast regions of the state.Alfalfa weevil degree days are a great way to estimate what might be going on in the field and serve as a useful tool to know when to time scouting. Alfalfa weevil eggs begin hatching after 300 degree days have accumulated (Table 2). Since we cannot determine if the eggs present were laid the previous fall or the current spring, in Kansas, scouting should start after 180 degree days have accumulated starting from January 1.Be aware of insecticide resistance While warmer spring temperatures have allowed for faster alfalfa weevil development, at the same time in some areas dramatic temperature fluctuations have slowed down alfalfa growth making the plants unable to keep up with feeding damage. In shorter fields, between 3 and 7 inches tall, treatment may be warranted when feeding is evident on the top inch of growth and 1 to 2 larvae are present. If a field is treated, it is important to verify that the expected amount of control was achieved. In 2020, populations of alfalfa weevil resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin were verified in northwest and southwest Kansas as well as Oklahoma. While this resistance has not appeared to become a widespread problem for Kansas producers, Oklahoma continues to have resistance statewide and it appears resistance to zeta-cypermethrin is developing there. There are numerous products available for alfalfa weevil control in Kansas. When making management decisions it is important to rotate modes of action as this is an effective way to prevent the development of resistance.For the most up-to-date alfalfa weevil degree day accumulations, visit the Kansas Mesonet Alfalfa Weevil Degree Day Calculator (https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/degreedays/). For a complete guide to alfalfa weevil management recommendations please refer to the 2023 Alfalfa Insect Pest Management Guide.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Monitor alfalfa weevils using degree days and scouting

Kansas State University veterinarian Gregg Hanzlicek is urging beef cattle producers to review their herd’s vaccination and parasite control program as summer approaches.&nbsp;&nbsp;

He said vaccinations should be given to protect the cows against all the major reproductive infectious diseases before breeding season, including IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis), BVD (bovine viral diarrhea), leptospirosis and campylobacter.&nbsp;&nbsp;

According to Hanzlicek, those vaccinations should be given 45-60 days before the bulls will be released with the cows. “This allows enough time for the cows to respond to the vaccine&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

and enough time for the cow to recover from any minor negative vaccine effects,” he said.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“Use the same vaccine (and) the same vaccine schedule for the bulls. Bulls are too often forgotten in vaccination programs.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

In addition, Hanzlicek recommends insecticidal ear tags to control for flies this summer, saying “tags still provide the best protection against heavy fly infestations.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

Hanzlicek urges producers to tag cows and bulls. “Two tags per animal are more effective than one,” he said.&nbsp;&nbsp;

It might also be necessary to tag the calves in times when fly populations are very large, but producers should start with the cows.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Hanzlicek said producers should rotate the fly tag’s chemistry to decrease the fly's ability to build resistance to the insecticide.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“If we continue to use products that have the same chemistry/insecticide, we breed for resistance,” he said. “Either a two or three year rotation is ideal, depending on the insecticides used.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

He adds: “It is also important to remember to remove the insecticide ear tags at the end of pasture season and dispose of them properly. Not doing this will build up insecticide resistance in the fly populations, and through time fly programs will become less and less effective.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Kansas State University veterinarian Gregg Hanzlicek is urging beef cattle producers to review their herd’s vaccination and parasite control program as summer approaches.&nbsp;&nbsp;He said vaccinations should be given to protect the cows against all the major reproductive infectious diseases before breeding season, including IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis), BVD (bovine viral diarrhea), leptospirosis and campylobacter.&nbsp;&nbsp;According to Hanzlicek, those vaccinations should be given 45-60 days before the bulls will be released with the cows. “This allows enough time for the cows to respond to the vaccine&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and enough time for the cow to recover from any minor negative vaccine effects,” he said.&nbsp;&nbsp;“Use the same vaccine (and) the same vaccine schedule for the bulls. Bulls are too often forgotten in vaccination programs.”&nbsp;&nbsp;In addition, Hanzlicek recommends insecticidal ear tags to control for flies this summer, saying “tags still provide the best protection against heavy fly infestations.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Hanzlicek urges producers to tag cows and bulls. “Two tags per animal are more effective than one,” he said.&nbsp;&nbsp;It might also be necessary to tag the calves in times when fly populations are very large, but producers should start with the cows.&nbsp;&nbsp;Hanzlicek said producers should rotate the fly tag’s chemistry to decrease the fly's ability to build resistance to the insecticide.&nbsp;&nbsp;“If we continue to use products that have the same chemistry/insecticide, we breed for resistance,” he said. “Either a two or three year rotation is ideal, depending on the insecticides used.”&nbsp;&nbsp;He adds: “It is also important to remember to remove the insecticide ear tags at the end of pasture season and dispose of them properly. Not doing this will build up insecticide resistance in the fly populations, and through time fly programs will become less and less effective.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Review herd's vaccination and parasite control

I am going to take a brief break today from our 4-H project highlights to focus on a crucial part of 4-H learning – our volunteers!

April 16 -22 is National Volunteer Week and it is one of many times that it is important to recognize and thank the many people who help Extension in providing learning opportunities for 4-H youth.

We have eight 4-H clubs across Barton County and eight in Ellis County and each of them have 2-3 registered volunteers who serve as club leaders. They are actively involved in shaping a young person’s experience in 4-H by teaching parliamentary procedure, demonstrating teamwork and communication, and sharing information.

Additionally, we have several volunteers who work with specific project areas to teach skills from the shooting sports project to foods and nutrition. Sharing their skills and expertise shows youth the importance of giving back to their community and how to share something they are interested in for a lifetime.

Leaders for 4-H Livestock, Junior Leaders, 4-H Ambassadors, and 4-H Council provide older youth with opportunities to expand their leadership and communication skills with guidance and experience.

Two other important groups of volunteers are definitely related to the county fair! Fair superintendents assist the judging process, display exhibits, answer questions, and provide a positive environment during the fair. Additionally, the Barton County Fair Association is a group of volunteers with a goal to provide a fun, family-oriented event to showcase 4-H and agriculture in our communities. They spend countless hours planning, repairing, and organizing so many details!

If you would like to know more about serving as a volunteer in any of these capacities, get in contact with me! Having a positive impact on the youth in our communities is challenging, enlightening, and FUN!

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>I am going to take a brief break today from our 4-H project highlights to focus on a crucial part of 4-H learning – our volunteers!April 16 -22 is National Volunteer Week and it is one of many times that it is important to recognize and thank the many people who help Extension in providing learning opportunities for 4-H youth.We have eight 4-H clubs across Barton County and eight in Ellis County and each of them have 2-3 registered volunteers who serve as club leaders. They are actively involved in shaping a young person’s experience in 4-H by teaching parliamentary procedure, demonstrating teamwork and communication, and sharing information.Additionally, we have several volunteers who work with specific project areas to teach skills from the shooting sports project to foods and nutrition. Sharing their skills and expertise shows youth the importance of giving back to their community and how to share something they are interested in for a lifetime.Leaders for 4-H Livestock, Junior Leaders, 4-H Ambassadors, and 4-H Council provide older youth with opportunities to expand their leadership and communication skills with guidance and experience.Two other important groups of volunteers are definitely related to the county fair! Fair superintendents assist the judging process, display exhibits, answer questions, and provide a positive environment during the fair. Additionally, the Barton County Fair Association is a group of volunteers with a goal to provide a fun, family-oriented event to showcase 4-H and agriculture in our communities. They spend countless hours planning, repairing, and organizing so many details!If you would like to know more about serving as a volunteer in any of these capacities, get in contact with me! Having a positive impact on the youth in our communities is challenging, enlightening, and FUN!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910. Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

BERAN: Shoutout to all 4-H volunteers

As the weather warms up, it is the perfect time to get outside and spend some time with your children or grandchildren. Time spent outside is good not only for your children’s ability to be physically active it is also valuable for their minds, as well. There are many benefits when adults spend time with children, and being outside makes the time even better. Shared experiences strengthen the bond between parents and children and improve the children’s emotional health which in turns encourages nurturing parent behaviors. There is something about the change in season and the fresh air that is good for everyone’s mental and physical health. Besides the environment, there is typically movement involved with being outdoors that is also good for physical and mental health.

So many things are happening outside this time of the year. Trees are growing, plants are no longer dormant, there are insects everywhere and other parts of the natural environment are starting to emerge. Getting outside is a really good opportunity to spend time with your family just having a good time. There can be so many good lessons in getting outside to explore nature and learn about science. Kids are instinctively attracted to nature study.

Outside play is usually less structured which allows for children to explore things they like to do as well as be creative. Unplanned activity gives your children an opportunity to lead the play. They are continually being told what to do and how to do it, so going outside opens up the possibilities for them to engage in self-directed play. Let them choose what they’re going to do. That’s really empowering for them. Following a child’s lead during play helps them respond better when you need to them to follow your directions.

Play is truly the work of early childhood. For children, they’re completely learning about their world through play. They are learning cause and effect – they are beginning to understand what happens if I do ‘this’, which builds their self-esteem. Children learn they can make things happen by exploring their world. It can be simple things, such as throwing rocks or drawing in the mud. Being outdoors is an easy way for children to learn they can make things happen. Parents can provide materials for play such as water, sand, chalk, outdoor paint, balls and bubbles.

Outdoor play provides an array of benefits for children’s development. Large motor skills are strengthened as well as coordination and balance. Having a regular outside time during the day teaches children about routines and can they learn to anticipate the enjoyment of outside time. Finally, when exploring the outdoors children can have an opportunity to strengthen their social skills and make new friends. Being outside usually makes everyone feel better after the long cold winter. The sun and wind feel good but at the end of the day everyone is tired which leads to a good night’s rest. Time spent outside benefits everyone physically and mentally and is good stress relief!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>As the weather warms up, it is the perfect time to get outside and spend some time with your children or grandchildren. Time spent outside is good not only for your children’s ability to be physically active it is also valuable for their minds, as well. There are many benefits when adults spend time with children, and being outside makes the time even better. Shared experiences strengthen the bond between parents and children and improve the children’s emotional health which in turns encourages nurturing parent behaviors. There is something about the change in season and the fresh air that is good for everyone’s mental and physical health. Besides the environment, there is typically movement involved with being outdoors that is also good for physical and mental health.So many things are happening outside this time of the year. Trees are growing, plants are no longer dormant, there are insects everywhere and other parts of the natural environment are starting to emerge. Getting outside is a really good opportunity to spend time with your family just having a good time. There can be so many good lessons in getting outside to explore nature and learn about science. Kids are instinctively attracted to nature study.Outside play is usually less structured which allows for children to explore things they like to do as well as be creative. Unplanned activity gives your children an opportunity to lead the play. They are continually being told what to do and how to do it, so going outside opens up the possibilities for them to engage in self-directed play. Let them choose what they’re going to do. That’s really empowering for them. Following a child’s lead during play helps them respond better when you need to them to follow your directions.Play is truly the work of early childhood. For children, they’re completely learning about their world through play. They are learning cause and effect – they are beginning to understand what happens if I do ‘this’, which builds their self-esteem. Children learn they can make things happen by exploring their world. It can be simple things, such as throwing rocks or drawing in the mud. Being outdoors is an easy way for children to learn they can make things happen. Parents can provide materials for play such as water, sand, chalk, outdoor paint, balls and bubbles.Outdoor play provides an array of benefits for children’s development. Large motor skills are strengthened as well as coordination and balance. Having a regular outside time during the day teaches children about routines and can they learn to anticipate the enjoyment of outside time. Finally, when exploring the outdoors children can have an opportunity to strengthen their social skills and make new friends. Being outside usually makes everyone feel better after the long cold winter. The sun and wind feel good but at the end of the day everyone is tired which leads to a good night’s rest. Time spent outside benefits everyone physically and mentally and is good stress relief!Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Get outside and play

In an effort to increase soybean yield potential, early planting dates have been promoted as a management practice that can increase soybean yield. Early planting of soybeans can be a relative term, meaning late April/early May for some soybean producers in Kansas, but this definition of early-planted soybeans is late March/early April. Theoretically, the earlier planting date could allow for more vegetative growth and light interception before blooming, increasing the yield potential. With the improvement of soybean seed treatments to protect seed when emergence is slowed due to cool and wet conditions, early planting may be a viable option. This article summarizes research conducted in northeast and north central Kansas to determine the effect of early planting dates, seed density, and maturity group on soybean yield. The planting dates were late March, mid-late April, and May.

Procedures - early soybean planting studies were conducted at three KSU Experiment Fields, Kansas River Valley (Topeka), North Central (Scandia), and the Southeast Research and Extension Center (Parsons) in 2022. The experimental fields at Topeka and Scandia were irrigated and the Parsons field was dryland. The Parsons location had a failed crop due to drought. The planting dates were late March, mid-late April, and May. Two varieties were planted at two seeding rates (100,000 and 150,000 seeds/acre) at each of the three planting dates in both locations.

Results - the first planting date at Topeka emerged by April 25. In spite of taking three weeks to emerge, there were no large gaps in the stand. The second planting date emerged 12-14 days after planting, and the third took 7 days. The first planting date emerged 99 Growing Degree Days (GDD) before the second planting date and 338 GDD before the third date.

Canopy closure with the April 4 planting date was 0.5 and 2.4 days earlier than the April 21 and May 9 planting dates at Topeka. The maturity dates of the three planting dates at Topeka were less than 2 days apart for all treatments. There were very low levels (&lt;5%) of sudden death (SDS) foliar symptoms visible at R6 on September 6, and there were no differences between treatments.

The highest yields were just over 80 bu/a for both varieties planted April 4 at 150,000 seeds/acre at Topeka, and the lowest yield was 76 bu/a planted May 9. There was no significant difference between yields of any of the variety/seeding rate/planting date combination yielding between the high and low-yielding treatments.

At Scandia, there was a significant yield response to the planting date. The fuller season variety yields ranged from 84 bu/a with the 1st planting date to 64 bu/a in the 3rd. The shorter season variety showed no response to the planting date with an average yield of 72.8 bu/a.

Summary -this is the second year this study has been conducted at Topeka and Scandia. Data from the first year of this study (2021) was reported in Kansas Field Research 2022, which had similar results. While caution should be used in making conclusions from this limited data set, it was shown that there can be a very positive yield response to planting soybeans in late March/early April for certain variety/seeding rate combinations. For most variety/seeding rate treatments, there was no major yield loss due to early planting. The last planting date in these studies is often before most producers historically start planting soybeans in the respective locations. Previous work reported in the Kansas Field Research publications had planting dates from early May to late June at Topeka, showing a yield increase with the earlier planting dates if steps were taken to reduce SDS. Further research is needed to determine if these trends for yield response are consistent. An additional question could be identifying varieties that respond with increased yield due to the early planting date more consistently than other varieties.

Information provided by several K-State Agronomist and graduate student involved in the study.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>In an effort to increase soybean yield potential, early planting dates have been promoted as a management practice that can increase soybean yield. Early planting of soybeans can be a relative term, meaning late April/early May for some soybean producers in Kansas, but this definition of early-planted soybeans is late March/early April. Theoretically, the earlier planting date could allow for more vegetative growth and light interception before blooming, increasing the yield potential. With the improvement of soybean seed treatments to protect seed when emergence is slowed due to cool and wet conditions, early planting may be a viable option. This article summarizes research conducted in northeast and north central Kansas to determine the effect of early planting dates, seed density, and maturity group on soybean yield. The planting dates were late March, mid-late April, and May.Procedures - early soybean planting studies were conducted at three KSU Experiment Fields, Kansas River Valley (Topeka), North Central (Scandia), and the Southeast Research and Extension Center (Parsons) in 2022. The experimental fields at Topeka and Scandia were irrigated and the Parsons field was dryland. The Parsons location had a failed crop due to drought. The planting dates were late March, mid-late April, and May. Two varieties were planted at two seeding rates (100,000 and 150,000 seeds/acre) at each of the three planting dates in both locations.Results - the first planting date at Topeka emerged by April 25. In spite of taking three weeks to emerge, there were no large gaps in the stand. The second planting date emerged 12-14 days after planting, and the third took 7 days. The first planting date emerged 99 Growing Degree Days (GDD) before the second planting date and 338 GDD before the third date.Canopy closure with the April 4 planting date was 0.5 and 2.4 days earlier than the April 21 and May 9 planting dates at Topeka. The maturity dates of the three planting dates at Topeka were less than 2 days apart for all treatments. There were very low levels (&lt;5%) of sudden death (SDS) foliar symptoms visible at R6 on September 6, and there were no differences between treatments.The highest yields were just over 80 bu/a for both varieties planted April 4 at 150,000 seeds/acre at Topeka, and the lowest yield was 76 bu/a planted May 9. There was no significant difference between yields of any of the variety/seeding rate/planting date combination yielding between the high and low-yielding treatments.At Scandia, there was a significant yield response to the planting date. The fuller season variety yields ranged from 84 bu/a with the 1st planting date to 64 bu/a in the 3rd. The shorter season variety showed no response to the planting date with an average yield of 72.8 bu/a.Summary -this is the second year this study has been conducted at Topeka and Scandia. Data from the first year of this study (2021) was reported in Kansas Field Research 2022, which had similar results. While caution should be used in making conclusions from this limited data set, it was shown that there can be a very positive yield response to planting soybeans in late March/early April for certain variety/seeding rate combinations. For most variety/seeding rate treatments, there was no major yield loss due to early planting. The last planting date in these studies is often before most producers historically start planting soybeans in the respective locations. Previous work reported in the Kansas Field Research publications had planting dates from early May to late June at Topeka, showing a yield increase with the earlier planting dates if steps were taken to reduce SDS. Further research is needed to determine if these trends for yield response are consistent. An additional question could be identifying varieties that respond with increased yield due to the early planting date more consistently than other varieties.Information provided by several K-State Agronomist and graduate student involved in the study.

CAMPBELL: Effect of early planting dates on soybean yield

The plant with the little purple flowers that have been showing up in home lawns is called henbit. If you are not sure this is what you have, check the stems. If they are square rather than round, you have henbit. A plant that also is low growing but has round stems and tiny white flowers is chickweed.&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Both these plants are winter annuals and start to grow in the fall. They spend the winter as small plants and so most people do not pay much attention to them until they start to flower in the spring. Trying to kill either one at this late stage with a herbicide usually is a waste of time and money. Though plants may be burned back, they will rarely be killed. So what should you do? Remember, these are winter annuals that will die as soon as the weather turns hot.&nbsp;&nbsp; Keep the lawn mowed until nature takes its course.&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; However, you can do something next fall that will help the following spring. There are two possible courses of action, as far as chemical controls go. The first is to apply a preemergence herbicide in early to mid-September.&nbsp; This will prevent henbit and other winter annuals from germinating. Preemergence herbicides labeled for both henbit and chickweed include prodiamine (Barricade), dithiopyr (Dimension),&nbsp; isoxaben (Gallery), pendimethalin (Halts and others), oryzalin (Surflan and Weed Impede) and XL. All but Surflan, Weed Impede and XL are also labeled for speedwell. The second course of action is to wait until late October or early November (after most henbit has germinated) and use a postemergence broadleaf herbicide, such as those mentioned above. With this approach, most of the henbit will be killed but, because small numbers of henbit continue to germinate through the late fall and winter, some plants will be missed. This approach works well because henbit is relatively easy to kill in the fall and many people want to treat for dandelions at that time (i.e., October) anyway. Just remember you will have to do some spot-spraying in the spring if you want to get all the henbit. As a final note, henbit will not be very competitive in dense, healthy lawns, so good cultural management will reduce the need for herbicides.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>The plant with the little purple flowers that have been showing up in home lawns is called henbit. If you are not sure this is what you have, check the stems. If they are square rather than round, you have henbit. A plant that also is low growing but has round stems and tiny white flowers is chickweed.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Both these plants are winter annuals and start to grow in the fall. They spend the winter as small plants and so most people do not pay much attention to them until they start to flower in the spring. Trying to kill either one at this late stage with a herbicide usually is a waste of time and money. Though plants may be burned back, they will rarely be killed. So what should you do? Remember, these are winter annuals that will die as soon as the weather turns hot.&nbsp;&nbsp; Keep the lawn mowed until nature takes its course.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; However, you can do something next fall that will help the following spring. There are two possible courses of action, as far as chemical controls go. The first is to apply a preemergence herbicide in early to mid-September.&nbsp; This will prevent henbit and other winter annuals from germinating. Preemergence herbicides labeled for both henbit and chickweed include prodiamine (Barricade), dithiopyr (Dimension),&nbsp; isoxaben (Gallery), pendimethalin (Halts and others), oryzalin (Surflan and Weed Impede) and XL. All but Surflan, Weed Impede and XL are also labeled for speedwell. The second course of action is to wait until late October or early November (after most henbit has germinated) and use a postemergence broadleaf herbicide, such as those mentioned above. With this approach, most of the henbit will be killed but, because small numbers of henbit continue to germinate through the late fall and winter, some plants will be missed. This approach works well because henbit is relatively easy to kill in the fall and many people want to treat for dandelions at that time (i.e., October) anyway. Just remember you will have to do some spot-spraying in the spring if you want to get all the henbit. As a final note, henbit will not be very competitive in dense, healthy lawns, so good cultural management will reduce the need for herbicides.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.&nbsp;

BOOR: Henbit and chickweed in lawns 

The good and bad processed foods are everywhere. The term “processed” applies to food that has been altered from a natural state in any way. Minimally processed foods can have a place in healthy diets. Examples include low-fat milk, precut fresh vegetables, frozen vegetables and fruit, roasted nuts, and whole-grain breads. Also, milk and juice that has been fortified with vitamin D and calcium, breakfast cereals with added fiber, canned vegetables, and canned fruits packed in water or natural juice can, and should be, part of a healthy diet, especially when fresh versions are not available or affordable.

Diets that are high in ultra-processed foods have been linked with higher risks of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, excess calorie intake, and weight gain. This is of great concern as nearly 60% of calories consumed in the U.S. are in the form of ultra-processed food.

Ultra-processed foods have gone through multiple processing, like heating, freezing, milling, dehydrating, and blanching. During these processes, the food’s structure is changed and often other ingredients are added. You will find ultra-processed foods in every food category and these are appealing because they are ready to eat, affordable, and tasty. Examples of ultra-processed foods include: packaged snacks, crackers, chips, cookies, pastries, candies, cakes, soda, packaged breads/rolls, sweetened cereals, boxed pasta and rice dishes, deli meats, hot dogs, sausage, instant soup mixes, and frozen ready-to-eat foods like pizza, entrees, side dishes, and desserts.

In today’s food environment, it is unrealistic to think you can avoid ultra-processed food entirely. Here are some helpful tips:

· Keep track of how much your diet is made up of these foods and then make a few healthier substitutions each week.

· When you go to the grocery store, shop the perimeter. The center isles are likely to contain ultra-processed foods.

· Prepare meals at home more often and use whole, unprocessed foods. Become an informed consumer and know what you are eating.

· Read the ingredient list on food labels and look for added sugar, fat, and salt; substances that are not typically found in a kitchen like hydrogenated oils, colors, emulsifiers, thickeners; and chemical-sounding names you can’t pronounce. These are good indicators that the item is probably ultra-processed.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>The good and bad processed foods are everywhere. The term “processed” applies to food that has been altered from a natural state in any way. Minimally processed foods can have a place in healthy diets. Examples include low-fat milk, precut fresh vegetables, frozen vegetables and fruit, roasted nuts, and whole-grain breads. Also, milk and juice that has been fortified with vitamin D and calcium, breakfast cereals with added fiber, canned vegetables, and canned fruits packed in water or natural juice can, and should be, part of a healthy diet, especially when fresh versions are not available or affordable.Diets that are high in ultra-processed foods have been linked with higher risks of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, excess calorie intake, and weight gain. This is of great concern as nearly 60% of calories consumed in the U.S. are in the form of ultra-processed food.Ultra-processed foods have gone through multiple processing, like heating, freezing, milling, dehydrating, and blanching. During these processes, the food’s structure is changed and often other ingredients are added. You will find ultra-processed foods in every food category and these are appealing because they are ready to eat, affordable, and tasty. Examples of ultra-processed foods include: packaged snacks, crackers, chips, cookies, pastries, candies, cakes, soda, packaged breads/rolls, sweetened cereals, boxed pasta and rice dishes, deli meats, hot dogs, sausage, instant soup mixes, and frozen ready-to-eat foods like pizza, entrees, side dishes, and desserts.In today’s food environment, it is unrealistic to think you can avoid ultra-processed food entirely. Here are some helpful tips:· Keep track of how much your diet is made up of these foods and then make a few healthier substitutions each week.· When you go to the grocery store, shop the perimeter. The center isles are likely to contain ultra-processed foods.· Prepare meals at home more often and use whole, unprocessed foods. Become an informed consumer and know what you are eating.· Read the ingredient list on food labels and look for added sugar, fat, and salt; substances that are not typically found in a kitchen like hydrogenated oils, colors, emulsifiers, thickeners; and chemical-sounding names you can’t pronounce. These are good indicators that the item is probably ultra-processed.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Good and bad processed foods

&nbsp;Crabgrass preventers are another name for preemergence herbicides that prevent crabgrass seeds from developing into mature plants. Many people have a somewhat foggy idea of how they work and assume they kill the weed seed.&nbsp; Such is not the case. They do not kill the seed or even keep the seed from germinating but rather kill the young plant after it germinates.&nbsp; Therefore, they do not prevent germination but prevent emergence.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Crabgrass preventers are just that – preventers. With few exceptions they have no effect on existing crabgrass plants, so they must be applied before germination. Additionally, preventers do not last forever once applied to the soil.&nbsp; Microorganisms and natural processes begin to gradually break them down soon after they are applied. If some products are applied too early, they may have lost much of their strength by the time they are needed. Most crabgrass preventers are fairly ineffective after about 60 days, but there is considerable variation among products.&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For most of Kansas, crabgrass typically begins to germinate around May 1 or a little later. April 15 is normally a good target date for applying preventer because it gives active ingredients time to evenly disperse in the soil before crabgrass germination starts.&nbsp; Even better, base timing on the bloom of ornamental plants. The Eastern Redbud tree is a good choice for this purpose. When the trees in your area approach full bloom, apply crabgrass preventer. A follow-up application will be needed about 8 weeks later unless you are using Dimension or Barricade.&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dimension and Barricade are the only two products that give season-long control of crabgrass from a single application. In fact, they can be applied earlier than April 15 and still have sufficient residual strength to last the season. Barricade can even be applied in late fall for crabgrass control the next season.&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dimension can be applied as early as March 1. Because of the added flexibility in timing, these products are favorites of lawn care companies who have many customers to service in the spring. Though Dimension is usually not applied as early as Barricade, it is the herbicide of choice if it must be applied later than recommended. It is the exception to the rule that preemergence herbicides do not kill existing weeds. Dimension can kill crabgrass as long as it is young (two- to three-leaf stage). Dimension is also the best choice if treating a lawn that was planted late last fall. Normally a preemergence herbicide is not recommended unless the lawn has been mowed two to four times. But Dimension is kind to young tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass seedlings and some formulations can be applied as early as two weeks after the first sign of germination. However, read the label of the specific product you wish to use to ensure that this use is allowed. Lawns established in the fall can be safely treated with Dimension the following spring even if they have not been mowed.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

K-State Research and Extension is a short name for the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, a program designed to generate and distribute useful knowledge for the well-being of Kansans. Supported by county, state, federal and private funds, the program has county Extension offices, experiment fields, area Extension offices and regional research centers statewide. Its headquarters is on the K-State campus in Manhattan.&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>&nbsp;Crabgrass preventers are another name for preemergence herbicides that prevent crabgrass seeds from developing into mature plants. Many people have a somewhat foggy idea of how they work and assume they kill the weed seed.&nbsp; Such is not the case. They do not kill the seed or even keep the seed from germinating but rather kill the young plant after it germinates.&nbsp; Therefore, they do not prevent germination but prevent emergence.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Crabgrass preventers are just that – preventers. With few exceptions they have no effect on existing crabgrass plants, so they must be applied before germination. Additionally, preventers do not last forever once applied to the soil.&nbsp; Microorganisms and natural processes begin to gradually break them down soon after they are applied. If some products are applied too early, they may have lost much of their strength by the time they are needed. Most crabgrass preventers are fairly ineffective after about 60 days, but there is considerable variation among products.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For most of Kansas, crabgrass typically begins to germinate around May 1 or a little later. April 15 is normally a good target date for applying preventer because it gives active ingredients time to evenly disperse in the soil before crabgrass germination starts.&nbsp; Even better, base timing on the bloom of ornamental plants. The Eastern Redbud tree is a good choice for this purpose. When the trees in your area approach full bloom, apply crabgrass preventer. A follow-up application will be needed about 8 weeks later unless you are using Dimension or Barricade.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dimension and Barricade are the only two products that give season-long control of crabgrass from a single application. In fact, they can be applied earlier than April 15 and still have sufficient residual strength to last the season. Barricade can even be applied in late fall for crabgrass control the next season.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dimension can be applied as early as March 1. Because of the added flexibility in timing, these products are favorites of lawn care companies who have many customers to service in the spring. Though Dimension is usually not applied as early as Barricade, it is the herbicide of choice if it must be applied later than recommended. It is the exception to the rule that preemergence herbicides do not kill existing weeds. Dimension can kill crabgrass as long as it is young (two- to three-leaf stage). Dimension is also the best choice if treating a lawn that was planted late last fall. Normally a preemergence herbicide is not recommended unless the lawn has been mowed two to four times. But Dimension is kind to young tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass seedlings and some formulations can be applied as early as two weeks after the first sign of germination. However, read the label of the specific product you wish to use to ensure that this use is allowed. Lawns established in the fall can be safely treated with Dimension the following spring even if they have not been mowed.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is a short name for the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, a program designed to generate and distribute useful knowledge for the well-being of Kansans. Supported by county, state, federal and private funds, the program has county Extension offices, experiment fields, area Extension offices and regional research centers statewide. Its headquarters is on the K-State campus in Manhattan.&nbsp;&nbsp;

BOOR: Crabgrass preventers

Season five of the popular War Against Weeds podcast is well underway. In response to recent questions from farmers, the two newest episodes take a closer look at the emphasis the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is putting on the Endangered Species Act (ESA) with respect to pesticide use. This 2-part series on the ESA offers good information and discussions on the potential changes and impacts the new ESA emphasis will have on pesticide users. In Part 1, the Indiana pesticide administrator, Dave Scott, discusses how the ESA’s new emphasis will affect state regulators and farmers. Part 2 is led by recently retired EPA weed scientist and biologist Bill Chism. He discusses some of the history of the ESA and what impacts the new emphasis may present.

Another new episode for 2023 features information on different weed identification mobile apps that can be useful for agricultural agents and others.

This podcast began in January 2021 and is a collaborative outreach effort from Sarah Lancaster, K-State Extension Weed Science Specialist, Mandy Bish, Extension Weed Scientist at the University of Missouri, and Joe Ikely, Extension Weed Scientist at North Dakota State.

There are currently about 90 full-length episodes available. Season five officially started in January 2023. Topics covered so far in 2023 include herbicide-resistant ryegrass, new challenges with kochia control, metribuzin use in soybeans, cover crops for weed control, weed mapping and imaging, and more!

Episodes are approximately 30 minutes long and free to access. They are posted at https://waragainstweeds.libsyn.com/ in addition to being available on Spotify, iTunes, and Google Podcasts.

If you have any suggestions for future episodes, please let us know!

Several K-State Research and Extension publications related to insect management in Kansas were recently updated and are available to the public.

These publications were prepared to help producers manage insect populations with the best available methods proven practical under Kansas conditions. They are updated every year and intended for use during the current calendar year. The user should know that pesticide label directions and restrictions are subject to change, and some may have changed since the date of publication.

Full versions of each fact sheet are available online, i.e. you can type into your internet search box—alfalfa insect management, ksu and it should come up.

Alfalfa Insect Pest Management, Corn Insect Pest Management, Cotton Insect Pest Management, Sorghum Insect Pest Management, Soybean Insect Pest Management, Sunflower Insect Pest Management, and Wheat Insect Pest Management.

The economics of control should be considered in any pest management decision. Because costs vary greatly over time and are influenced by factors beyond the scope of this publication, product cost is not a consideration for including or omitting specific insecticide products in these recommendations. Growers should compare product price, safety, and availability when making treatment decisions. Growers also need to consider the impacts of insecticides on non-target organisms like pollinators and natural enemies. Rotating insecticide groups can help combat insecticide resistance issues by leveraging different modes of action. The user bears ultimate responsibility for correct pesticide use. For proper use, always read label directions carefully before applying pesticides. Remember, using a pesticide in a manner inconsistent with the label is illegal.

More information on pests covered in these publications is available at: www.entomology.k-state.edu/extension/insect-information/crop-pests/.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1578070283981.png" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Season five of the popular War Against Weeds podcast is well underway. In response to recent questions from farmers, the two newest episodes take a closer look at the emphasis the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is putting on the Endangered Species Act (ESA) with respect to pesticide use. This 2-part series on the ESA offers good information and discussions on the potential changes and impacts the new ESA emphasis will have on pesticide users. In Part 1, the Indiana pesticide administrator, Dave Scott, discusses how the ESA’s new emphasis will affect state regulators and farmers. Part 2 is led by recently retired EPA weed scientist and biologist Bill Chism. He discusses some of the history of the ESA and what impacts the new emphasis may present.Another new episode for 2023 features information on different weed identification mobile apps that can be useful for agricultural agents and others.This podcast began in January 2021 and is a collaborative outreach effort from Sarah Lancaster, K-State Extension Weed Science Specialist, Mandy Bish, Extension Weed Scientist at the University of Missouri, and Joe Ikely, Extension Weed Scientist at North Dakota State.There are currently about 90 full-length episodes available. Season five officially started in January 2023. Topics covered so far in 2023 include herbicide-resistant ryegrass, new challenges with kochia control, metribuzin use in soybeans, cover crops for weed control, weed mapping and imaging, and more!Episodes are approximately 30 minutes long and free to access. They are posted at https://waragainstweeds.libsyn.com/ in addition to being available on Spotify, iTunes, and Google Podcasts.If you have any suggestions for future episodes, please let us know!Several K-State Research and Extension publications related to insect management in Kansas were recently updated and are available to the public.These publications were prepared to help producers manage insect populations with the best available methods proven practical under Kansas conditions. They are updated every year and intended for use during the current calendar year. The user should know that pesticide label directions and restrictions are subject to change, and some may have changed since the date of publication.Full versions of each fact sheet are available online, i.e. you can type into your internet search box—alfalfa insect management, ksu and it should come up.Alfalfa Insect Pest Management, Corn Insect Pest Management, Cotton Insect Pest Management, Sorghum Insect Pest Management, Soybean Insect Pest Management, Sunflower Insect Pest Management, and Wheat Insect Pest Management.The economics of control should be considered in any pest management decision. Because costs vary greatly over time and are influenced by factors beyond the scope of this publication, product cost is not a consideration for including or omitting specific insecticide products in these recommendations. Growers should compare product price, safety, and availability when making treatment decisions. Growers also need to consider the impacts of insecticides on non-target organisms like pollinators and natural enemies. Rotating insecticide groups can help combat insecticide resistance issues by leveraging different modes of action. The user bears ultimate responsibility for correct pesticide use. For proper use, always read label directions carefully before applying pesticides. Remember, using a pesticide in a manner inconsistent with the label is illegal.More information on pests covered in these publications is available at: www.entomology.k-state.edu/extension/insect-information/crop-pests/.

CAMPBELL: War Against Weeds podcast & insect management guides

If you have been following me for the last few weeks, I have been highlighting some of the forty 4-H projects that are available in Kansas! This week’s project highlights Horticulture, Fiber Arts, and Geology which are all good reasons to get outside and explore!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>If you have been following me for the last few weeks, I have been highlighting some of the forty 4-H projects that are available in Kansas! This week’s project highlights Horticulture, Fiber Arts, and Geology which are all good reasons to get outside and explore!The Horticulture project seems like it would be just be about gardening but the curriculum starts with when, where, and what to plant and continues through selling produce, studying pollination, and food industry careers. Along the way, youth learn about cool versus warm season vegetables, plant parts, and garden tools. Youth also explore seed varieties and preventative pest control. More and more families are interested in growing their own fruit and vegetables and Horticulture is a great project for families to work together!I love to see the continued activity in our Fiber Arts projects. These include knitting, crochet, quilting, macramé, cross-stitch and other needle work, rug-making, and spinning and weaving. During a day camp last summer at Dilly &amp; Doc, youth used a stick from the yard to make the start of a macramé plant hanger which combined Fiber Arts and Horticulture! Learning about different fibers can provide opportunities to explore how a variety of yarns are made and dyed. More advanced 4-H members may purchase wool and dye it themselves before turning it into an item as part of this project.For youth who love to explore outdoors and always have a pocket full of treasures, the Geology project may be a great fit for them! 4-H Youth learn about rocks, minerals, and fossils. This begins in the local area and expands across Kansas and other regions as the project develops. In addition to collecting a variety of specimens, youth practice record-keeping as they log the location and type of each sample found. They also learn about geological formations as well as types and impacts of erosion. A state 4-H geology trip is scheduled each year in a different part of Kansas providing hands-on learning!If you are interested in learning more about these or other 4-H projects, check out kansas4-h.org in the Projects section! All projects include communications skills, record keeping, career connections, and opportunities for leadership and community service!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910. Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.