By MIKE COURSON Great Bend Post

The K-State Research and Extension Master Gardeners present their third annual Gathering of the Gardeners on Friday, June 23, from 5-8 p.m. This year's free Community Garden Tour features five more gardens, each different from past selections, and each with a different angle on gardening. Alicia Boor, agriculture and natural resources agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Research and Extension, said the Master Gardeners work hard to choose a variety of gardens to showcase.

"At the beginning of the year, our Master Gardener group, in their meetings, discuss different locations, what locations we've done in the past, and which ones we can highlight for this coming year," she said. "Over a couple-month period, it starts coming together into what you see in the actual garden tour."

One of the big stops this year will be the Victory Garden at the Barton County Historical Village, 85 U.S. Highway 281, south of Great Bend. Ten raised beds were added prior to the growing season for gardeners who may not have space of their own. Veronica Coons has headed up work at the Victory Garden. 

"It's coordinated between the Conservation District and also her as a Master Gardener," Boor said. "She started the year teaching about lasagna gardens last fall. This spring, she did Tuesday lunch-and-learn meetings to basically teach people how to garden from the beginning."

Other stops on this year's tour include Steve and Jan Murray's prairie rose display and more at 4450 Prairie Rose Circle; a waterfall and pond at Jane Smith's residence at 6004 Broadway; Dr. Len and Sheila Fleske's enchanted garden at 4508 Quail Creek; and a Monet-inspired landscape at Mike and Tana Newkirk's garden at 3220 Broadway Ave.

"You can start wherever," Boor said. "You can visit all five. It's completely self-guided. There will be (Master Gardeners) to talk at each spot."

Master Gardener training consists of 40-50 hours of instruction on all aspects of horticulture. Volunteers must also donate an equivalent number of hours of service. 

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/1/1642441109972.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By MIKE COURSON Great Bend PostThe K-State Research and Extension Master Gardeners present their third annual Gathering of the Gardeners on Friday, June 23, from 5-8 p.m. This year's free Community Garden Tour features five more gardens, each different from past selections, and each with a different angle on gardening. Alicia Boor, agriculture and natural resources agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Research and Extension, said the Master Gardeners work hard to choose a variety of gardens to showcase."At the beginning of the year, our Master Gardener group, in their meetings, discuss different locations, what locations we've done in the past, and which ones we can highlight for this coming year," she said. "Over a couple-month period, it starts coming together into what you see in the actual garden tour."<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/6/1687182504384.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>One of the big stops this year will be the Victory Garden at the Barton County Historical Village, 85 U.S. Highway 281, south of Great Bend. Ten raised beds were added prior to the growing season for gardeners who may not have space of their own. Veronica Coons has headed up work at the Victory Garden. "It's coordinated between the Conservation District and also her as a Master Gardener," Boor said. "She started the year teaching about lasagna gardens last fall. This spring, she did Tuesday lunch-and-learn meetings to basically teach people how to garden from the beginning."Other stops on this year's tour include Steve and Jan Murray's prairie rose display and more at 4450 Prairie Rose Circle; a waterfall and pond at Jane Smith's residence at 6004 Broadway; Dr. Len and Sheila Fleske's enchanted garden at 4508 Quail Creek; and a Monet-inspired landscape at Mike and Tana Newkirk's garden at 3220 Broadway Ave.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/6/1687271659254.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>"You can start wherever," Boor said. "You can visit all five. It's completely self-guided. There will be (Master Gardeners) to talk at each spot."Master Gardener training consists of 40-50 hours of instruction on all aspects of horticulture. Volunteers must also donate an equivalent number of hours of service.

Monet-inspired garden highlights Great Bend garden tour

There is nothing like the taste of fresh vegetables that come straight to the table from the garden, and often when there is a produce surplus folks turn to processing options such as freezing or canning to make it last throughout the year.

In anticipation of that summer season, I would like to offer tips on how to have a successful canning experience.

First, make sure everything is working properly. Canning jars and rings should be free from cracks and no rust on the rings. Handwashing is recommended to keep them from rusting prematurely. Lids, however, cannot be used more than once. Next, make sure your canner is in good working order. Dial gauge canners need their valves and gauge checked. Your local extension office can test the gauge for Presto, National, Maid of Honor and Magic Seal canners. Check the seal between the pot and lid, looking for cracks or dried rubber. If the seal isn’t good then the canner will not get to the proper pressure. The rubber plug can also wear out and sometimes need replaced.

As far as preparing the food, it is recommended to remove the peels to prevent unintended bacteria growth.

After the jars have been processed, they should be placed on a towel on the counter in an isolated place, with no drafts and allowed to cool down naturally.

Finally, write the date the food was canned on the lid before putting them in storage. It is recommended that jars be used within one year and rotate them out for next year’s supply.

And just a reminder about canning recipes. Information about food comes at us from many directions. We might scroll through Facebook, Pinterest or another social media platform and be attracted by a new recipe. Most of the time, recipes for main courses or desserts will not pose food safety risks. Maybe a friend told you about a new canning method. Food preservation recipes that have not been tested for safety could be harmful, or even deadly if the canned food contains the toxin that causes botulism. These are some questions to ask yourself:

• Who is the author of the research or publication? The U.S. Department of Agriculture and universities have conducted reputable food preservation research.

• Is the food preservation information based on current scientific research or opinion? Outdated canning recipes should be retired. An exception: if ingredient amounts and processing times are exactly the same as current food preservation recipes, they could be used.

• Where did you find the information? Examine the URL on the website. Does it end with “.edu” (indicating a university or other educational organization) or “.gov” (indicating a government site)? Universities and government sources are credible sources of food preservation information.

Please make sure your canning recipes are from credible sources before trying them. While home canning can be a safe and convenient way to store food, it must be done safely.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>There is nothing like the taste of fresh vegetables that come straight to the table from the garden, and often when there is a produce surplus folks turn to processing options such as freezing or canning to make it last throughout the year.In anticipation of that summer season, I would like to offer tips on how to have a successful canning experience.First, make sure everything is working properly. Canning jars and rings should be free from cracks and no rust on the rings. Handwashing is recommended to keep them from rusting prematurely. Lids, however, cannot be used more than once. Next, make sure your canner is in good working order. Dial gauge canners need their valves and gauge checked. Your local extension office can test the gauge for Presto, National, Maid of Honor and Magic Seal canners. Check the seal between the pot and lid, looking for cracks or dried rubber. If the seal isn’t good then the canner will not get to the proper pressure. The rubber plug can also wear out and sometimes need replaced.As far as preparing the food, it is recommended to remove the peels to prevent unintended bacteria growth.After the jars have been processed, they should be placed on a towel on the counter in an isolated place, with no drafts and allowed to cool down naturally.Finally, write the date the food was canned on the lid before putting them in storage. It is recommended that jars be used within one year and rotate them out for next year’s supply.And just a reminder about canning recipes. Information about food comes at us from many directions. We might scroll through Facebook, Pinterest or another social media platform and be attracted by a new recipe. Most of the time, recipes for main courses or desserts will not pose food safety risks. Maybe a friend told you about a new canning method. Food preservation recipes that have not been tested for safety could be harmful, or even deadly if the canned food contains the toxin that causes botulism. These are some questions to ask yourself:• Who is the author of the research or publication? The U.S. Department of Agriculture and universities have conducted reputable food preservation research.• Is the food preservation information based on current scientific research or opinion? Outdated canning recipes should be retired. An exception: if ingredient amounts and processing times are exactly the same as current food preservation recipes, they could be used.• Where did you find the information? Examine the URL on the website. Does it end with “.edu” (indicating a university or other educational organization) or “.gov” (indicating a government site)? Universities and government sources are credible sources of food preservation information.Please make sure your canning recipes are from credible sources before trying them. While home canning can be a safe and convenient way to store food, it must be done safely.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Tips for safe canning

Homeowners looking out into a nicely landscaped yard may wonder whether now is the time to spray for bagworms. The answer is yes.

“Bagworms overwinter as eggs and young larvae usually hatch and emerge during mid- to late- May,” said Ward Upham, Kansas State University horticulture expert.

Bagworms are commonly found in shrubs, cedar, pine and spruce trees to name a few. Many people will begin to see damage during late-July to early-August, but controlling bagworms that are that size can be difficult. “They are much easier to kill while small,” Upham said.

“Now would be a good time to use control measures (because) earlier sprays may miss those who emerge from the bag later than normal,” Upham said.

Before spraying, homeowners should check for miniature versions of the mature bagworms and make sure they are alive because predators and parasites can potentially control this pest.

Upham lists the most common insecticides and brand names used for bagworms:

· Permethrin (38 Plus Turf, Termite &amp; Ornamental Insect Spray; Eight Vegetable, Fruit &amp; Flower Concentrate; Lawn, Garden, Pet &amp; Livestock Insect Spray).

· Bifenthrin (Bug Blaster II, Bug-B-Gon Max Lawn and Garden Insect Killer).

· Lambda-Cyhalothrin (Spectracide Triazicide, Bonide Caterpillar Killer).

· Spinosad – an organic control(Conserve; Natural Guard Spinosad; and Captain Jack’s Dead Bug Brew).

“Thorough spray coverage of foliage is essential for good control with any of these products,” Upham said.

Upham and his colleagues in K-State’s Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly Horticulture Newsletter with tips for maintaining home landscapes. The newsletter is available to view online or can be delivered by email each week.

Interested persons can also send their garden- and yard-related questions to Upham at wupham@ksu.edu, or contact your local K-State Research and Extension office.

Product names used in this article are for identification purposes only, and not intended to be an endorsement or criticism of any specific product.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Homeowners looking out into a nicely landscaped yard may wonder whether now is the time to spray for bagworms. The answer is yes.“Bagworms overwinter as eggs and young larvae usually hatch and emerge during mid- to late- May,” said Ward Upham, Kansas State University horticulture expert.Bagworms are commonly found in shrubs, cedar, pine and spruce trees to name a few. Many people will begin to see damage during late-July to early-August, but controlling bagworms that are that size can be difficult. “They are much easier to kill while small,” Upham said.“Now would be a good time to use control measures (because) earlier sprays may miss those who emerge from the bag later than normal,” Upham said.Before spraying, homeowners should check for miniature versions of the mature bagworms and make sure they are alive because predators and parasites can potentially control this pest.Upham lists the most common insecticides and brand names used for bagworms:· Acephate (Orthene).· Permethrin (38 Plus Turf, Termite &amp; Ornamental Insect Spray; Eight Vegetable, Fruit &amp; Flower Concentrate; Lawn, Garden, Pet &amp; Livestock Insect Spray).· Bifenthrin (Bug Blaster II, Bug-B-Gon Max Lawn and Garden Insect Killer).· Lambda-Cyhalothrin (Spectracide Triazicide, Bonide Caterpillar Killer).· Spinosad – an organic control(Conserve; Natural Guard Spinosad; and Captain Jack’s Dead Bug Brew).“Thorough spray coverage of foliage is essential for good control with any of these products,” Upham said.Upham and his colleagues in K-State’s Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly Horticulture Newsletter with tips for maintaining home landscapes. The newsletter is available to view online or can be delivered by email each week.Interested persons can also send their garden- and yard-related questions to Upham at wupham@ksu.edu, or contact your local K-State Research and Extension office.Product names used in this article are for identification purposes only, and not intended to be an endorsement or criticism of any specific product.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Spraying for bagworms

In this video from K-State Research and Extension, Kansas State University soil scientist Deann Presley says dry weather in Kansas presents an opportunity to work on farm ponds.

“Many of our ponds need periodic cleaning out of the old sediment that might get brought down by livestock or natural processes,” she said.

She urges landowners to consider draining their ponds, or in many cases if they are already dry. To scrape the bottom and compacting the soil before mother nature fills them up again.

Presley suggests a minimum 30% clay in the soil, though she adds, “40% is even better.” To find out how much clay content is in your pond. You can take some soil samples and bring them into your local K-State Research &amp; Extension Office, to be sent off for a soil texture test. For further information on how to best take these samples, she recommends to contact your local Extension Office for proper sampling instructions.

If a pond is leaking sometimes people think they need to use alternate-products to help seal them. Before taking that more expensive step, first take a soil texture sample to see if you might just need to really compact the soil to prevent the leaking. If compaction is what you need, a sheepsfoot roller is needed.

“The importance of compaction cannot be over-stated,” Presley said. “Many people often think, ‘I have enough clay in the soil; I’ll roll on it for a while and it will be okay.’ But the sheepsfoot roller is important” for proper compaction of the soil.

Another tip when cleaning out a pond that folks don’t always consider. Is to put the sediment you clean out of the pond, on the back side of the dam. If you put it around the pond it will eventually slide or erode back into the pond.

This video from K-State Research and Extension is available online at https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/news/stories/2022/04/video-repairing-farm-ponds-presley.html

More information is available in K-State’s Feb. 17 Agronomy eUpdate or from local extension offices in Kansas. To read the full article “Ten commonly asked questions when pondering dry ponds”. Type into your internet browser K-State agronomy, eupdate newsletter, or type in this link https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu

To find out the location and phone number of your local K-State Research and Extension statewide offices, https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations.html or simply type into your internet browser “K-State Research and Extension Statewide Locations”.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>In this video from K-State Research and Extension, Kansas State University soil scientist Deann Presley says dry weather in Kansas presents an opportunity to work on farm ponds.“Many of our ponds need periodic cleaning out of the old sediment that might get brought down by livestock or natural processes,” she said.She urges landowners to consider draining their ponds, or in many cases if they are already dry. To scrape the bottom and compacting the soil before mother nature fills them up again.Presley suggests a minimum 30% clay in the soil, though she adds, “40% is even better.” To find out how much clay content is in your pond. You can take some soil samples and bring them into your local K-State Research &amp; Extension Office, to be sent off for a soil texture test. For further information on how to best take these samples, she recommends to contact your local Extension Office for proper sampling instructions.If a pond is leaking sometimes people think they need to use alternate-products to help seal them. Before taking that more expensive step, first take a soil texture sample to see if you might just need to really compact the soil to prevent the leaking. If compaction is what you need, a sheepsfoot roller is needed.“The importance of compaction cannot be over-stated,” Presley said. “Many people often think, ‘I have enough clay in the soil; I’ll roll on it for a while and it will be okay.’ But the sheepsfoot roller is important” for proper compaction of the soil.Another tip when cleaning out a pond that folks don’t always consider. Is to put the sediment you clean out of the pond, on the back side of the dam. If you put it around the pond it will eventually slide or erode back into the pond.This video from K-State Research and Extension is available online at https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/news/stories/2022/04/video-repairing-farm-ponds-presley.htmlMore information is available in K-State’s Feb. 17 Agronomy eUpdate or from local extension offices in Kansas. To read the full article “Ten commonly asked questions when pondering dry ponds”. Type into your internet browser K-State agronomy, eupdate newsletter, or type in this link https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.eduTo find out the location and phone number of your local K-State Research and Extension statewide offices, https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations.html or simply type into your internet browser “K-State Research and Extension Statewide Locations”.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Dry weather provides chance to clean, compact farm ponds

Determining the health of your trees is largely based on the amount of new growth each year. Observe the tips of the branches that are exposed (not shaded). A tree that grows less than 4 inches from the previous year is likely under stress and considered unhealthy.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Meristems are the part of the tree where new cells are formed and growth takes place. Apical meristems are at the branch tips. Growth here increases the canopy of the tree. New growth from these meristems is often identifiable by the color. The new twig emerging from the bud may be greener but the leaves are often a brighter shade as well. You'll notice the leaves attached directly to these new stems rather than lateral branches. New growth may also look more compressed than growth from previous years.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Though evaluating the amount of growth can help you determine if your tree is healthy, it does not tell you what may be the cause of an unhealthy tree. The effects of stress accumulate year after year. A drought two years ago can have an impact on growth of a recovering tree. The root growth may have been stunted and roots could struggle to take in enough water to support the tree as temperatures rise. When possible, ensure trees are receiving water to a depth of 12 inches every couple of weeks during the summer either from rain or supplemental watering.&nbsp;

One of the more common means of watering trees is the use of soaker hoses.&nbsp; Soaker hoses are notorious for non-uniform watering. On small trees, circling the tree several times with the soaker hose will even out the amount of water applied but this isn't practical for larger trees.&nbsp; On larger trees, hooking both the beginning and the end of the soaker hose to a Y-adapter helps equalize the pressure and therefore provide a more uniform watering. The specific parts you need include the soaker hose, Y-adapter and female to female connector.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

The soaker hose can circle the trunk at a distance within the dripline of the tree but at least ½ the distance to the dripline. The dripline of the tree is outermost reach of the branches.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Soil should be wet at least 12 inches deep as 80% of a trees roots are in the top foot of soil.&nbsp; Use a metal rod, wooden dowel, electric fence post or something similar to check depth. Dry soil is much harder to push through than wet and your probe will stop when it hits dry soil.&nbsp; How long it takes water to reach a 12 inch depth varies depending on the rate of water flow and soil.&nbsp; Record the amount of time it takes to reach 12 inches the first time the tree is watered.&nbsp; After that, simply water for that same amount of time.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Determining the health of your trees is largely based on the amount of new growth each year. Observe the tips of the branches that are exposed (not shaded). A tree that grows less than 4 inches from the previous year is likely under stress and considered unhealthy.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meristems are the part of the tree where new cells are formed and growth takes place. Apical meristems are at the branch tips. Growth here increases the canopy of the tree. New growth from these meristems is often identifiable by the color. The new twig emerging from the bud may be greener but the leaves are often a brighter shade as well. You'll notice the leaves attached directly to these new stems rather than lateral branches. New growth may also look more compressed than growth from previous years.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Though evaluating the amount of growth can help you determine if your tree is healthy, it does not tell you what may be the cause of an unhealthy tree. The effects of stress accumulate year after year. A drought two years ago can have an impact on growth of a recovering tree. The root growth may have been stunted and roots could struggle to take in enough water to support the tree as temperatures rise. When possible, ensure trees are receiving water to a depth of 12 inches every couple of weeks during the summer either from rain or supplemental watering.&nbsp;One of the more common means of watering trees is the use of soaker hoses.&nbsp; Soaker hoses are notorious for non-uniform watering. On small trees, circling the tree several times with the soaker hose will even out the amount of water applied but this isn't practical for larger trees.&nbsp; On larger trees, hooking both the beginning and the end of the soaker hose to a Y-adapter helps equalize the pressure and therefore provide a more uniform watering. The specific parts you need include the soaker hose, Y-adapter and female to female connector.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The soaker hose can circle the trunk at a distance within the dripline of the tree but at least ½ the distance to the dripline. The dripline of the tree is outermost reach of the branches.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Soil should be wet at least 12 inches deep as 80% of a trees roots are in the top foot of soil.&nbsp; Use a metal rod, wooden dowel, electric fence post or something similar to check depth. Dry soil is much harder to push through than wet and your probe will stop when it hits dry soil.&nbsp; How long it takes water to reach a 12 inch depth varies depending on the rate of water flow and soil.&nbsp; Record the amount of time it takes to reach 12 inches the first time the tree is watered.&nbsp; After that, simply water for that same amount of time.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Watering trees

This past week I had the opportunity to attend 4-H Discovery Days and chaperone five of our Cottonwood-Barton 4-H youth!

Since 1923, 4-H youth from across the state have traveled to participate in one of the largest Kansas 4-H events. 4-H Discovery Days, formerly know as 4-H Round-Up, is an opportunity for older youth of Kansas to join together as they develop their interests in personal growth, career exploration, leadership and citizenship.

Youth participate in a variety of classes and part of the experience is learning to navigate to different buildings on campus and staying in a dorm. Some of the classes are fun such as ATV Safety and Chuckwagon Cooking while others focus on career paths such as Animal Reproduction, Agronomy, or the Physician’s Assistant Program.

This year also had a focus on the Health as the fourth H in 4-H as community conversations were facilitated about needs and direction of a health curriculum from the nearly 200 youth participants. Additionally, youth completed the Clifton Strengths survey and had an instructor from the Staley School of Leadership at K-State to facilitate a discussion about how they can best leverage their strengths and develop these areas to their best advantage. Many businesses use this for individual and team development so it was neat to see our youth receive an introduction to this program.

For the second year, Emerald Circle was held during Discovery Days. This event celebrated the 2022 State Project Award winners! The winners, their parents, and many thoughtful donors to the Kansas 4-H Foundation enjoyed a banquet and then all of the youth joined them for presentation of the awards and a keynote address by Dan Meers, also known as KC Wolf. One of Dan’s statements that resonated with me is to live each day with character, with purpose, and with passion. I hope that is what I help instill in our 4-H youth every day.

One of my favorite moments was at the end of Discovery Days when I was visiting with one of our administrators and introduced the Cottonwood youth to him. His interest in their futures was evident and he quickly introduced them to several others faculty who may be helpful in their next steps!

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910. Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>This past week I had the opportunity to attend 4-H Discovery Days and chaperone five of our Cottonwood-Barton 4-H youth!Since 1923, 4-H youth from across the state have traveled to participate in one of the largest Kansas 4-H events. 4-H Discovery Days, formerly know as 4-H Round-Up, is an opportunity for older youth of Kansas to join together as they develop their interests in personal growth, career exploration, leadership and citizenship.Youth participate in a variety of classes and part of the experience is learning to navigate to different buildings on campus and staying in a dorm. Some of the classes are fun such as ATV Safety and Chuckwagon Cooking while others focus on career paths such as Animal Reproduction, Agronomy, or the Physician’s Assistant Program.This year also had a focus on the Health as the fourth H in 4-H as community conversations were facilitated about needs and direction of a health curriculum from the nearly 200 youth participants. Additionally, youth completed the Clifton Strengths survey and had an instructor from the Staley School of Leadership at K-State to facilitate a discussion about how they can best leverage their strengths and develop these areas to their best advantage. Many businesses use this for individual and team development so it was neat to see our youth receive an introduction to this program.For the second year, Emerald Circle was held during Discovery Days. This event celebrated the 2022 State Project Award winners! The winners, their parents, and many thoughtful donors to the Kansas 4-H Foundation enjoyed a banquet and then all of the youth joined them for presentation of the awards and a keynote address by Dan Meers, also known as KC Wolf. One of Dan’s statements that resonated with me is to live each day with character, with purpose, and with passion. I hope that is what I help instill in our 4-H youth every day.One of my favorite moments was at the end of Discovery Days when I was visiting with one of our administrators and introduced the Cottonwood youth to him. His interest in their futures was evident and he quickly introduced them to several others faculty who may be helpful in their next steps!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910. Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

BERAN: 4-H Discovery Days benefits for the youth

Not only do hot summer days make people uncomfortable outdoors, it can also impact livestock.

K-State Research and Extension beef veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said temperature, humidity, wind speed and solar radiation all affect cattle. Not only do producers need to watch daytime temperatures, Tarpoff said nighttime temperatures are just as important in preventing heat stress.

“They really need about six hours of nighttime cooling to dissipate the heat load they

accumulated during the day,” Tarpoff said.

A forecasting tool Tarpoff recommends is the Kansas Mesonet.

To minimize the amount of heat stress on the cattle, Tarpoff advises producers to finish all processing or handling work with cattle before 10 a.m. on hot days, and potentially to push feeding times to later in the evening.

“When we feed cattle, they will actually increase their heat load just from digestion for the next 4 to 6 hours,” Tarpoff said.

He also recommends reducing the stocking load, which increases spacing and allows for better air circulation and easier access to water.

“During the summer months we want to increase wind speed as much as we can just to be able to dissipate some of that heat load,” he said.

Another strategy that Tarpoff recommends is providing cattle bedding and shade so that animals have a cool place to lay.“ Cattle have an immense shade seeking behavior,” he said.

Tarpoff said water misters should only be used in the morning and evening for evaporative cooling of the pen surface.

“We don’t wet the cattle to cool them during the heat of the day,” he said. “That can be disastrous because we can actually increase the humidity at the pen level at that time of day.”

Interested persons can also send their questions to Tarpoff at tarpoff@ksu.edu, or contact the Cottonwood Extension District at either 620-793-1910 or 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Not only do hot summer days make people uncomfortable outdoors, it can also impact livestock.K-State Research and Extension beef veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said temperature, humidity, wind speed and solar radiation all affect cattle. Not only do producers need to watch daytime temperatures, Tarpoff said nighttime temperatures are just as important in preventing heat stress.“They really need about six hours of nighttime cooling to dissipate the heat load theyaccumulated during the day,” Tarpoff said.A forecasting tool Tarpoff recommends is the Kansas Mesonet.To minimize the amount of heat stress on the cattle, Tarpoff advises producers to finish all processing or handling work with cattle before 10 a.m. on hot days, and potentially to push feeding times to later in the evening.“When we feed cattle, they will actually increase their heat load just from digestion for the next 4 to 6 hours,” Tarpoff said.He also recommends reducing the stocking load, which increases spacing and allows for better air circulation and easier access to water.“During the summer months we want to increase wind speed as much as we can just to be able to dissipate some of that heat load,” he said.Another strategy that Tarpoff recommends is providing cattle bedding and shade so that animals have a cool place to lay.“ Cattle have an immense shade seeking behavior,” he said.Tarpoff said water misters should only be used in the morning and evening for evaporative cooling of the pen surface.“We don’t wet the cattle to cool them during the heat of the day,” he said. “That can be disastrous because we can actually increase the humidity at the pen level at that time of day.”Interested persons can also send their questions to Tarpoff at tarpoff@ksu.edu, or contact the Cottonwood Extension District at either 620-793-1910 or 785-628-9430.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Hot summer days impacting livestock

What is blood sugar and why is it important? Blood sugar (glucose) refers to the amount of simple sugar moving through your body at any given time. Your body breaks down most of the food you eat into glucose and releases it into your bloodstream for fuel. When your blood sugar goes up, your pancreas releases the hormone insulin. Think of insulin as a key to let the blood sugar into the cells of your body for energy.

Some people have, or may develop, a chronic and long-lasting health condition called diabetes that affects how their body turns food into fuel. If you have diabetes, your body doesn’t make enough insulin, or can’t use it as well as it should, and too much blood sugar stays in your bloodstream. Over time, serious health problems can develop such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.

You have probably heard of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Those who have type 1 diabetes need to take insulin every day to survive. Usually diagnosed in children, teens, and young adults, symptoms of type 1 diabetes often develop quickly, and no one knows how to prevent it.

Type 2 diabetes is the most common and is usually diagnosed in adults, although now more and more in children, teens, and young adults. If you have type 2 diabetes, your body doesn’t use insulin well and can’t keep blood sugar at normal levels. The key message about type 2 diabetes, is that it can be delayed, or even prevented, with a lifestyle that includes healthy eating and physical activity.

The benefits of physical activity can’t be overstated for people who have diabetes or are at risk for developing diabetes and other chronic diseases. Exercise can help you lose weight and maintain a healthy weight. Added benefits for those with diabetes is that exercise lowers blood sugar levels and boosts your sensitivity to insulin, which helps keep blood sugar within a normal range.

Here are specific recommendations for those with, and at risk for, diabetes:

Aerobic exercise. Get at least 30 minutes (more is better) of moderate/vigorous exercise — like brisk walking, swimming, biking, or running — on most days for a minimum of 150 minutes/week.

Include resistance exercises to increase strength, balance, and the ability to maintain an active life. These include lifting weights, stretching, using resistance bands, and bodyweight exercises.

Limit inactivity. Breaking up bouts of inactivity can help control blood sugar levels. Make sure you stand, walk, or do some light activity every 30 minutes during the day. Use an app or alarm to nudge you to move regularly, stand or move during commercials when watching TV, and take frequent stretch breaks when driving long distances or traveling.

In addition, about 1 in 3 adults in the U.S. have prediabetes, meaning their blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. Prediabetes is real, it is common, and most importantly, it is reversible with simple, proven lifestyle changes. Most people don’t know they have it. Could this be you? Learn more about diabetes at www.cdc.gov/diabetes/index.html.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>What is blood sugar and why is it important? Blood sugar (glucose) refers to the amount of simple sugar moving through your body at any given time. Your body breaks down most of the food you eat into glucose and releases it into your bloodstream for fuel. When your blood sugar goes up, your pancreas releases the hormone insulin. Think of insulin as a key to let the blood sugar into the cells of your body for energy.Some people have, or may develop, a chronic and long-lasting health condition called diabetes that affects how their body turns food into fuel. If you have diabetes, your body doesn’t make enough insulin, or can’t use it as well as it should, and too much blood sugar stays in your bloodstream. Over time, serious health problems can develop such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.You have probably heard of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Those who have type 1 diabetes need to take insulin every day to survive. Usually diagnosed in children, teens, and young adults, symptoms of type 1 diabetes often develop quickly, and no one knows how to prevent it.Type 2 diabetes is the most common and is usually diagnosed in adults, although now more and more in children, teens, and young adults. If you have type 2 diabetes, your body doesn’t use insulin well and can’t keep blood sugar at normal levels. The key message about type 2 diabetes, is that it can be delayed, or even prevented, with a lifestyle that includes healthy eating and physical activity.The benefits of physical activity can’t be overstated for people who have diabetes or are at risk for developing diabetes and other chronic diseases. Exercise can help you lose weight and maintain a healthy weight. Added benefits for those with diabetes is that exercise lowers blood sugar levels and boosts your sensitivity to insulin, which helps keep blood sugar within a normal range.Here are specific recommendations for those with, and at risk for, diabetes:Aerobic exercise. Get at least 30 minutes (more is better) of moderate/vigorous exercise — like brisk walking, swimming, biking, or running — on most days for a minimum of 150 minutes/week.Include resistance exercises to increase strength, balance, and the ability to maintain an active life. These include lifting weights, stretching, using resistance bands, and bodyweight exercises.Limit inactivity. Breaking up bouts of inactivity can help control blood sugar levels. Make sure you stand, walk, or do some light activity every 30 minutes during the day. Use an app or alarm to nudge you to move regularly, stand or move during commercials when watching TV, and take frequent stretch breaks when driving long distances or traveling.In addition, about 1 in 3 adults in the U.S. have prediabetes, meaning their blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. Prediabetes is real, it is common, and most importantly, it is reversible with simple, proven lifestyle changes. Most people don’t know they have it. Could this be you? Learn more about diabetes at www.cdc.gov/diabetes/index.html.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Exercise and your blood sugar

In many areas of Kansas, prolonged drought has resulted in short wheat and thin stands. Harvesting wheat in these situations can be a challenge. Special attention needs to be given to cutting height, machine adjustments, and operator control. In short wheat, getting the heads into the combine with less straw will be a challenge. In some cases, the reel may not be able to effectively convey the wheat back from the cutter bar to the auger, nor hold it in place during cutting. Short cutting will also mean more contact potential with the ground and reduced levels of surface residue which will likely negatively impact moisture storage.

In the case of material conveyance, stripper headers, air reels, and draper headers may be a great help. The information in this article has been condensed considerably, for the full article go to our web site at www.cottonwood.ksu.edu

Stripper headers - stripper headers allow the grain to be harvested efficiently while leaving the maximum amount of standing residue in the field. Research has shown that this preservation of wheat residue can reduce evaporative losses of water after harvest, aid in the moisture retention of snow, and improve the yields of next year’s crop.

Air reels - air reels will also aid in the material conveyance from the cutter bar to the auger in reel-type units when crops are light or thin. These units are made in several different types including finger air reels, non-reel, and units that fit over existing reels. Examples of manufacturers are Crary (West Fargo, ND) and AWS (Mitchell, Ontario Canada).

Draper headers and flex heads - draper headers may help with the conveyance of material since they have a very short distance between the cutterbar the conveyance belt. The ability to tip the cutterbar completely back will aid in keeping harvested crop material moving across the cutter bar and onto the belt as well as ensuring some stubble remains standing on the soil surface.

Flex heads will also help deal with the lower cutting heights and potential ground strikes. In thin wheat stands, it is even more important that sickles and guards are in good condition as there is less crop material pushing into the cutting area, which would normally help ensure cutting by worn sickles and guards.

If harvesting with a draper or flex header, maintain the cutting height as high as possible to preserve standing stubble. Typically, cutting wheat at two-thirds of its full height will result in losses of less than 0.5 percent as any missed heads contain light weight grain that will be lost as tailings during the harvesting process.

Conventional headers - for many farmers, new equipment may not be an economical choice and you may have to make do with a conventional head on your combine. In this case, adjust the reel to get the best movement of the heads from the cutter bar to the auger.

Combine adjustments - in addition to material conveyance and cutting height, lower yields and uneven crop flow may also require performing combine adjustments to the concave/rotor cage clearance, cylinder/rotor speed, and fan speed. Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations.

Summary -although this will be a rough wheat harvest for many farmers, some changes can be made to help maximize harvest efficiencies. If you have ever wanted to try an alternate header (stripper, flex-draper, etc.), this may be the year for you. For those not wanting to buy, renting may also be a viable option.

Producers in dryland production systems need to keep in mind that in very low-yielding wheat years, anything that can be done to preserve what little crop residue is present will have large impacts on evaporative losses and productivity of the next crop.

Information provided by Lucas Haag, NW Area Crops specialist and Ajay Sharda, Extension Agricultural Engineer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>In many areas of Kansas, prolonged drought has resulted in short wheat and thin stands. Harvesting wheat in these situations can be a challenge. Special attention needs to be given to cutting height, machine adjustments, and operator control. In short wheat, getting the heads into the combine with less straw will be a challenge. In some cases, the reel may not be able to effectively convey the wheat back from the cutter bar to the auger, nor hold it in place during cutting. Short cutting will also mean more contact potential with the ground and reduced levels of surface residue which will likely negatively impact moisture storage.In the case of material conveyance, stripper headers, air reels, and draper headers may be a great help. The information in this article has been condensed considerably, for the full article go to our web site at www.cottonwood.ksu.eduStripper headers - stripper headers allow the grain to be harvested efficiently while leaving the maximum amount of standing residue in the field. Research has shown that this preservation of wheat residue can reduce evaporative losses of water after harvest, aid in the moisture retention of snow, and improve the yields of next year’s crop.Air reels - air reels will also aid in the material conveyance from the cutter bar to the auger in reel-type units when crops are light or thin. These units are made in several different types including finger air reels, non-reel, and units that fit over existing reels. Examples of manufacturers are Crary (West Fargo, ND) and AWS (Mitchell, Ontario Canada).Draper headers and flex heads - draper headers may help with the conveyance of material since they have a very short distance between the cutterbar the conveyance belt. The ability to tip the cutterbar completely back will aid in keeping harvested crop material moving across the cutter bar and onto the belt as well as ensuring some stubble remains standing on the soil surface.Flex heads will also help deal with the lower cutting heights and potential ground strikes. In thin wheat stands, it is even more important that sickles and guards are in good condition as there is less crop material pushing into the cutting area, which would normally help ensure cutting by worn sickles and guards.If harvesting with a draper or flex header, maintain the cutting height as high as possible to preserve standing stubble. Typically, cutting wheat at two-thirds of its full height will result in losses of less than 0.5 percent as any missed heads contain light weight grain that will be lost as tailings during the harvesting process.Conventional headers - for many farmers, new equipment may not be an economical choice and you may have to make do with a conventional head on your combine. In this case, adjust the reel to get the best movement of the heads from the cutter bar to the auger.Combine adjustments - in addition to material conveyance and cutting height, lower yields and uneven crop flow may also require performing combine adjustments to the concave/rotor cage clearance, cylinder/rotor speed, and fan speed. Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations.Summary -although this will be a rough wheat harvest for many farmers, some changes can be made to help maximize harvest efficiencies. If you have ever wanted to try an alternate header (stripper, flex-draper, etc.), this may be the year for you. For those not wanting to buy, renting may also be a viable option.Producers in dryland production systems need to keep in mind that in very low-yielding wheat years, anything that can be done to preserve what little crop residue is present will have large impacts on evaporative losses and productivity of the next crop.Information provided by Lucas Haag, NW Area Crops specialist and Ajay Sharda, Extension Agricultural Engineer.

CAMPBELL: Considerations when harvesting short wheat

Cropping options to follow an early terminated wheat crop could be similar to those for full-season crops. At this point in the season, viable crop options are still corn, soybeans, grain sorghum and feed/hay crops.

Regardless of which crop you choose to plant, weed control will likely be needed. Despite insufficient precipitation to produce a crop, many fields will still have emerged weeds and all fields will have a weed seed bank likely to emerge and compete with the summer crop. In addition, any remaining wheat will need to be terminated. Burndown of summer annual weeds present at planting is essential for successful double-cropping. Glyphosate will be effective for terminating wheat, but if glyphosate-resistant kochia and/or pigweeds are present, alternative treatments such as paraquat may be required.

General agronomic considerations, herbicide carryover, and weed management are fully addressed in the full length article on our K-State Agronomy eUpdate electronic newsletter. Also you can subscribe to this weekly newsletter, it only takes a minute to subscribe and K-State Research &amp; Extension does not share your email with anyone. To subscribe https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/index_new_prep.php Or just type into your internet browser K-State Agronomy eUpdates.

Cover Crops - less information is available regarding the herbicide carryover potential of wheat herbicides to cover crops. There is little or no mention of rotational restrictions for specific cover crops on the labels of most herbicides. However, this does not mean there are no restrictions. Generally, there will be a statement indicating “no other crops” should be planted for a specified amount of time, or that a bioassay must be conducted before planting the crop. A bioassay is a fancy word meaning you simply take about 2 to 3 inches of top soil from field(s) in question and place the soil in some type of shallow container. Then plant at least 10 or more seeds of the intended crop to be planted, water and place in sunlight and see if the seed comes up and lives.

For more detailed information about herbicides, see the “2023 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland” guide available online at https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/CHEMWEEDGUIDE.pdf or come by the Cottonwood Extension Offices in Great Bend, 3007 10th Street or Hays, 601 Main Street for a paper copy.

The use of trade names is for clarity to readers and does not imply endorsement of a particular product, nor does exclusion imply non-approval. Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Cropping options to follow an early terminated wheat crop could be similar to those for full-season crops. At this point in the season, viable crop options are still corn, soybeans, grain sorghum and feed/hay crops.Regardless of which crop you choose to plant, weed control will likely be needed. Despite insufficient precipitation to produce a crop, many fields will still have emerged weeds and all fields will have a weed seed bank likely to emerge and compete with the summer crop. In addition, any remaining wheat will need to be terminated. Burndown of summer annual weeds present at planting is essential for successful double-cropping. Glyphosate will be effective for terminating wheat, but if glyphosate-resistant kochia and/or pigweeds are present, alternative treatments such as paraquat may be required.General agronomic considerations, herbicide carryover, and weed management are fully addressed in the full length article on our K-State Agronomy eUpdate electronic newsletter. Also you can subscribe to this weekly newsletter, it only takes a minute to subscribe and K-State Research &amp; Extension does not share your email with anyone. To subscribe https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/index_new_prep.php Or just type into your internet browser K-State Agronomy eUpdates.Cover Crops - less information is available regarding the herbicide carryover potential of wheat herbicides to cover crops. There is little or no mention of rotational restrictions for specific cover crops on the labels of most herbicides. However, this does not mean there are no restrictions. Generally, there will be a statement indicating “no other crops” should be planted for a specified amount of time, or that a bioassay must be conducted before planting the crop. A bioassay is a fancy word meaning you simply take about 2 to 3 inches of top soil from field(s) in question and place the soil in some type of shallow container. Then plant at least 10 or more seeds of the intended crop to be planted, water and place in sunlight and see if the seed comes up and lives.For more detailed information about herbicides, see the “2023 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland” guide available online at https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/CHEMWEEDGUIDE.pdf or come by the Cottonwood Extension Offices in Great Bend, 3007 10th Street or Hays, 601 Main Street for a paper copy.The use of trade names is for clarity to readers and does not imply endorsement of a particular product, nor does exclusion imply non-approval. Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Crop options after early terminated wheat

By COLE REIF Great Bend Post

There is a contested race for a Great Bend City Council position and the mayor seat, a city
council spot in Claflin and Hoisington is contested and there are four names on the ballot for
three positions for the Barton Community College Board of Trustees. Outside of
those races, there are many uncontested races or positions with no filings in
Barton County as the filing deadline approaches.

<a href="https://greatbendpost.com/posts/2c5706e9-35ea-4835-b8ef-cd5a473eb5bd">RELATED STORY: Councilmember Jimenez files for Great Bend mayor seat</a>

Barton County Elections
Officer Bev Schmeidler said those interested in filing for an elected position
must do so by 12 p.m. this Thursday, June 1 by visiting the Clerk’s Office inside the
Barton County Courthouse in Great Bend. "We have a filing packet paperwork that needs to be filled out," said Schmeidler. "You have to sign the front page in front of us. There is a $20 filing fee. We cannot accept anything after noon on Thursday." 
While the candidate filing deadline is June 1, the last day to register to vote for
the upcoming elections is July 11.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;

Barton County Candidate List 2023 (updated as of Thursday (6/1) afternoon)

Great Bend Mayor: Davis Jimenez, Cody Schmidt Councilmember 1st Ward: Brent Cox, Alan Moeder Councilmember 2nd Ward: Jolene Biggs Councilmember 3rd Ward: Cory Urban Councilmember 4th Ward: Natalie Towns, Rickee Maddox, Randolph Myers

Hoisington Mayor: Micah Ehler, Chris Kinman Councilmember 1st Ward: E.D. Coles, Becky Steiner Councilmember 2nd Ward: Darren Reinert Councilmember 3rd Ward: James Morris, Mike Davis Councilmember 4th Ward: No filings

Ellinwood Mayor: Irlan Fullbright Councilmember (elect 2): Scott Tillotson, Jon Prescott

Claflin Mayor: Mike Urban Councilmember (elect 2): J.D. Linville, Dan Michaelis, Corey Liebl, Donald Hurtgen Jr.

Albert Mayor: No filings Councilmember (elect 5): No filings

Galatia Mayor: No filings Councilmember (elect 5): No filings

Olmitz Mayor: No filings Councilmember (elect 2): No filings

Pawnee Rock Mayor: W. Paul Umble Councilmember (elect 2): Lakin Dill

Susank Mayor: No filings Councilmember (elect 5): No filings

USD 428 School Board (elect 4): Aaron Emerson, Karen Linberg, Sara Williams, Randy Wetzel, Marcus Herrera

USD 431 School Board (elect 4): Jessica Baze, Julia Debes, Rebecca Mooney, Kevin Patterson &nbsp; &nbsp;(1 unexpired): Neil Ochs

USD 355 School Board (elect 4): Donald Anderson II, John Sturn, Jason Winget, Debbie McCormick

Barton Community College Board of Trustees (elect 3): Cole Schwarz, Gary Burke, Mike Johnson, Dale Maneth

Ellinwood Hospital District Trustee (elect 2): Kathleen Hameeke Hines, Justin Lear

Cottonwood Extension District No. 17 Board (elect 2): Kathie Rondeau, Glenna Reinert

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1667579490352.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By COLE REIF Great Bend PostThere is a contested race for a Great Bend City Council position and the mayor seat, a city
council spot in Claflin and Hoisington is contested and there are four names on the ballot for
three positions for the Barton Community College Board of Trustees. Outside of
those races, there are many uncontested races or positions with no filings in
Barton County as the filing deadline approaches.<a href="https://greatbendpost.com/posts/2c5706e9-35ea-4835-b8ef-cd5a473eb5bd">RELATED STORY: Councilmember Jimenez files for Great Bend mayor seat</a>Barton County Elections
Officer Bev Schmeidler said those interested in filing for an elected position
must do so by 12 p.m. this Thursday, June 1 by visiting the Clerk’s Office inside the
Barton County Courthouse in Great Bend. "We have a filing packet paperwork that needs to be filled out," said Schmeidler. "You have to sign the front page in front of us. There is a $20 filing fee. We cannot accept anything after noon on Thursday." 
While the candidate filing deadline is June 1, the last day to register to vote for
the upcoming elections is July 11.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Barton County Candidate List 2023 (updated as of Thursday (6/1) afternoon)Great Bend Mayor: Davis Jimenez, Cody Schmidt Councilmember 1st Ward: Brent Cox, Alan Moeder Councilmember 2nd Ward: Jolene Biggs Councilmember 3rd Ward: Cory Urban Councilmember 4th Ward: Natalie Towns, Rickee Maddox, Randolph MyersHoisington Mayor: Micah Ehler, Chris Kinman Councilmember 1st Ward: E.D. Coles, Becky Steiner Councilmember 2nd Ward: Darren Reinert Councilmember 3rd Ward: James Morris, Mike Davis Councilmember 4th Ward: No filingsEllinwood Mayor: Irlan Fullbright Councilmember (elect 2): Scott Tillotson, Jon PrescottClaflin Mayor: Mike Urban Councilmember (elect 2): J.D. Linville, Dan Michaelis, Corey Liebl, Donald Hurtgen Jr.Albert Mayor: No filings Councilmember (elect 5): No filingsGalatia Mayor: No filings Councilmember (elect 5): No filingsOlmitz Mayor: No filings Councilmember (elect 2): No filingsPawnee Rock Mayor: W. Paul Umble Councilmember (elect 2): Lakin DillSusank Mayor: No filings Councilmember (elect 5): No filingsUSD 428 School Board (elect 4): Aaron Emerson, Karen Linberg, Sara Williams, Randy Wetzel, Marcus HerreraUSD 431 School Board (elect 4): Jessica Baze, Julia Debes, Rebecca Mooney, Kevin Patterson &nbsp; &nbsp;(1 unexpired): Neil OchsUSD 355 School Board (elect 4): Donald Anderson II, John Sturn, Jason Winget, Debbie McCormickBarton Community College Board of Trustees (elect 3): Cole Schwarz, Gary Burke, Mike Johnson, Dale ManethEllinwood Hospital District Trustee (elect 2): Kathleen Hameeke Hines, Justin LearCottonwood Extension District No. 17 Board (elect 2): Kathie Rondeau, Glenna Reinert

Filing deadline is Thursday, see who has filed in Barton Co.

This is the time to fertilize warm-season lawn grasses such as bermudagrass, buffalograss, and zoysiagrass. These species all thrive in warmer summer weather, so this is the time they respond best to fertilization. The most important nutrient is nitrogen (N), and these three species need it in varying amounts.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bermudagrass requires the most nitrogen. Bermudagrass used on athletic fields needs about 4 lbs. nitrogen per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season.&nbsp; High-quality home lawns are often given 3 pounds per 1000 square feet and low maintenance areas can get by on 2 lbs.. Apply this as separate applications, about 4 weeks apart consisting of 1 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. starting in early May for athletic fields.&nbsp; It is already too late for the May application, but the June application is just around the corner. The nitrogen can come from either a quick- or slow-release source. So any lawn fertilizer will work. Plan the last application for no later than August 15. This helps ensure the bermudagrass is not overstimulated, making it susceptible to winter-kill.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Zoysiagrass grows more slowly than bermudagrass and is prone to develop thatch.&nbsp; Consequently, it does not need as much nitrogen. In fact, too much is worse than too little. One and one-half to 2 pounds N per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season is sufficient. Split the total in two and apply once in early June and again around mid-July. Slow-release nitrogen is preferable but quick-release is acceptable. Slow-release nitrogen is sometimes listed as "slowly available" or "water insoluble."

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Buffalograss requires the least nitrogen of all lawn species commonly grown in Kansas. It will survive and persist with no supplemental nitrogen, but giving it one lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. will improve color and density. This application should be made in early June. For a little darker color, fertilize it as described for zoysiagrass in the previous paragraph, but do not apply more than a total of 2 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. in one season.&nbsp; As with zoysia, slow-release nitrogen is preferable, but fast-release is also OK. As for all turfgrasses, phosphorus and potassium are best applied according to soil test results because many soils already have adequate amounts of these nutrients for turfgrass growth. If you need to apply phosphorus or potassium, it is best to core aerate beforehand to ensure the nutrients reach the roots.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>This is the time to fertilize warm-season lawn grasses such as bermudagrass, buffalograss, and zoysiagrass. These species all thrive in warmer summer weather, so this is the time they respond best to fertilization. The most important nutrient is nitrogen (N), and these three species need it in varying amounts.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bermudagrass requires the most nitrogen. Bermudagrass used on athletic fields needs about 4 lbs. nitrogen per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season.&nbsp; High-quality home lawns are often given 3 pounds per 1000 square feet and low maintenance areas can get by on 2 lbs.. Apply this as separate applications, about 4 weeks apart consisting of 1 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. starting in early May for athletic fields.&nbsp; It is already too late for the May application, but the June application is just around the corner. The nitrogen can come from either a quick- or slow-release source. So any lawn fertilizer will work. Plan the last application for no later than August 15. This helps ensure the bermudagrass is not overstimulated, making it susceptible to winter-kill.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Zoysiagrass grows more slowly than bermudagrass and is prone to develop thatch.&nbsp; Consequently, it does not need as much nitrogen. In fact, too much is worse than too little. One and one-half to 2 pounds N per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season is sufficient. Split the total in two and apply once in early June and again around mid-July. Slow-release nitrogen is preferable but quick-release is acceptable. Slow-release nitrogen is sometimes listed as "slowly available" or "water insoluble."&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Buffalograss requires the least nitrogen of all lawn species commonly grown in Kansas. It will survive and persist with no supplemental nitrogen, but giving it one lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. will improve color and density. This application should be made in early June. For a little darker color, fertilize it as described for zoysiagrass in the previous paragraph, but do not apply more than a total of 2 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. in one season.&nbsp; As with zoysia, slow-release nitrogen is preferable, but fast-release is also OK. As for all turfgrasses, phosphorus and potassium are best applied according to soil test results because many soils already have adequate amounts of these nutrients for turfgrass growth. If you need to apply phosphorus or potassium, it is best to core aerate beforehand to ensure the nutrients reach the roots.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Fertilizing warm season

I have a special guest to introduce this week! Camille Dolechek will be working as our Summer Program Assistant this year and we’ll tell you a little about her.

She is excited to intern with Cottonwood Extension Office as a summer program assistant this summer. Camille is a Hoisington native from a farming and ranching family. She is currently attending Kansas State University studying Elementary Education.

Camille is looking forward to assisting with the Barton County Fair, day camps, and working with agents. Growing up, she participated in 4-H, and 4-H is a fantastic program to learn life skills. She also looks forward to seeing the 4-H participants show their animals and arts and crafts this summer!

We are excited to have Camille on-board this summer and hope to let her experience all areas of Extension work. She has jumped in to assist in the office and is helping at a Day Camp the 4-H Junior Leaders are holding on Wednesday. Extension is all about learning experiences and we appreciate the ability to provide to our summer assistants with experiences as much as the communities we serve. Be sure to look for Camille at Extension events and the Barton County Fair this summer!

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>I have a special guest to introduce this week! Camille Dolechek will be working as our Summer Program Assistant this year and we’ll tell you a little about her.She is excited to intern with Cottonwood Extension Office as a summer program assistant this summer. Camille is a Hoisington native from a farming and ranching family. She is currently attending Kansas State University studying Elementary Education.Camille is looking forward to assisting with the Barton County Fair, day camps, and working with agents. Growing up, she participated in 4-H, and 4-H is a fantastic program to learn life skills. She also looks forward to seeing the 4-H participants show their animals and arts and crafts this summer!<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/5/1685243405118.jpeg" alt="Camille Dolechek" />
 <figcaption>Camille Dolechek</figcaption>
 </figure>We are excited to have Camille on-board this summer and hope to let her experience all areas of Extension work. She has jumped in to assist in the office and is helping at a Day Camp the 4-H Junior Leaders are holding on Wednesday. Extension is all about learning experiences and we appreciate the ability to provide to our summer assistants with experiences as much as the communities we serve. Be sure to look for Camille at Extension events and the Barton County Fair this summer!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

BERAN: Dolechek joins Cottonwood Extension as summer intern

The Kansas Senior Farmer’s Market Nutrition Program is set to kick off on June 1, 2023. Are you at least 60 years old and meet income guidelines? Are you 55 years old and a member of an Indian Tribal Organization? Then you might qualify to receive free fruits, vegetables, cut herbs and honey from local farmers markets. Eligibility is determined by household size, but benefits are distributed individually, meaning any others in your household also meeting the age and income requirements may apply for and receive their own benefits.

Benefits are given out on a first-come, first-serve basis. If you qualify you will receive a booklet of 10, $5 coupons for a one-time annual benefit of $50 to purchase eligible foods from authorized farmers.

Goals of the Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program include:

· Increase consumption of fruits and vegetables for optimal health

· Increase direct marketing of Kansas foods

· Provide resources in the form of fresh, nutritious, unprepared, locally grown fruits, vegetables, herbs and honey from farmers markets to low income seniors

· Increase the domestic consumption of agricultural commodities by expanding or aiding in the expansion of domestic farmers markets

· Develop or aid in the development of new and additional farmers markets

The Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program is a project of the United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. The program is coordinated by the Kansas Department of Health and

Environment (KDHE), which is collaborating with local partners to identify and distribute checks to eligible seniors.

To apply in Ellis County please come down to the Cottonwood Extension office located at 601 Main Street and fill out an application. The office is open 8am-12 noon and 1-5pm. To apply in Barton County please contact the Barton County Health Department located at 1300 Kansas Avenue from 9am-5pm. 620-793-1902

If an individual cannot come into the office to fill out the paperwork they can appoint someone as a proxy to help them apply as well as pick up the produce for them. Please let us know if you have any other questions at the contact information below.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu

K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522176561.png" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>The Kansas Senior Farmer’s Market Nutrition Program is set to kick off on June 1, 2023. Are you at least 60 years old and meet income guidelines? Are you 55 years old and a member of an Indian Tribal Organization? Then you might qualify to receive free fruits, vegetables, cut herbs and honey from local farmers markets. Eligibility is determined by household size, but benefits are distributed individually, meaning any others in your household also meeting the age and income requirements may apply for and receive their own benefits.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/5/1685048037224.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Benefits are given out on a first-come, first-serve basis. If you qualify you will receive a booklet of 10, $5 coupons for a one-time annual benefit of $50 to purchase eligible foods from authorized farmers.Goals of the Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program include:· Increase consumption of fruits and vegetables for optimal health· Increase direct marketing of Kansas foods· Provide resources in the form of fresh, nutritious, unprepared, locally grown fruits, vegetables, herbs and honey from farmers markets to low income seniors· Increase the domestic consumption of agricultural commodities by expanding or aiding in the expansion of domestic farmers markets· Develop or aid in the development of new and additional farmers marketsThe Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program is a project of the United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. The program is coordinated by the Kansas Department of Health andEnvironment (KDHE), which is collaborating with local partners to identify and distribute checks to eligible seniors.To apply in Ellis County please come down to the Cottonwood Extension office located at 601 Main Street and fill out an application. The office is open 8am-12 noon and 1-5pm. To apply in Barton County please contact the Barton County Health Department located at 1300 Kansas Avenue from 9am-5pm. 620-793-1902If an individual cannot come into the office to fill out the paperwork they can appoint someone as a proxy to help them apply as well as pick up the produce for them. Please let us know if you have any other questions at the contact information below.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.eduK-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Kansas Senior Farmer’s Market Nutrition Program

The Hoisington Public Library, 169 S. Walnut, will host “Healthy Body, Healthy Brain” at 6 p.m. June 8 with Monique Koerner, K-State Research and Extension Family and Community Wellness Agent.

This topic covers the connection between the brain and gut and what you can do to keep both healthy.

Also covered will be developing a diverse microbiome and how to get one.

“We are looking forward to having Monique here and learning new ways to keep ourselves healthy,” said Karen La Pierre, director, HPL.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522176561.png" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>The Hoisington Public Library, 169 S. Walnut, will host “Healthy Body, Healthy Brain” at 6 p.m. June 8 with Monique Koerner, K-State Research and Extension Family and Community Wellness Agent.This topic covers the connection between the brain and gut and what you can do to keep both healthy.Also covered will be developing a diverse microbiome and how to get one.“We are looking forward to having Monique here and learning new ways to keep ourselves healthy,” said Karen La Pierre, director, HPL.

Hoisington Library to host 'Healthy Body, Healthy Brain'

This year’s short, thin wheat crop is generating some discussion regarding what to do with weeds at this point in the growing season. Broadleaf weeds that grow rapidly at the end of the growing season present several potential concerns, such as harvest difficulties, dockage problems, weed seed production, and soil water depletion. Unfortunately, once wheat has reached the boot stage, there are no herbicide options until wheat begins to dry down and herbicides can be applied as harvest aids. The decision to spend resources on an herbicide application that will not directly influence crop yield is a difficult decision to make; however, pre-harvest applications may be beneficial this year.

Herbicides labeled for use as harvest aids in wheat are listed below. There are differences in how quickly they act to control the weeds, the interval requirement between application and grain harvest, and the level or length of control achieved. All of them will require thorough spray coverage to be the most effective. Paraquat is sometimes mentioned as a possible herbicide for pre-harvest application but is not labeled for pre-harvest treatment in wheat. Application of paraquat to wheat is an illegal treatment and can result in quarantine and destruction of the harvested grain, along with severe fines.

Herbicides for use as pre-harvest weed control options in wheat. Metsulfuron (Ally, others), 2,4-D LVE, Dicamba, Glyphosate, Carfentrazone (Aim EC, others) and Saflufenacil (Sharpen).

For more detailed information such as weeds controlled, application timing pre-harvest interval (PHI), use rates, etc. refer to, “2023 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland” guide is available online <a href="https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/CHEMWEEDGUIDE.pdf">HERE</a>, or check with your local K-State Research and Extension office for a paper copy.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>This year’s short, thin wheat crop is generating some discussion regarding what to do with weeds at this point in the growing season. Broadleaf weeds that grow rapidly at the end of the growing season present several potential concerns, such as harvest difficulties, dockage problems, weed seed production, and soil water depletion. Unfortunately, once wheat has reached the boot stage, there are no herbicide options until wheat begins to dry down and herbicides can be applied as harvest aids. The decision to spend resources on an herbicide application that will not directly influence crop yield is a difficult decision to make; however, pre-harvest applications may be beneficial this year.Herbicides labeled for use as harvest aids in wheat are listed below. There are differences in how quickly they act to control the weeds, the interval requirement between application and grain harvest, and the level or length of control achieved. All of them will require thorough spray coverage to be the most effective. Paraquat is sometimes mentioned as a possible herbicide for pre-harvest application but is not labeled for pre-harvest treatment in wheat. Application of paraquat to wheat is an illegal treatment and can result in quarantine and destruction of the harvested grain, along with severe fines.Herbicides for use as pre-harvest weed control options in wheat. Metsulfuron (Ally, others), 2,4-D LVE, Dicamba, Glyphosate, Carfentrazone (Aim EC, others) and Saflufenacil (Sharpen).For more detailed information such as weeds controlled, application timing pre-harvest interval (PHI), use rates, etc. refer to, “2023 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland” guide is available online <a href="https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/CHEMWEEDGUIDE.pdf">HERE</a>, or check with your local K-State Research and Extension office for a paper copy.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Pre-harvest weed control in wheat

First identified in 2008 as a potential pest of soybeans in the United States, trochanter mealybugs (Pseudococcus sp.) have a wide variety of hosts, including corn, sorghum and alfalfa. While their role as a pest of soybean is still not fully understood, it appears that this mealybug has the potential to be a problem in alfalfa and multiple infestations have been reported in southwest Kansas this season.

Trochanter mealybugs are small (~2mm) unarmored, scale insects. They are flattened, whitish, and wax-covered and feed on plant roots removing fluids from the plant with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Due to their small size and life history, they often go undetected. The motionless mealybugs you see with a dense wax coating are all females; large egg sacs are produced under the wax when mature. The eggs hatch and the immature “crawlers” are how the mealybugs disperse between plants. This stage is difficult to control because they can hide in extremely tight spaces. Males, who do not feed, will often go unnoticed as they are smaller, winged and look nothing like the females.

Mealybugs are also moved readily in irrigation water as the waxy covering on their bodies helps them survive being submerged. These insects tend to move the greatest distances with the help of ants. In fact, increased ant activity in infested fields is often noticed before mealybugs are discovered. The ants are tending the mealybugs to eat the honeydew the bugs excrete and in turn the ants protect them from predators.

Plants infested with these mealybugs typically look like they have a potassium deficiency with yellowed leaf margins, stunted growth, and parts of a field may fail to adequately green up. If fields display these symptoms and they cannot be explained by other factors, plants should be dug up and roots examined for the presence of these insects. Again, the presence of ants may be a clue and often small, sunken trails on the soil surface can be found that ants are using to move mealybugs around the field in.

There are no thresholds or control measures for this pest, and it is important to note that their waxy covering would make mealybugs very hard to control with contact insecticides, even when feeding in exposed locations. Crop rotation may help, but this pest can survive on several crop and weed species. Attempts to control the ants in a field would not eliminate the mealybug population.

The distribution of these mealybugs in Kansas alfalfa is not well understood. If you do find trochanter mealybugs in your fields, please do not hesitate to contact your local extension agent. To see pictures of this pest in Kansas alfalfa fields, simply type mealybugs in alfalfa, ksu into your internet browser box.

Information provided by Anthony Zukoff, Extension Entomologist in Garden City.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>First identified in 2008 as a potential pest of soybeans in the United States, trochanter mealybugs (Pseudococcus sp.) have a wide variety of hosts, including corn, sorghum and alfalfa. While their role as a pest of soybean is still not fully understood, it appears that this mealybug has the potential to be a problem in alfalfa and multiple infestations have been reported in southwest Kansas this season.Trochanter mealybugs are small (~2mm) unarmored, scale insects. They are flattened, whitish, and wax-covered and feed on plant roots removing fluids from the plant with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Due to their small size and life history, they often go undetected. The motionless mealybugs you see with a dense wax coating are all females; large egg sacs are produced under the wax when mature. The eggs hatch and the immature “crawlers” are how the mealybugs disperse between plants. This stage is difficult to control because they can hide in extremely tight spaces. Males, who do not feed, will often go unnoticed as they are smaller, winged and look nothing like the females.Mealybugs are also moved readily in irrigation water as the waxy covering on their bodies helps them survive being submerged. These insects tend to move the greatest distances with the help of ants. In fact, increased ant activity in infested fields is often noticed before mealybugs are discovered. The ants are tending the mealybugs to eat the honeydew the bugs excrete and in turn the ants protect them from predators.Plants infested with these mealybugs typically look like they have a potassium deficiency with yellowed leaf margins, stunted growth, and parts of a field may fail to adequately green up. If fields display these symptoms and they cannot be explained by other factors, plants should be dug up and roots examined for the presence of these insects. Again, the presence of ants may be a clue and often small, sunken trails on the soil surface can be found that ants are using to move mealybugs around the field in.There are no thresholds or control measures for this pest, and it is important to note that their waxy covering would make mealybugs very hard to control with contact insecticides, even when feeding in exposed locations. Crop rotation may help, but this pest can survive on several crop and weed species. Attempts to control the ants in a field would not eliminate the mealybug population.The distribution of these mealybugs in Kansas alfalfa is not well understood. If you do find trochanter mealybugs in your fields, please do not hesitate to contact your local extension agent. To see pictures of this pest in Kansas alfalfa fields, simply type mealybugs in alfalfa, ksu into your internet browser box.Information provided by Anthony Zukoff, Extension Entomologist in Garden City.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Mealybugs active in southwest Kansas

One thing more destructive than the moth may be the cat trying to chase it. The spring season has seen an abundance of army cutworms, more commonly called millers or moths, in central Kansas. The moths may not know it, but Alicia Boor, agriculture and natural resources agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Research and Extension, said the insects are migrating to be bear food.

"That's why we're seeing all these moths," she said. "They're actually migrating up to the mountains. They spend the summer in the mountains, and that's where the grizzly bears will find them. They say their fat content equals about a half-calorie per moth, so grizzly bears can eat up to 40,000 of them in a day as they're preparing over the summer for their winter hibernation."

Boor said moth populations ebb and flow like most things in nature, but dry conditions may be a cause for more of the insects than usual this year. While they can damage certain crops as larvae, that is usually the exception rather than the norm.

"The army cutworm really thrives on winter annuals," Boor said. "Sometimes you'll see army cutworm damage out of wheat and other winter annuals that are out in the field. You can have them in your lawn but that's not as common."

As adults, moths feed on nectar and are a food source for other animals. The term "miller" is used for any moth that arrives in large numbers and applies to various species of the insect.&nbsp;

Female cutworm adults deposit 1,000-3,000 eggs on the soil surface or under dirt clods. Given susceptibility to soil-borne fungi, low soil moisture may reduce fungal activity and result in more larvae making it into adulthood. Larvae tend to eat the tender blades of wheat, but often leave behind the parts that make regrowth possible. When food sources run out, an "army" of larvae may move to find more food sources.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/5/1684348532004.jpeg" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>By MIKE COURSON Great Bend PostOne thing more destructive than the moth may be the cat trying to chase it. The spring season has seen an abundance of army cutworms, more commonly called millers or moths, in central Kansas. The moths may not know it, but Alicia Boor, agriculture and natural resources agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Research and Extension, said the insects are migrating to be bear food."That's why we're seeing all these moths," she said. "They're actually migrating up to the mountains. They spend the summer in the mountains, and that's where the grizzly bears will find them. They say their fat content equals about a half-calorie per moth, so grizzly bears can eat up to 40,000 of them in a day as they're preparing over the summer for their winter hibernation."Boor said moth populations ebb and flow like most things in nature, but dry conditions may be a cause for more of the insects than usual this year. While they can damage certain crops as larvae, that is usually the exception rather than the norm."The army cutworm really thrives on winter annuals," Boor said. "Sometimes you'll see army cutworm damage out of wheat and other winter annuals that are out in the field. You can have them in your lawn but that's not as common."As adults, moths feed on nectar and are a food source for other animals. The term "miller" is used for any moth that arrives in large numbers and applies to various species of the insect.&nbsp;Female cutworm adults deposit 1,000-3,000 eggs on the soil surface or under dirt clods. Given susceptibility to soil-borne fungi, low soil moisture may reduce fungal activity and result in more larvae making it into adulthood. Larvae tend to eat the tender blades of wheat, but often leave behind the parts that make regrowth possible. When food sources run out, an "army" of larvae may move to find more food sources.The larvae finish feeding in late April and early May, burrow into the soil, and emerge two to three weeks later as the moth. To avoid daylight, they burrow in cracks and crevices and become a nuisance to property owners. Turning off porch lights at night and replacing white lights with yellow lights can help reduce the number of moths attracted to a residence.A researcher at Yellowstone has noted the importance of the moths to bear populations, especially as other food sources decline. Reduction in the numbers of moths in the Midwest due to pesticides will impact that food source for bears in the West.&nbsp;