Fall is a good time to control weedy brome species, such as downy brome, Japanese brome and Cheat. This article will discuss some identifying characteristics of downy brome, as well as control measures.

Ecology of downy brome Downy brome (Bromus tectorum) is native to the Mediterranean area and was introduced to New York and Pennsylvania during the late 1800’s. It can be found throughout Kansas in upland settings, often in over-grazed pastures. Downy brome is a winter annual grass that typically emerges in the fall, but can also emerge in early spring (Figure 1). It produces seeds in late spring and is typically the first of the common weedy bromes to flower in spring.

Identification Key identifying features of downy brome and other weedy brome species are shown in Table 1. Seedling leaves have a clockwise twist and are covered with soft hairs. The closed sheath is also covered with soft hairs. The ligule is a fringed membrane. Mature plants can reach up to 2 feet tall with leaves up to 5 inches long. Mature leaves also have long short hairs on both surfaces. Downy brome produces an extensive root system that reaches up to 4 feet deep and is very efficient at withdrawing water from the soil.

Table 1. Identifying features that distinguish among downy brome, Japanese brome, and cheat.

The inflorescence or seed head is in an open, droopy, loose branching clusters of seed heads about 7 inches long. Each spikelet contains 4-8 seeds. Spikelets are tipped with an awn approximately 0.75 inches long. The awns facilitate seed dispersal by attaching to animals’ coats and may cause injury to the mouths and eyes of grazing animals.

Management There is some evidence that once established in a native area, downy brome cannot be dislodged. However, it is possible to control downy brome in winter annual crops such as wheat or canola. Control in wheat is critical, as data suggest that downy brome infestations of approximately 9 plants per square foot can reduce wheat yields 20 to 40%.

Few herbicides labeled for winter wheat will provide excellent control of downy brome and cheat grass. However, fall applications of herbicides such as Olympus, Outrider, or PowerFlex generally provide greater suppression than spring applications. Acceptable control of downy brome and cheat can be achieved by planting Clearfield or CoAxium varieties and applying Beyond or Aggressor herbicides, respectively.

Controlling downy brome in rotational crops is an excellent integrated management strategy. For example, grass weeds are more easily controlled in roundup ready winter canola or with fall or early spring applications of glyphosate before planting a summer crop.

Information provided by Sarah Lancaster, K-State Extension Weed Specialist.

Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430, if after hours please leave a voice-mail for a return call.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574181994278.png" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Fall is a good time to control weedy brome species, such as downy brome, Japanese brome and Cheat. This article will discuss some identifying characteristics of downy brome, as well as control measures.Ecology of downy brome Downy brome (Bromus tectorum) is native to the Mediterranean area and was introduced to New York and Pennsylvania during the late 1800’s. It can be found throughout Kansas in upland settings, often in over-grazed pastures. Downy brome is a winter annual grass that typically emerges in the fall, but can also emerge in early spring (Figure 1). It produces seeds in late spring and is typically the first of the common weedy bromes to flower in spring.Identification Key identifying features of downy brome and other weedy brome species are shown in Table 1. Seedling leaves have a clockwise twist and are covered with soft hairs. The closed sheath is also covered with soft hairs. The ligule is a fringed membrane. Mature plants can reach up to 2 feet tall with leaves up to 5 inches long. Mature leaves also have long short hairs on both surfaces. Downy brome produces an extensive root system that reaches up to 4 feet deep and is very efficient at withdrawing water from the soil.Table 1. Identifying features that distinguish among downy brome, Japanese brome, and cheat.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/12/1607696800445.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>The inflorescence or seed head is in an open, droopy, loose branching clusters of seed heads about 7 inches long. Each spikelet contains 4-8 seeds. Spikelets are tipped with an awn approximately 0.75 inches long. The awns facilitate seed dispersal by attaching to animals’ coats and may cause injury to the mouths and eyes of grazing animals.Management There is some evidence that once established in a native area, downy brome cannot be dislodged. However, it is possible to control downy brome in winter annual crops such as wheat or canola. Control in wheat is critical, as data suggest that downy brome infestations of approximately 9 plants per square foot can reduce wheat yields 20 to 40%.Few herbicides labeled for winter wheat will provide excellent control of downy brome and cheat grass. However, fall applications of herbicides such as Olympus, Outrider, or PowerFlex generally provide greater suppression than spring applications. Acceptable control of downy brome and cheat can be achieved by planting Clearfield or CoAxium varieties and applying Beyond or Aggressor herbicides, respectively.Controlling downy brome in rotational crops is an excellent integrated management strategy. For example, grass weeds are more easily controlled in roundup ready winter canola or with fall or early spring applications of glyphosate before planting a summer crop.Information provided by Sarah Lancaster, K-State Extension Weed Specialist.Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430, if after hours please leave a voice-mail for a return call.

CAMPBELL: World of Weeds: Downy brome

I. OPENING BUSINESS: A. Call Meeting to Order. B. Roll Call taken by County Clerk. C. Recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance. D. Consider Approval of the Agenda. E. Consider the minutes of November 2, 2020, November 9, 2020, and November 23, 2020, Regular Meetings Minutes of December 7, 2020, Regular Meeting are not available.&nbsp; F. Any citizen wishing to make statements during the discussion of any item must first be recognized by the Commission Chair. After being recognized, that person should state their name and the name of any organization represented. Statements should be limited to five minutes. G. Cell phones and other electronic devices, other than those used by the media and law enforcement, should be shut off.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;

II.&nbsp;OLD BUSINESS: -There is no Old Business at this time.

III.&nbsp;NEW BUSINESS - All new business to be considered by the Commission will be heard at this time.&nbsp; A. COUNTY CLERK: Approval of Township Treasurer Bonds:&nbsp; -Pursuant to K.S.A. 80-203, before entering office, the township treasurer shall execute a bond in an amount determined by the County Commissioners. The amount and sufficiency of the bond shall be conditioned upon the faithful discharge of the treasurer's duties. The bond shall then be filed in the office of the County Clerk. Bev Schmeidler, Deputy County Clerk, will provide a recommendation for such township official bonds.&nbsp; B. COUNTY CLERK'S OFFICE: Request for Approval - Added/Abated/Escaped/Refunded Taxes: -Ms. Schmeidler will present a listing of Added/Abated/Edcaped/Refunded Taxes. Orders for these actions are kept on file in the County Clerk's Office. These are used to correct assessments and are requested by the County Appraiser's Office or the County Clerk's Office.&nbsp; C. USDA DISTANCE LEARNING AND TELEMEDICINE GRANT PROGRAM: Matching Funds: -Barton, Ellsworth, Rice and Russell Counties were awarded the USDA Distance Learning and Telemedicine Grant award for $781,126.96. During the October 26, 2020 agenda meeting, the Commissioners directed Sue Cooper, Grant Coordinator, to search for additional funding to be used for Barton County's required portion of the match, totaling $84,242.31. Funds have been awarded through the Dorothy M. Morrison Foundation and the Golden Belt Community Foundation. Ms. Cooper will provide details.&nbsp; D. COUNTY WORKS: Update of Equipment Radios: -The County Works Department has mounted radios in equipment to facilitate work assignments. Darren Williams, County Works Director, requests authority to replace a portion of those units with 800 megahertz radios. The suggested project includes refurbished Motorola XTL 2500 radios, antenna, and installation. If approved, it is suggested that the billings be paid through the Equipment Replacement Fund. Mr. Williams will provide details.&nbsp; E. BOARD APPOINTMENT: Memorial Parks Advisory Committee: -The Memorial Parks Advisory Committee is charged with advising and assisting the Commission regarding the care and maintenance of the Barton County Owned and Operated Memorial Parks and Cemetery. With not less than five, nor more than seven members, there are two positions open, terming in July 2024. Mr. Williams will provide details.&nbsp;&nbsp; F. BOARD APPOINTMENT: The Center for Counseling and Consultation: -The County solicited applicants for The Center for Counseling and Consultation Governing Board. This Board reviews and makes recommendations on mental health services in Barton County and the surrounding area. Richard Bealer has applied for an unexpired position. Phil Hathcock, County Administrator, will provide details.&nbsp; G. FIRE DISTRICT NO. 2: Appointment of a Board of Trustees: -Per Resolution 2018-10, which created Fire District No. 2, the members of the Fire District Board of Trustees shall consist of not more than one (1) appointee from each participating township and not more than one (1) from each participating city. Trustee positions were advertised for North and South Homestead Township and for the City of Susank for terms expiring in 2022 and an unfilled position for Union Township which would term in 2021.&nbsp; H. OCCUPANCY AGREEMENTS: 12th and Kansas, Great Bend: -As a means of community support, the Cottonwood Extension Council and the State of Kansas Parole office are housed in the county office building at 1208 Kansas, Great Bend. Each agency reimburses Barton County for a portion of the building's utility costs. The proposed agreements are set to expire December 31, 2021. Mr. Hathcock will provide details.&nbsp;

IV. ENDING BUSINESS -After new items are heard by the Commission, the following items, including announcements, will be heard.&nbsp; A. ANNOUNCEMENTS: -Following the close of the Agenda Meeting, the Commission will consider the authorization of personnel changes for classified positions, sign any documentation approved during the agenda meeting or sign any other documentation required for regular County business. Similar action may take place throughout the day. -County officials may attend the Republican Committee meeting on Tuesday, December 15, 2020, at 7:00 pm at the Barton County Courthouse, 1400 Main, Great Bend, Kansas.&nbsp; B. APPOINTMENTS: Although subject to change, the following appointments have been scheduled: 9:45 a.m. or following the close of the Agenda Meeting - MRT Tower Lease Update-Dena Popp, 911 Director.&nbsp; 10:00 a.m. - Renewal of Office 365 - Dereck Hollingshead, Network Administrator. 10:45 a.m. - Regular Business Discussion - Phil Hathcock, County Administrator.&nbsp; THE COUNTY EDITION, KVGB-AM - Thursdays at 11:05 a.m. Members of the Health Department are scheduled for December 17, 2020.&nbsp; &nbsp;

V. OTHER BUSINESS: A. Discussion Items. B. Citizens or organizations may present requests or proposals for initial consideration.&nbsp; C. The Commissioners are available to the Public on Mondays during regular business hours. D. The Commissioners may, individually, schedule personal appointments related to County business at their discretion.&nbsp; E. The next Regular Meeting will be at 9:00 a.m., Monday, December 21, 2020.&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/10/1603471494276.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>I. OPENING BUSINESS: A. Call Meeting to Order. B. Roll Call taken by County Clerk. C. Recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance. D. Consider Approval of the Agenda. E. Consider the minutes of November 2, 2020, November 9, 2020, and November 23, 2020, Regular Meetings Minutes of December 7, 2020, Regular Meeting are not available.&nbsp; F. Any citizen wishing to make statements during the discussion of any item must first be recognized by the Commission Chair. After being recognized, that person should state their name and the name of any organization represented. Statements should be limited to five minutes. G. Cell phones and other electronic devices, other than those used by the media and law enforcement, should be shut off.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;II.&nbsp;OLD BUSINESS: -There is no Old Business at this time. III.&nbsp;NEW BUSINESS - All new business to be considered by the Commission will be heard at this time.&nbsp; A. COUNTY CLERK: Approval of Township Treasurer Bonds:&nbsp; -Pursuant to K.S.A. 80-203, before entering office, the township treasurer shall execute a bond in an amount determined by the County Commissioners. The amount and sufficiency of the bond shall be conditioned upon the faithful discharge of the treasurer's duties. The bond shall then be filed in the office of the County Clerk. Bev Schmeidler, Deputy County Clerk, will provide a recommendation for such township official bonds.&nbsp; B. COUNTY CLERK'S OFFICE: Request for Approval - Added/Abated/Escaped/Refunded Taxes: -Ms. Schmeidler will present a listing of Added/Abated/Edcaped/Refunded Taxes. Orders for these actions are kept on file in the County Clerk's Office. These are used to correct assessments and are requested by the County Appraiser's Office or the County Clerk's Office.&nbsp; C. USDA DISTANCE LEARNING AND TELEMEDICINE GRANT PROGRAM: Matching Funds: -Barton, Ellsworth, Rice and Russell Counties were awarded the USDA Distance Learning and Telemedicine Grant award for $781,126.96. During the October 26, 2020 agenda meeting, the Commissioners directed Sue Cooper, Grant Coordinator, to search for additional funding to be used for Barton County's required portion of the match, totaling $84,242.31. Funds have been awarded through the Dorothy M. Morrison Foundation and the Golden Belt Community Foundation. Ms. Cooper will provide details.&nbsp; D. COUNTY WORKS: Update of Equipment Radios: -The County Works Department has mounted radios in equipment to facilitate work assignments. Darren Williams, County Works Director, requests authority to replace a portion of those units with 800 megahertz radios. The suggested project includes refurbished Motorola XTL 2500 radios, antenna, and installation. If approved, it is suggested that the billings be paid through the Equipment Replacement Fund. Mr. Williams will provide details.&nbsp; E. BOARD APPOINTMENT: Memorial Parks Advisory Committee: -The Memorial Parks Advisory Committee is charged with advising and assisting the Commission regarding the care and maintenance of the Barton County Owned and Operated Memorial Parks and Cemetery. With not less than five, nor more than seven members, there are two positions open, terming in July 2024. Mr. Williams will provide details.&nbsp;&nbsp; F. BOARD APPOINTMENT: The Center for Counseling and Consultation: -The County solicited applicants for The Center for Counseling and Consultation Governing Board. This Board reviews and makes recommendations on mental health services in Barton County and the surrounding area. Richard Bealer has applied for an unexpired position. Phil Hathcock, County Administrator, will provide details.&nbsp; G. FIRE DISTRICT NO. 2: Appointment of a Board of Trustees: -Per Resolution 2018-10, which created Fire District No. 2, the members of the Fire District Board of Trustees shall consist of not more than one (1) appointee from each participating township and not more than one (1) from each participating city. Trustee positions were advertised for North and South Homestead Township and for the City of Susank for terms expiring in 2022 and an unfilled position for Union Township which would term in 2021.&nbsp; H. OCCUPANCY AGREEMENTS: 12th and Kansas, Great Bend: -As a means of community support, the Cottonwood Extension Council and the State of Kansas Parole office are housed in the county office building at 1208 Kansas, Great Bend. Each agency reimburses Barton County for a portion of the building's utility costs. The proposed agreements are set to expire December 31, 2021. Mr. Hathcock will provide details.&nbsp;IV. ENDING BUSINESS -After new items are heard by the Commission, the following items, including announcements, will be heard.&nbsp; A. ANNOUNCEMENTS: -Following the close of the Agenda Meeting, the Commission will consider the authorization of personnel changes for classified positions, sign any documentation approved during the agenda meeting or sign any other documentation required for regular County business. Similar action may take place throughout the day. -County officials may attend the Republican Committee meeting on Tuesday, December 15, 2020, at 7:00 pm at the Barton County Courthouse, 1400 Main, Great Bend, Kansas.&nbsp; B. APPOINTMENTS: Although subject to change, the following appointments have been scheduled: 9:45 a.m. or following the close of the Agenda Meeting - MRT Tower Lease Update-Dena Popp, 911 Director.&nbsp; 10:00 a.m. - Renewal of Office 365 - Dereck Hollingshead, Network Administrator. 10:45 a.m. - Regular Business Discussion - Phil Hathcock, County Administrator.&nbsp; THE COUNTY EDITION, KVGB-AM - Thursdays at 11:05 a.m. Members of the Health Department are scheduled for December 17, 2020.&nbsp; &nbsp;V. OTHER BUSINESS: A. Discussion Items. B. Citizens or organizations may present requests or proposals for initial consideration.&nbsp; C. The Commissioners are available to the Public on Mondays during regular business hours. D. The Commissioners may, individually, schedule personal appointments related to County business at their discretion.&nbsp; E. The next Regular Meeting will be at 9:00 a.m., Monday, December 21, 2020.&nbsp;&nbsp;VI. ADJOURN

Barton County Commission agenda (Dec. 14)

K-State Research and Extension, along with several Extension Districts in north central KS, are bringing an ONLINE program to help producers with cattle marketing and end-of-year tax considerations.

This program will be held on Tuesday, December 15th at 7:00 p.m. There is no cost to join this program.

There will be two main speakers for this program. The first speaker will be Glynn Tonsor, Agriculture Economist for K-State Research and Extension. Glynn will discuss selling wintered calves, the subsequent spring, and selling calves at weaning in the fall. The second speaker will be Clay Simons, Executive Agriculture Economist for Kansas Farm Management Association. Clay will be discussing end of year tax considerations for cattle producers.

After each session, we will be hosting a question and answer dialogue for the participants. If you are unable to join, we will record the session so you can view it later. To join the “virtual” meeting go to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bit.ly/ksucattle">www.bit.ly/ksucattle</a>&nbsp;and provide us your name and email. A link will then be sent to the email that you provide to join the meeting on December 15th.

If you have any questions or need help signing up, contact any of the Extension Offices in the following Districts of Central KS, Cottonwood, Midway, Post Rock or River Valley.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>K-State Research and Extension, along with several Extension Districts in north central KS, are bringing an ONLINE program to help producers with cattle marketing and end-of-year tax considerations.This program will be held on Tuesday, December 15th at 7:00 p.m. There is no cost to join this program.There will be two main speakers for this program. The first speaker will be Glynn Tonsor, Agriculture Economist for K-State Research and Extension. Glynn will discuss selling wintered calves, the subsequent spring, and selling calves at weaning in the fall. The second speaker will be Clay Simons, Executive Agriculture Economist for Kansas Farm Management Association. Clay will be discussing end of year tax considerations for cattle producers.After each session, we will be hosting a question and answer dialogue for the participants. If you are unable to join, we will record the session so you can view it later. To join the “virtual” meeting go to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bit.ly/ksucattle">www.bit.ly/ksucattle</a>&nbsp;and provide us your name and email. A link will then be sent to the email that you provide to join the meeting on December 15th.If you have any questions or need help signing up, contact any of the Extension Offices in the following Districts of Central KS, Cottonwood, Midway, Post Rock or River Valley.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: KSU online cattle marketing program

In 2020 we may have to become more creative to connect with our family. Holidays are typically the one time of year that families from near and far gather for a family celebration. This normally allows families to build or rebuild relationships and create memories that last forever.

Strong families make building relationships a priority and plan for activities that help boost that relationship-building. The time spent together helps build resiliency in children. The term resilience has been used more this year than ever before. Elaine Johannes was the featured speaker last week on “Parenting Through a Pandemic” series with Kansas 4-H. Her topic was “Conversation about family resilience: Getting ready for the winter/holiday break together”. Elaine’s recorded presentation for all to listen to is posted at www.kansas4-h.org under Hot Topics and Parenting through a Pandemic.

Following are some activities that are not expensive to do and they may just help strengthen your family. Make a plan by placing a date on the calendar for one or more of the following activities:

· Have a family game night. Choose a game that is fun and includes everyone in the activity.

· Watch a special family movie with popcorn and other snacks to make it a special night.

· Cook together! Baking or preparing special foods or treats are a great way to instill cooking skills in youth. Young children can wash vegetables, set the table or frost cookies.

· Make time for each child individually to build a sense of belonging.

· If you are able to gather with grandparents, have them share stories of the past to help connect their values and beliefs with today.

· List five people that you plan to connect with. Do something special for them. Make a card and give them some encouragement. Deliver a small food package or a small gift basket. Give them a call.

One article I read reported that “Kindness boosts resilience”. Be kind and help build resilience in your family.

Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at bunruh@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="written by: Berny Unruh. Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Berny Unruh. Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>In 2020 we may have to become more creative to connect with our family. Holidays are typically the one time of year that families from near and far gather for a family celebration. This normally allows families to build or rebuild relationships and create memories that last forever.Strong families make building relationships a priority and plan for activities that help boost that relationship-building. The time spent together helps build resiliency in children. The term resilience has been used more this year than ever before. Elaine Johannes was the featured speaker last week on “Parenting Through a Pandemic” series with Kansas 4-H. Her topic was “Conversation about family resilience: Getting ready for the winter/holiday break together”. Elaine’s recorded presentation for all to listen to is posted at www.kansas4-h.org under Hot Topics and Parenting through a Pandemic.Following are some activities that are not expensive to do and they may just help strengthen your family. Make a plan by placing a date on the calendar for one or more of the following activities:· Have a family game night. Choose a game that is fun and includes everyone in the activity.· Watch a special family movie with popcorn and other snacks to make it a special night.· Cook together! Baking or preparing special foods or treats are a great way to instill cooking skills in youth. Young children can wash vegetables, set the table or frost cookies.· Make time for each child individually to build a sense of belonging.· If you are able to gather with grandparents, have them share stories of the past to help connect their values and beliefs with today.· Share or start a family tradition· List five people that you plan to connect with. Do something special for them. Make a card and give them some encouragement. Deliver a small food package or a small gift basket. Give them a call.One article I read reported that “Kindness boosts resilience”. Be kind and help build resilience in your family.Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at bunruh@ksu.edu.

UNRUH: Connecting and building resilience

The Barton County 4-H Holding Board has awarded a $600 scholarship to Dalton Dicks.

The 4-H Holding Board, Inc is a not-for-profit corporation and all funds are used for the benefit of 4-H youth in Barton County.

Dalton is a freshman at Wichita State University pursuing a degree in Media Arts which include programs in audio and video production, film making, and more. As an eleven-year member of the Busy Buzzers 4-H Club, he put his talents to work this summer by coordinating and producing a for the Barton County Fair with the 4-H Ambassadors. He held many leadership roles at both the club and county level. In addition to a variety of 4-H project areas, Dalton was involved in many citizenship projects.

He noted that one of the 4-H honors he is most proud of having received is the “I Dare You” Leadership award and the Key Award. Both recognize his active involvement and leadership roles throughout his 4-H career.

Outside of 4-H, Dalton was involved in many school activities including debate, KAYS, Scholars Bowl, as well as an accomplished musician.

Dalton is the son of Shane and Hayley Dicks.

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development agent for the Cottonwood Extension District – Barton County office. She can be reached at 620-793-1910 or mberan@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/12/1607611540701.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>The Barton County 4-H Holding Board has awarded a $600 scholarship to Dalton Dicks.The 4-H Holding Board, Inc is a not-for-profit corporation and all funds are used for the benefit of 4-H youth in Barton County.Dalton is a freshman at Wichita State University pursuing a degree in Media Arts which include programs in audio and video production, film making, and more. As an eleven-year member of the Busy Buzzers 4-H Club, he put his talents to work this summer by coordinating and producing a for the Barton County Fair with the 4-H Ambassadors. He held many leadership roles at both the club and county level. In addition to a variety of 4-H project areas, Dalton was involved in many citizenship projects.He noted that one of the 4-H honors he is most proud of having received is the “I Dare You” Leadership award and the Key Award. Both recognize his active involvement and leadership roles throughout his 4-H career.Outside of 4-H, Dalton was involved in many school activities including debate, KAYS, Scholars Bowl, as well as an accomplished musician.Dalton is the son of Shane and Hayley Dicks.Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development agent for the Cottonwood Extension District – Barton County office. She can be reached at 620-793-1910 or mberan@ksu.edu.

4-H scholarship awarded to Dalton Dicks

This past summer seemed to be a year in which farmers and ranchers had more weeds in their pastures, or at least they noticed some specific weeds that were more prevalent this year.

On Thursday, Dec. 10 for a short one-hour period from 3 to 4:00 p.m. K-State Research &amp; Extension specialist will discuss pasture management practices, grazing strategies, weed identification and control.

This is a free virtual/on-line program, but you do need to register in order to get the link connection at www.postrock.ksu.edu A Live You Tube connection will also be available at the Cottonwood Extension District Facebook page at www.cottonwood.ksu.edu

If you have questions, call the Cottonwood District office in Great Bend at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/12/1607612372596.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>This past summer seemed to be a year in which farmers and ranchers had more weeds in their pastures, or at least they noticed some specific weeds that were more prevalent this year.On Thursday, Dec. 10 for a short one-hour period from 3 to 4:00 p.m. K-State Research &amp; Extension specialist will discuss pasture management practices, grazing strategies, weed identification and control.This is a free virtual/on-line program, but you do need to register in order to get the link connection at www.postrock.ksu.edu A Live You Tube connection will also be available at the Cottonwood Extension District Facebook page at www.cottonwood.ksu.eduIf you have questions, call the Cottonwood District office in Great Bend at 620-793-1910.

Virtual pasture management and weed control program TODAY

We call the holidays the season of giving, and unfortunately, sometimes that doesn’t just mean gifts of gratitude. Along with toys, technology and gifts of food, we occasionally send our loved ones’ home with something no one wants – viruses that cause flu or this year COVID-19.

Some of the spread of germs is related to increased personal contact with other people. This is not a good time to relax the habits of good hygiene. A little extra effort goes a long way to stopping the spread of illnesses this time of year. A little hand hygiene, cough coverage and common sense will go a long way to keeping your family healthy and happy through the holidays.

It seems easy enough – wash your hands often. But in the hustle and bustle of the holidays, sometimes those good habits are put aside. All it takes is someone with dirty hands to reach into the candy bowl and leave a virus behind.

It’s important to wash your hands at every step in the food preparation process. Whenever you touch your face or hair, or after sneezing or coughing into your hand you will want to wash again . Reminding children to wash up after they have been playing outside, or with the family pet is another good reminder.

The correct way to wash hands is to wet them with warm water and lather the soap; a process that should take 20 seconds. Make sure you wash the cuticle area and around jewelry especially well before rinsing. Keep a clean hand towel near every sink or consider switching to paper towels that can be disposed of. Keep hand sanitizers handy for those extra times when soap and water are not available. Earlier this year I enlisted the help of students at TLC Discoveries after school program to create a video demonstrating efficient and thorough hand washing. There is a cute song at the end of the video that little ones can sing while they are lathering the soap on their hands. Visit https://spark.adobe.com/video/rPZOMzD0vteAX to watch the short video.

Other things you can do to avoid becoming ill during the holidays include getting plenty of rest and eating right. It’s a great time to increase the number of fruits and vegetables on your plate. Also, make time in your day for some quiet time to reflect and relax. Keeping the stress level down will help promote health. Limit visits with people who have a compromised immune system, especially if you have any symptoms of illness.

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research and Extension. You may contact her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>We call the holidays the season of giving, and unfortunately, sometimes that doesn’t just mean gifts of gratitude. Along with toys, technology and gifts of food, we occasionally send our loved ones’ home with something no one wants – viruses that cause flu or this year COVID-19.Some of the spread of germs is related to increased personal contact with other people. This is not a good time to relax the habits of good hygiene. A little extra effort goes a long way to stopping the spread of illnesses this time of year. A little hand hygiene, cough coverage and common sense will go a long way to keeping your family healthy and happy through the holidays.It seems easy enough – wash your hands often. But in the hustle and bustle of the holidays, sometimes those good habits are put aside. All it takes is someone with dirty hands to reach into the candy bowl and leave a virus behind.It’s important to wash your hands at every step in the food preparation process. Whenever you touch your face or hair, or after sneezing or coughing into your hand you will want to wash again . Reminding children to wash up after they have been playing outside, or with the family pet is another good reminder.The correct way to wash hands is to wet them with warm water and lather the soap; a process that should take 20 seconds. Make sure you wash the cuticle area and around jewelry especially well before rinsing. Keep a clean hand towel near every sink or consider switching to paper towels that can be disposed of. Keep hand sanitizers handy for those extra times when soap and water are not available. Earlier this year I enlisted the help of students at TLC Discoveries after school program to create a video demonstrating efficient and thorough hand washing. There is a cute song at the end of the video that little ones can sing while they are lathering the soap on their hands. Visit https://spark.adobe.com/video/rPZOMzD0vteAX to watch the short video.Other things you can do to avoid becoming ill during the holidays include getting plenty of rest and eating right. It’s a great time to increase the number of fruits and vegetables on your plate. Also, make time in your day for some quiet time to reflect and relax. Keeping the stress level down will help promote health. Limit visits with people who have a compromised immune system, especially if you have any symptoms of illness.Stay well and safe this holiday season!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research and Extension. You may contact her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KRUG: Spread joy, not germs this holiday season

Looking for ways to expand your farm or community’s revenue base? To help sustain farms and communities in western Kansas and neighboring states in the Central Arkansas River Basin, a Food-Energy-Water (FEWtures) study is underway to expand use of wind and solar energy to support agriculture. Researchers at the University of Kansas, Kansas State University, and elsewhere are evaluating technologies to use renewable energy for local scale treatment of poor-quality water and to produce ammonia. Ammonia can be used for fertilizer or to store energy for future use.

If you farm or ranch in or near the study, we’d appreciate your input and opinions. A map of study area and counties is listed below. The survey typically takes about 10 minutes to complete. FEWtures Survey

Or paste this link in your browser: https://kusurvey.ca1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0HeVc5yanIcf3md

Counties in Central Arkansas River Basin Study Area:

Kansas: Barber, Barton, Clark, Comanche, Edwards, Finney, Ford, Franklin, Grant, Gray, Greeley, Hamilton, Haskell, Hodgeman, Kearny, Kiowa, Lane, Meade, Morton, Ness, Pawnee, Pratt, Rush, Scott, Seward, Stafford, Stanton, Stevens, Wichita

Colorado: Baca, Bent, Crowley, Kiowa, Las Animas, Otero, Prowers,

Oklahoma: Beaver, Beckham, Cimarron, Custer, Dewey, Ellis, Greer, Harmon, Harper, Kiowa, Major, Roger Mills, Texas, Washita, Woods, Woodward

Texas: Armstrong, Carson, Collingsworth, Dallam, Deaf Smith, Donley, Gray, Hansford, Hartley, Hemphill, Hutchinson, Lipscomb, Moore, Ochiltree, Potter, Roberts, Sherman, Wheeler

New Mexico: Curry, Harding, Quay, Union Contacts for questions about the survey or the research project: FEWtures@ku.edu; Susan Stover SusanStover@ku.edu; or Amber Campbell ambercampbell@ksu.edu

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574181994278.png" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Looking for ways to expand your farm or community’s revenue base? To help sustain farms and communities in western Kansas and neighboring states in the Central Arkansas River Basin, a Food-Energy-Water (FEWtures) study is underway to expand use of wind and solar energy to support agriculture. Researchers at the University of Kansas, Kansas State University, and elsewhere are evaluating technologies to use renewable energy for local scale treatment of poor-quality water and to produce ammonia. Ammonia can be used for fertilizer or to store energy for future use.If you farm or ranch in or near the study, we’d appreciate your input and opinions. A map of study area and counties is listed below. The survey typically takes about 10 minutes to complete. FEWtures SurveyOr paste this link in your browser: https://kusurvey.ca1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0HeVc5yanIcf3md<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/12/1607364591935.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Counties in Central Arkansas River Basin Study Area:Kansas: Barber, Barton, Clark, Comanche, Edwards, Finney, Ford, Franklin, Grant, Gray, Greeley, Hamilton, Haskell, Hodgeman, Kearny, Kiowa, Lane, Meade, Morton, Ness, Pawnee, Pratt, Rush, Scott, Seward, Stafford, Stanton, Stevens, WichitaColorado: Baca, Bent, Crowley, Kiowa, Las Animas, Otero, Prowers,Oklahoma: Beaver, Beckham, Cimarron, Custer, Dewey, Ellis, Greer, Harmon, Harper, Kiowa, Major, Roger Mills, Texas, Washita, Woods, WoodwardTexas: Armstrong, Carson, Collingsworth, Dallam, Deaf Smith, Donley, Gray, Hansford, Hartley, Hemphill, Hutchinson, Lipscomb, Moore, Ochiltree, Potter, Roberts, Sherman, WheelerNew Mexico: Curry, Harding, Quay, Union Contacts for questions about the survey or the research project: FEWtures@ku.edu; Susan Stover SusanStover@ku.edu; or Amber Campbell ambercampbell@ksu.edu

CAMPBELL: Food-Energy-Water study in central High Plains asks for producers' input

Is an air fryer the best thing for your family? There is not an easy answer to that question. Each year there seems to be a new kitchen appliance on the market and a decision has to be made about the value of that gadget for you or for the family. The participants in the five “Healthier Options with an Air Fryer” presentations over the last month shared their experiences but still had many questions.

Before purchasing an air fryer it would be helpful to understand how the appliance works and the features that are available with the different brands and models. Air fryers cook food by circulating extremely hot air around the food. In some models the unit contains a basket to hold food, an electric heating element and a fan to circulate the hot air. There are other models that resemble a toaster oven or a small tabletop oven but there is still a fan to circulate hot air.

During our class the first topic of discussion was to list the advantages and the disadvantages of this small appliance. The first item on the benefit list is they can provide a healthier alternative to conventional frying because they use little or no oil during the cooking process. They also are easy to clean and most are easy to operate. Using this small appliance will eliminate having to heat up the big oven especially in the summer. In most cases the food does cook faster.

However, those who owned or had used the air fryer also voiced concerns. For those with small kitchens and not much countertop space, it is necessary to move the small appliance to the pantry or to another space to store it when not in use. For those with large families, it might be

necessary to prepare two or more batches of the food if the appliance is not large enough. The biggest complaint from our audience was that the booklet that comes with the appliance lacked complete instructions for how to use it and there were very few recipes included.

One lesson learned was that if you have a convection oven or a toaster oven with the convection feature then you already have an “air fryer”. With a convection oven it is usually thought that the food is “baked”, but really it operates the same as the air fryer appliance. Another reminder is that with any new item in the kitchen, it will take time to learn the tricks but with practice it will become easier.

If you were unable to attend the Healthy Cooking with an Air Fryer presentations but would like the information and recipes from the class, please contact me at bunruh@ksu.edu or call the Extension Office at 785-628-9430 and we would be glad to share the information with you.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="written by: Berny Unruh - Unruh is a Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Berny Unruh - Unruh is a Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Is an air fryer the best thing for your family? There is not an easy answer to that question. Each year there seems to be a new kitchen appliance on the market and a decision has to be made about the value of that gadget for you or for the family. The participants in the five “Healthier Options with an Air Fryer” presentations over the last month shared their experiences but still had many questions.Before purchasing an air fryer it would be helpful to understand how the appliance works and the features that are available with the different brands and models. Air fryers cook food by circulating extremely hot air around the food. In some models the unit contains a basket to hold food, an electric heating element and a fan to circulate the hot air. There are other models that resemble a toaster oven or a small tabletop oven but there is still a fan to circulate hot air.During our class the first topic of discussion was to list the advantages and the disadvantages of this small appliance. The first item on the benefit list is they can provide a healthier alternative to conventional frying because they use little or no oil during the cooking process. They also are easy to clean and most are easy to operate. Using this small appliance will eliminate having to heat up the big oven especially in the summer. In most cases the food does cook faster.However, those who owned or had used the air fryer also voiced concerns. For those with small kitchens and not much countertop space, it is necessary to move the small appliance to the pantry or to another space to store it when not in use. For those with large families, it might benecessary to prepare two or more batches of the food if the appliance is not large enough. The biggest complaint from our audience was that the booklet that comes with the appliance lacked complete instructions for how to use it and there were very few recipes included.One lesson learned was that if you have a convection oven or a toaster oven with the convection feature then you already have an “air fryer”. With a convection oven it is usually thought that the food is “baked”, but really it operates the same as the air fryer appliance. Another reminder is that with any new item in the kitchen, it will take time to learn the tricks but with practice it will become easier.If you were unable to attend the Healthy Cooking with an Air Fryer presentations but would like the information and recipes from the class, please contact me at bunruh@ksu.edu or call the Extension Office at 785-628-9430 and we would be glad to share the information with you.Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at bunruh@ksu.edu.

UNRUH: Tell me more about air fryers

I like puzzles! Jigsaw puzzles, brain teasers, crossword, and sudoku! I know you’re thinking “Thanks for sharing and so what?” Let me share a little of my experience with puzzles and how it ties to youth development.

One of my favorite time-occupying activities is to play sudoku on my phone. When I first started, I generally only played the easy games. I tried the harder ones a time or two and didn’t get it the first time so gave up.

As I’ve continued to play, however, I tried a couple of challenges and figured out some ways to help me be more successful. In addition, I realized that if I lose, it wasn’t a bit deal and I just move on to the next one! As my experience increased, so did my confidence and skill level.

We often expect young people to know how to behave and handle themselves in a variety of settings where they have no or limited experience. 4-H provides opportunities for youth to begin learning at a basic level and gradually increase their responsibility and involvement in a project or activity. Many 4-H members start out with club roles of song leader or recreation leader and by serving on committees. A nine-year-old just isn’t ready to be the club president but give that nine-year-old a few years of learning and exposure to more complicated roles and at 15 or 16, they are ready to set the example for younger members!

In the same manner, providing our young people with small decisions allows them to build experience and confidence in their resources and skills when they need to begin making crucial decisions. We were fortunate to be able to fly with our kids a couple of times when they were young. They were handed our tickets and told to figure out our next gate and how to get there; of course, we were available as resources. As their confidence grew in their environment, they had more latitude to coordinate our travel. Would it have been easier if I had just done it? Sure! But I wouldn’t have raised two world travelers who were able to handle themselves when flights got rearranged and they – as high school students – found themselves flying into a foreign country and navigating the customs process by themselves.

Youth can start at a very early age to make decisions and learn about their resources.

Have them help you make a grocery list and then give them the list for shopping. Yes, you will be with them as a resource but they are learning about planning and budgeting as well as nutritional content. Do you have a garden space and a kiddo who is interested in how things grow? Provide them with resources and work through the planning process with them. One of our 4-H members works with her grandpa each year on their garden and her horticulture project. She is learning incredible things from a knowledgeable resource and is taking a larger role each year in the planning.

Starting with small puzzles helps all of us understand our resources, build knowledge, and increase our confidence in the decisions that we make!

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1579114162620.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>I like puzzles! Jigsaw puzzles, brain teasers, crossword, and sudoku! I know you’re thinking “Thanks for sharing and so what?” Let me share a little of my experience with puzzles and how it ties to youth development.One of my favorite time-occupying activities is to play sudoku on my phone. When I first started, I generally only played the easy games. I tried the harder ones a time or two and didn’t get it the first time so gave up.As I’ve continued to play, however, I tried a couple of challenges and figured out some ways to help me be more successful. In addition, I realized that if I lose, it wasn’t a bit deal and I just move on to the next one! As my experience increased, so did my confidence and skill level.We often expect young people to know how to behave and handle themselves in a variety of settings where they have no or limited experience. 4-H provides opportunities for youth to begin learning at a basic level and gradually increase their responsibility and involvement in a project or activity. Many 4-H members start out with club roles of song leader or recreation leader and by serving on committees. A nine-year-old just isn’t ready to be the club president but give that nine-year-old a few years of learning and exposure to more complicated roles and at 15 or 16, they are ready to set the example for younger members!In the same manner, providing our young people with small decisions allows them to build experience and confidence in their resources and skills when they need to begin making crucial decisions. We were fortunate to be able to fly with our kids a couple of times when they were young. They were handed our tickets and told to figure out our next gate and how to get there; of course, we were available as resources. As their confidence grew in their environment, they had more latitude to coordinate our travel. Would it have been easier if I had just done it? Sure! But I wouldn’t have raised two world travelers who were able to handle themselves when flights got rearranged and they – as high school students – found themselves flying into a foreign country and navigating the customs process by themselves.Youth can start at a very early age to make decisions and learn about their resources.Have them help you make a grocery list and then give them the list for shopping. Yes, you will be with them as a resource but they are learning about planning and budgeting as well as nutritional content. Do you have a garden space and a kiddo who is interested in how things grow? Provide them with resources and work through the planning process with them. One of our 4-H members works with her grandpa each year on their garden and her horticulture project. She is learning incredible things from a knowledgeable resource and is taking a larger role each year in the planning.Starting with small puzzles helps all of us understand our resources, build knowledge, and increase our confidence in the decisions that we make!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.

BERAN: I like puzzles

Too often producers do not notice mustard weeds in their wheat fields until the mustards start to bloom in the spring. As a result, producers often do not think about control until that time. Although it is still possible to get some control at that time with herbicides, mustards are much more difficult to control at that stage and often have already reduced wheat yields by then.

To minimize yield losses, mustards should be controlled by late winter or very early spring, before the stems begin to elongate. If mustards are present in the fall, they can be controlled with ALS-inhibiting herbicides such as Ally, Amber, Finesse, Affinity, Rave, Olympus, or PowerFlex. Huskie, Talinor, Quelex, 2,4-D, and MCPA can also provide good control of most mustards if the weeds are at the right stage of growth and actively growing, and if the wheat is at the correct growth stage. However, wheat should be fully tillered before applying 2,4-D or tillering will be inhibited. Dicamba and Starane are not very effective for mustard control.

In the late winter or early spring, blue mustard is perhaps the most difficult of the winter annual broadleaf weeds to control because it bolts very early. To be effective on blue mustard, herbicides typically need to be applied in late February or early March. Blue mustard is more difficult to control than tansy mustard with 2,4-D because blue mustard has often already bolted by the time 2,4-D can be safely applied to wheat. Thus, 2,4-D often is applied too late to be effective on blue mustard.

Flixweed and tansy mustard should be treated when they are no larger than two to three inches across and two to three inches tall. As these plants become larger, the control decreases dramatically. Ester formulations of 2,4-D and MCPA are more effective on tansy mustard and flixweed than amine formulations. Field pennycress is easier to control than tansy mustard or flixweed. Herbicide applications made before the pennycress bolts are usually effective.

Most ALS-inhibiting herbicides control winter annual mustards very well, although there are populations of bushy wall flower (treacle mustard) and flixweed in Kansas that are ALS-resistant and cannot be controlled by these products. Alternative measures will be needed to control these populations. The best approach to control ALS-resistant broadleaf weeds is to use other herbicides or tank-mixes with 2,4-D, MCPA, Huskie, or Talinor. None of these herbicides have much residual control, so the majority of weeds need to be emerged and actively growing at the time of treatment.

Some producers commonly apply ALS herbicides with fertilizer in January or February. Unfortunately, MCPA, 2,4-D, and Huskie are most effective when applied to actively growing weeds, so application when weeds are dormant may not provide good control. As a result, if an

ALS-inhibitor tank-mix with one of these herbicides is applied to dormant ALS-resistant mustards in the winter, poor control could occur.

Crop rotation with corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and sunflowers is a good way of managing mustards as long as they are controlled in the spring prior to producing seed. Crop rotation will usually result in a gradual reduction of mustard populations in the future as the seedbank in the soil decreases.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574181994278.png" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Too often producers do not notice mustard weeds in their wheat fields until the mustards start to bloom in the spring. As a result, producers often do not think about control until that time. Although it is still possible to get some control at that time with herbicides, mustards are much more difficult to control at that stage and often have already reduced wheat yields by then.To minimize yield losses, mustards should be controlled by late winter or very early spring, before the stems begin to elongate. If mustards are present in the fall, they can be controlled with ALS-inhibiting herbicides such as Ally, Amber, Finesse, Affinity, Rave, Olympus, or PowerFlex. Huskie, Talinor, Quelex, 2,4-D, and MCPA can also provide good control of most mustards if the weeds are at the right stage of growth and actively growing, and if the wheat is at the correct growth stage. However, wheat should be fully tillered before applying 2,4-D or tillering will be inhibited. Dicamba and Starane are not very effective for mustard control.In the late winter or early spring, blue mustard is perhaps the most difficult of the winter annual broadleaf weeds to control because it bolts very early. To be effective on blue mustard, herbicides typically need to be applied in late February or early March. Blue mustard is more difficult to control than tansy mustard with 2,4-D because blue mustard has often already bolted by the time 2,4-D can be safely applied to wheat. Thus, 2,4-D often is applied too late to be effective on blue mustard.Flixweed and tansy mustard should be treated when they are no larger than two to three inches across and two to three inches tall. As these plants become larger, the control decreases dramatically. Ester formulations of 2,4-D and MCPA are more effective on tansy mustard and flixweed than amine formulations. Field pennycress is easier to control than tansy mustard or flixweed. Herbicide applications made before the pennycress bolts are usually effective.Most ALS-inhibiting herbicides control winter annual mustards very well, although there are populations of bushy wall flower (treacle mustard) and flixweed in Kansas that are ALS-resistant and cannot be controlled by these products. Alternative measures will be needed to control these populations. The best approach to control ALS-resistant broadleaf weeds is to use other herbicides or tank-mixes with 2,4-D, MCPA, Huskie, or Talinor. None of these herbicides have much residual control, so the majority of weeds need to be emerged and actively growing at the time of treatment.Some producers commonly apply ALS herbicides with fertilizer in January or February. Unfortunately, MCPA, 2,4-D, and Huskie are most effective when applied to actively growing weeds, so application when weeds are dormant may not provide good control. As a result, if anALS-inhibitor tank-mix with one of these herbicides is applied to dormant ALS-resistant mustards in the winter, poor control could occur.Crop rotation with corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and sunflowers is a good way of managing mustards as long as they are controlled in the spring prior to producing seed. Crop rotation will usually result in a gradual reduction of mustard populations in the future as the seedbank in the soil decreases.Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430, if after hours please leave a voice-mail for a return call.

CAMPBELL: Control of mustards in wheat - Timely treatment is important

It doesn’t seem possible that it has been three years since our Cottonwood Extension District formed, joining the K-State Research &amp; Extension operations for Barton and Ellis Counties. As our team of seven agents and two support staff work hard to bring research based, non-biased information to lifelong learners in our area, I am excited report some of the successes of 2020.

I hope you have had an opportunity to utilize our services in the past year. 2020 provided many challenges for families, but some neat learning opportunities were created by those challenges. As virtual meetings and educational programs became the norm, participants, young and old, adapted to the world of technology.

Perhaps your family is involved in 4-H or an after-school program. If so, we have two experienced agents, Michelle Beran and Susan Schlichting, leading the youth development program in the Cottonwood District. If you visit the Kansas 4-H web site you will find links to the Clover classroom with project challenges in photography, pollinators and communication, with more to come in 2021.

Our District Agriculture and Natural Resource agents. Alicia Boor and Stacy Campbell, have specialized to focus on livestock programming and crops respectively. Both Alicia and Stacy have produced teaching videos related to hot topics that are posted on our Cottonwood District Face book page.

Master gardeners in Ellis and Barton Counties receive guidance from our District Horticulture Agent, Lauren Fick. Lauren has worked hard to provide a fresh new look on our web sites’ horticulture page. She also prides herself in answering yard, garden and tree questions in a timely manner.

And finally, Berny Unruh and I are committed to bringing Extension educational programming related to nutrition, health and wellness, food safety, family resource management, aging issues, and family life in general. The Stay Strong, Stay Healthy workshop that focuses on strength, balance and flexibility, reached 70 individuals district wide in 2020. More workshops are scheduled for 2021.

I would be remiss not to mention our two experienced office professionals. Brenda Walton, in the Great Bend office, takes the lead with the finances for the district while Theresa Meis, in the Hays office, focuses on communicating our efforts through newsletters and our web site. Both Brenda and Theresa handle a multitude of other duties that keep our offices running smoothly.

It is great news that K-State Research and Extension has answers to many of life’s questions, typically at no or low cost. Unlike what you might find through a Google search, the answers we provide are research based and non-biased. I hope you will take a look at our Cottonwood web site and like our Cottonwood Facebook page. We hope to see you at some of our upcoming programs.

While our Cottonwood Executive Board remains the same for next year, it is not too early to consider stepping up and running for a position during 2021. There will be two positions on the ballot in both Barton and Ellis Counties next year. If you have questions about what serving on our board would entail, feel free to give me a call.

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>It doesn’t seem possible that it has been three years since our Cottonwood Extension District formed, joining the K-State Research &amp; Extension operations for Barton and Ellis Counties. As our team of seven agents and two support staff work hard to bring research based, non-biased information to lifelong learners in our area, I am excited report some of the successes of 2020.I hope you have had an opportunity to utilize our services in the past year. 2020 provided many challenges for families, but some neat learning opportunities were created by those challenges. As virtual meetings and educational programs became the norm, participants, young and old, adapted to the world of technology.Perhaps your family is involved in 4-H or an after-school program. If so, we have two experienced agents, Michelle Beran and Susan Schlichting, leading the youth development program in the Cottonwood District. If you visit the Kansas 4-H web site you will find links to the Clover classroom with project challenges in photography, pollinators and communication, with more to come in 2021.Our District Agriculture and Natural Resource agents. Alicia Boor and Stacy Campbell, have specialized to focus on livestock programming and crops respectively. Both Alicia and Stacy have produced teaching videos related to hot topics that are posted on our Cottonwood District Face book page.Master gardeners in Ellis and Barton Counties receive guidance from our District Horticulture Agent, Lauren Fick. Lauren has worked hard to provide a fresh new look on our web sites’ horticulture page. She also prides herself in answering yard, garden and tree questions in a timely manner.And finally, Berny Unruh and I are committed to bringing Extension educational programming related to nutrition, health and wellness, food safety, family resource management, aging issues, and family life in general. The Stay Strong, Stay Healthy workshop that focuses on strength, balance and flexibility, reached 70 individuals district wide in 2020. More workshops are scheduled for 2021.I would be remiss not to mention our two experienced office professionals. Brenda Walton, in the Great Bend office, takes the lead with the finances for the district while Theresa Meis, in the Hays office, focuses on communicating our efforts through newsletters and our web site. Both Brenda and Theresa handle a multitude of other duties that keep our offices running smoothly.It is great news that K-State Research and Extension has answers to many of life’s questions, typically at no or low cost. Unlike what you might find through a Google search, the answers we provide are research based and non-biased. I hope you will take a look at our Cottonwood web site and like our Cottonwood Facebook page. We hope to see you at some of our upcoming programs.While our Cottonwood Executive Board remains the same for next year, it is not too early to consider stepping up and running for a position during 2021. There will be two positions on the ballot in both Barton and Ellis Counties next year. If you have questions about what serving on our board would entail, feel free to give me a call.Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu.

KRUG: Cottonwood Extension District is making an impact

In this crazy year of upset plans, health concerns, and unsettledness, I have heard a lot about self-care. Taking care of ourselves is extremely important as we cannot care for others if we are tapped out.

One of the areas of self-care that I have worked on this year is mindfulness. Mindfulness is defined as the practice of purposely bringing one’s attention to experiences in the present moment without judgement. The definition includes that it is a skill that develops through practice. In other words, it doesn’t just happen by accident.

Making time for being present – being in the moment – takes work and is a skill that I, as a people-focused, service-oriented individual, don’t do very well. I am getting better at it, however.

I am making time to sit with my cup of coffee and listen to the wind chimes several mornings each week with my dog snuggled in my lap and just be quiet. I am making time to connect with family and be completely engaged in the conversation. This may mean turning off or putting away my phone.

When our daughter was small, we started a tradition of Saturday “Ladies Lunch”. Now, this wasn’t anything fancy and we were usually just picking up groceries. My only rule was that the restaurant had to be somewhere with waitstaff. Not only were we practicing table manners but our daughter knew that for that time, she had my undivided attention. We were building a wonderful (but certainly not perfect!) relationship. When she was in college, she would occasionally call to ask if I could meet her halfway for “Ladies Lunch” so that we could catch up and have some priceless, focused time together. This was one way to model mindfulness at its best!

Some of my favorite moments can happen in the next few weeks. I love to sit with just the Christmas tree lights on and soak up the flickering colors and shiny ornaments as I reflect on family and friends.

Have you ever watched a small child when they see something fascinating? The sheer delight on their face and contagious giggle is hard to beat – and it happens because they are completely in the moment!

It is hard as adults to put away our stresses, concerns, and fears to be completely in the moment. It is a good skill to model for young people. It does not mean ignoring our responsibilities but gives us the ability to better address the hard things in our days.

Over the next few weeks, make time to stop for a few minutes…..just listen to your heart, to nature, to your favorite music, to a child’s laughter. Pick up a book of inspirational quotes or devotions. If you are with family or friends, put your phone away and turn off the tv to be fully engaged in the conversation.

Mindfulness takes practice and now is a perfect time to get started!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1579114162620.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>In this crazy year of upset plans, health concerns, and unsettledness, I have heard a lot about self-care. Taking care of ourselves is extremely important as we cannot care for others if we are tapped out.One of the areas of self-care that I have worked on this year is mindfulness. Mindfulness is defined as the practice of purposely bringing one’s attention to experiences in the present moment without judgement. The definition includes that it is a skill that develops through practice. In other words, it doesn’t just happen by accident.Making time for being present – being in the moment – takes work and is a skill that I, as a people-focused, service-oriented individual, don’t do very well. I am getting better at it, however.I am making time to sit with my cup of coffee and listen to the wind chimes several mornings each week with my dog snuggled in my lap and just be quiet. I am making time to connect with family and be completely engaged in the conversation. This may mean turning off or putting away my phone.When our daughter was small, we started a tradition of Saturday “Ladies Lunch”. Now, this wasn’t anything fancy and we were usually just picking up groceries. My only rule was that the restaurant had to be somewhere with waitstaff. Not only were we practicing table manners but our daughter knew that for that time, she had my undivided attention. We were building a wonderful (but certainly not perfect!) relationship. When she was in college, she would occasionally call to ask if I could meet her halfway for “Ladies Lunch” so that we could catch up and have some priceless, focused time together. This was one way to model mindfulness at its best!Some of my favorite moments can happen in the next few weeks. I love to sit with just the Christmas tree lights on and soak up the flickering colors and shiny ornaments as I reflect on family and friends.Have you ever watched a small child when they see something fascinating? The sheer delight on their face and contagious giggle is hard to beat – and it happens because they are completely in the moment!It is hard as adults to put away our stresses, concerns, and fears to be completely in the moment. It is a good skill to model for young people. It does not mean ignoring our responsibilities but gives us the ability to better address the hard things in our days.Over the next few weeks, make time to stop for a few minutes…..just listen to your heart, to nature, to your favorite music, to a child’s laughter. Pick up a book of inspirational quotes or devotions. If you are with family or friends, put your phone away and turn off the tv to be fully engaged in the conversation.Mindfulness takes practice and now is a perfect time to get started!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Practicing mindfulness

Hopefully your Thanksgiving holiday included some traditional dishes that reinforced positive memories. Whether you had turkey, dressing, or side dishes left over, it is important that you pay attention to food safety rules.

Since leftovers can be kept in the refrigerator for three to four days, you have until the Monday after Thanksgiving to eat all of those delicious leftovers or place them in the freezer to enjoy later. After four days, spoilage bacteria can cause food to develop a bad smell or taste.

Now let’s talk about the food safety of reheating leftovers. Be sure leftovers reach 165 degrees Fahrenheit, as measured with a food thermometer. Covering leftovers in the reheating process helps retain moisture and ensures that food will heat all the way through.

Additional reheating tips from the Foodsafety.gov web site include:

· Reheat sauces, soups and gravies by bringing them to a boil; then turn back to a simmer.

· When reheating in the microwave, cover and rotate the food for even heating. Arrange food items evenly in a covered microwave-safe glass or ceramic dish and add some liquid if needed. The moist heat that is created will help destroy harmful bacteria and will ensure uniform cooking.

A past issue of the You Asked It newsletter included an interesting article about storing holiday leftovers. Plastic food containers are great ways to save leftovers or other foods. But over time, plastic can warp, stain, or remain greasy. Many types of plastic containers are available, but some are designed for one-time use only. This includes takeout containers and dairy food cartons.

For reusable containers, wash them with hot soapy water or on the top rack of your dishwasher. Use the low- or no-heat drying cycle in the dishwasher. To remove stains, let the empty container sit in the direct sun a few hours. Or, soak in a mild bleach solution of 2 teaspoons plain bleach per gallon of water.

For plastic containers with an unpleasant odor, soak them in a solution of 1 teaspoon baking soda per cup water or fill with undiluted vinegar.

If you have any food safety questions, feel free to give me a call.

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Hopefully your Thanksgiving holiday included some traditional dishes that reinforced positive memories. Whether you had turkey, dressing, or side dishes left over, it is important that you pay attention to food safety rules.Since leftovers can be kept in the refrigerator for three to four days, you have until the Monday after Thanksgiving to eat all of those delicious leftovers or place them in the freezer to enjoy later. After four days, spoilage bacteria can cause food to develop a bad smell or taste.Now let’s talk about the food safety of reheating leftovers. Be sure leftovers reach 165 degrees Fahrenheit, as measured with a food thermometer. Covering leftovers in the reheating process helps retain moisture and ensures that food will heat all the way through.Additional reheating tips from the Foodsafety.gov web site include:· Reheat sauces, soups and gravies by bringing them to a boil; then turn back to a simmer.· When reheating in the microwave, cover and rotate the food for even heating. Arrange food items evenly in a covered microwave-safe glass or ceramic dish and add some liquid if needed. The moist heat that is created will help destroy harmful bacteria and will ensure uniform cooking.A past issue of the You Asked It newsletter included an interesting article about storing holiday leftovers. Plastic food containers are great ways to save leftovers or other foods. But over time, plastic can warp, stain, or remain greasy. Many types of plastic containers are available, but some are designed for one-time use only. This includes takeout containers and dairy food cartons.For reusable containers, wash them with hot soapy water or on the top rack of your dishwasher. Use the low- or no-heat drying cycle in the dishwasher. To remove stains, let the empty container sit in the direct sun a few hours. Or, soak in a mild bleach solution of 2 teaspoons plain bleach per gallon of water.For plastic containers with an unpleasant odor, soak them in a solution of 1 teaspoon baking soda per cup water or fill with undiluted vinegar.If you have any food safety questions, feel free to give me a call.Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu

KRUG: Handling food safely equals safe and tasty leftovers

The holidays are always about families and gathering together. This year many families may have to make adjustments in the plan. If it is not possible for the family to have a large family gathering, is it possible to discuss some alternate plans?

I do not think it is too late to start the conversation with family members about how the December holidays will look this year. It really only takes one person to get the conversation started. Maybe several members of the family are ready for a change.

For many years our large family gathering had a huge pile of gifts under the tree. I come from a family of nine siblings and after each of us married and had a few children of our own, the holiday gathering could easily number close to 75. As the numbers grew, things obviously had to change. Over the years we have switched from everyone drawing names to only getting a gift for the younger children. We still enjoy each other’s company and a meal together. However, 2020 may be a different look as we are talking about a drive-by at my mom’s house!

I know gift-giving is a tradition dating back to the three kings, but maybe this is the year to consider some changes. Would your family like to find new ways to give gifts? The promise of an “experience” rather than a physical wrapped gift might be an option. For an older crowd, maybe a collection or a pool of money could be donated to a favorite charity.

It will definitely take some effort to make a plan and to change a strong tradition. Holidays are very important and each family wants a memory to hold on to. Look for new ways to create memories for this year and maybe look for a way to save some money too.

If there is a decision to continue the gift-giving tradition, agree on spending limits ahead of time Also include expenses such additional food that is purchased, wrapping paper and decorations. Sit down with your spouse or significant others and set a budget. Devise a record-keeping system for your purchases so the spending does not get out of hand. If you don’t keep track of your expenses, you will be surprised when you receive the bills in January.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>The holidays are always about families and gathering together. This year many families may have to make adjustments in the plan. If it is not possible for the family to have a large family gathering, is it possible to discuss some alternate plans?I do not think it is too late to start the conversation with family members about how the December holidays will look this year. It really only takes one person to get the conversation started. Maybe several members of the family are ready for a change.For many years our large family gathering had a huge pile of gifts under the tree. I come from a family of nine siblings and after each of us married and had a few children of our own, the holiday gathering could easily number close to 75. As the numbers grew, things obviously had to change. Over the years we have switched from everyone drawing names to only getting a gift for the younger children. We still enjoy each other’s company and a meal together. However, 2020 may be a different look as we are talking about a drive-by at my mom’s house!I know gift-giving is a tradition dating back to the three kings, but maybe this is the year to consider some changes. Would your family like to find new ways to give gifts? The promise of an “experience” rather than a physical wrapped gift might be an option. For an older crowd, maybe a collection or a pool of money could be donated to a favorite charity.It will definitely take some effort to make a plan and to change a strong tradition. Holidays are very important and each family wants a memory to hold on to. Look for new ways to create memories for this year and maybe look for a way to save some money too.If there is a decision to continue the gift-giving tradition, agree on spending limits ahead of time Also include expenses such additional food that is purchased, wrapping paper and decorations. Sit down with your spouse or significant others and set a budget. Devise a record-keeping system for your purchases so the spending does not get out of hand. If you don’t keep track of your expenses, you will be surprised when you receive the bills in January.Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at bunruh@ksu.edu.

UNRUH: A change of plans

Happy Thanksgiving! For more than 45 years, the week including Thanksgiving has been proclaimed National Family Week. This observance was the idea of Mr. Sam Wiley, a teacher, basketball coach and school administrator in Indiana, who observed the stark difference in children who came from strong supportive families and those who were not being raised in a traditional family unit. He conceived of the idea to set aside a time during Thanksgiving – when families traditionally gather to give thanks for their many blessings – to recognize the important role family plays in our society.

The coronavirus pandemic is changing the way many families will celebrate Thanksgiving this year. Gatherings will be smaller and may just include the people we are spending the most time with. In times of change and challenge, families can provide the love, acceptance, guidance, support and instruction to be able to adjust.

Look for some activities that can include family members who may be joining the celebration through technology instead of in-person. Zoom or FaceTime can include things like a scavenger hunt or a talent show. At many of our family Zoom meetings we have encouraged everyone to bring a joke to share. Laughter really is good for the soul!

The coming week would also be a great time to check on elderly friends who may not have family checking on them frequently. Offering to drop off needed groceries or home goods plus a short visit would mean so much.

National Family Week is a time to be thankful for the family as a national heritage and resource. It is a time to recommit ourselves to the concept of the family. But let’s not stop at the end of the week; celebrating your family should always be a priority. Remember, families are the nurturers, caregivers, role models, teachers, and counselors for the next generation. Take time out from your busy schedule to “Celebrate” your family!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Donna Krug - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Happy Thanksgiving! For more than 45 years, the week including Thanksgiving has been proclaimed National Family Week. This observance was the idea of Mr. Sam Wiley, a teacher, basketball coach and school administrator in Indiana, who observed the stark difference in children who came from strong supportive families and those who were not being raised in a traditional family unit. He conceived of the idea to set aside a time during Thanksgiving – when families traditionally gather to give thanks for their many blessings – to recognize the important role family plays in our society.The coronavirus pandemic is changing the way many families will celebrate Thanksgiving this year. Gatherings will be smaller and may just include the people we are spending the most time with. In times of change and challenge, families can provide the love, acceptance, guidance, support and instruction to be able to adjust.Look for some activities that can include family members who may be joining the celebration through technology instead of in-person. Zoom or FaceTime can include things like a scavenger hunt or a talent show. At many of our family Zoom meetings we have encouraged everyone to bring a joke to share. Laughter really is good for the soul!The coming week would also be a great time to check on elderly friends who may not have family checking on them frequently. Offering to drop off needed groceries or home goods plus a short visit would mean so much.National Family Week is a time to be thankful for the family as a national heritage and resource. It is a time to recommit ourselves to the concept of the family. But let’s not stop at the end of the week; celebrating your family should always be a priority. Remember, families are the nurturers, caregivers, role models, teachers, and counselors for the next generation. Take time out from your busy schedule to “Celebrate” your family!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.eduK-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KRUG: Celebrate National Family Week

Stay save during the holidays this year by following these tips to safely prepare your holiday meal. Handling poultry (chickens and turkey) incorrectly and undercooking it are the most common problems that lead to foodborne disease outbreaks linked to poultry.

The first step is to thaw your turkey safely. Many family gatherings may be smaller this year so the turkey may be smaller also.&nbsp;If you have a 12- to 16-pound turkey it will need to thaw for a full week in the refrigerator. If you are working with a smaller turkey for a small gathering move it from the freezer to the refrigerator the weekend before Thanksgiving. If the turkey did not get taken out of the freezer early another option is to thaw it in a sink of cold water but the water must be changed every 30 minutes and the plastic bag must be leakproof so no bacteria is allowed in. A third option for a small turkey is to thaw the turkey in the microwave.

Never thaw your turkey by leaving it out on the counter. A thawing turkey must defrost at a safe temperature. When the turkey is left out at room temperature for more than 2 hours, its temperature becomes unsafe. Bacteria can grow rapidly in the “danger zone” between 40°F and 140°F.

Secondly, when handling the raw turkey remember that it can contaminate anything that it touches with harmful bacteria. Wash your hands with warm soapy water for 20 seconds before and after handling turkey. DO NOT wash the raw turkey! Turkey juices can spread in the kitchen and contaminate the countertop and other surfaces. Never place cooked foods or fresh produce on a plate, cutting board or other surface that has been in contact with raw turkey. Wash all cutting boards, utensils, dishes and countertops with hot soapy water after preparing the turkey and before you prepare the next item.

The third step to a safe turkey dinner is to set the oven to at least 325 degrees. It is not a safe option to place it in the oven overnight at a low temperature. Place the completely thawed turkey in a pan that is 2 to 2 ½ inches deep. Cooking times will vary depending on the weight of the turkey but in all cases use a food thermometer to ensure that the turkey reaches a temperature of 165 degrees. Place the food thermometer into the center of the stuffing and the thickest part of the breast or thigh. Even if your turkey has a pop-up indicator, it is best to test the temperature with a food thermometer. Let the turkey stand 20 minutes before removing all stuffing from the cavity and carving the meat.

The fourth step to a food safe holiday is to refrigerate leftovers at 40 degrees or colder as soon as possible and within 2 hours of the food being prepared to prevent food poisoning. Slice or divide the big cuts of meat into smaller quantities for refrigeration so it can cool quickly. Reheat all leftovers to at least 165 degrees F before serving it again.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 

For more information, refer to “Let’s Talk Turkey” found at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/Lets_Talk_Turkey.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/Lets_Talk_Turkey.pdf</a>. Don’t forget to wash hands often, social distance and keep those holiday gatherings small. Have a safe holiday week!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="written by: Berny Unruh. Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Berny Unruh. Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Stay save during the holidays this year by following these tips to safely prepare your holiday meal. Handling poultry (chickens and turkey) incorrectly and undercooking it are the most common problems that lead to foodborne disease outbreaks linked to poultry.The first step is to thaw your turkey safely. Many family gatherings may be smaller this year so the turkey may be smaller also.&nbsp;If you have a 12- to 16-pound turkey it will need to thaw for a full week in the refrigerator. If you are working with a smaller turkey for a small gathering move it from the freezer to the refrigerator the weekend before Thanksgiving. If the turkey did not get taken out of the freezer early another option is to thaw it in a sink of cold water but the water must be changed every 30 minutes and the plastic bag must be leakproof so no bacteria is allowed in. A third option for a small turkey is to thaw the turkey in the microwave.Never thaw your turkey by leaving it out on the counter. A thawing turkey must defrost at a safe temperature. When the turkey is left out at room temperature for more than 2 hours, its temperature becomes unsafe. Bacteria can grow rapidly in the “danger zone” between 40°F and 140°F.Secondly, when handling the raw turkey remember that it can contaminate anything that it touches with harmful bacteria. Wash your hands with warm soapy water for 20 seconds before and after handling turkey. DO NOT wash the raw turkey! Turkey juices can spread in the kitchen and contaminate the countertop and other surfaces. Never place cooked foods or fresh produce on a plate, cutting board or other surface that has been in contact with raw turkey. Wash all cutting boards, utensils, dishes and countertops with hot soapy water after preparing the turkey and before you prepare the next item.The third step to a safe turkey dinner is to set the oven to at least 325 degrees. It is not a safe option to place it in the oven overnight at a low temperature. Place the completely thawed turkey in a pan that is 2 to 2 ½ inches deep. Cooking times will vary depending on the weight of the turkey but in all cases use a food thermometer to ensure that the turkey reaches a temperature of 165 degrees. Place the food thermometer into the center of the stuffing and the thickest part of the breast or thigh. Even if your turkey has a pop-up indicator, it is best to test the temperature with a food thermometer. Let the turkey stand 20 minutes before removing all stuffing from the cavity and carving the meat.The fourth step to a food safe holiday is to refrigerate leftovers at 40 degrees or colder as soon as possible and within 2 hours of the food being prepared to prevent food poisoning. Slice or divide the big cuts of meat into smaller quantities for refrigeration so it can cool quickly. Reheat all leftovers to at least 165 degrees F before serving it again.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; For more information, refer to “Let’s Talk Turkey” found at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/Lets_Talk_Turkey.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/Lets_Talk_Turkey.pdf</a>. Don’t forget to wash hands often, social distance and keep those holiday gatherings small. Have a safe holiday week!

UNRUH: Turkey and food safety

Jacky Bill Wise, 86, passed away at Ellinwood District Hospital on November 11, 2020. Born March 4, 1934, according to Jack (on the kitchen table), in St. John, KS. He was the son of Wesley &amp; Bertha Wise. He married Sondra Lee Conwell in Ellinwood on July 10, 1953, and they enjoyed 62 years together before Sondra was called home.

Jack graduated from St. John High school in 1952. He then attended Hutchinson Community College where he played basketball and soon after met the love of his life. Jack pursued a lifetime career in the oil field.

In 1967 Jack and Sondra moved back to Ellinwood, where they took over a family business, Dick’s Engine &amp; Machine Service. Jack created more than a business after he and Sondra took it over. It was always a place where anyone was welcome to come in and play a card game, talk oil prices, and grab a snack. He developed many lifelong friendships through his business. His children later joined the family business, and it is actively open and operating today.

Jack was once a member of Ducks Unlimited, Cottonwood Gun Club, Grove Park Golf Course, and the Shriner’s Club, and he was a Mason. He thoroughly enjoyed hunting and fishing with family and friends. He was always up for a trip&nbsp; to the casino. Jack and Sondra enjoyed many vacations together, and loved to dance. Once their family grew, they shared their love for traveling with their family, by taking them on vacations as well. A very important part of Jack’s life was watching his grandchildren grow up and follow them through all of their sport endeavors. He believed in family values, and he and Sondra would host a Sunday dinner each week for the family.

Jack is survived by 2 children, Andy (Joanie) Wise of Ellinwood and Robin (Don) Moos of Ellinwood, 5 granddaughters Tiffany Eaton of Hutchinson, Ks, Kendra Kaiser of Great Bend, Ks, Cassie (Mark) Batchman of Ellinwood, Keri (Joe) Vinduska of Great bend, Ks, Leslie (Daniel) Domsch of Lenexa, Ks, along with 11 Great Grandchildren, Chandler and Chance Eaton of Hutchinson, Ks, Ava, Landon, and Mya Kaiser of Great Bend, Ks, Cale, Alyvia, and Mallory Batchman of Ellinwood, Ks, Emery and Sydney Vinduska of Great Bend, Ks, and Vance Domsch of Lenexa, Ks.

He was preceded in death by his wife, Sondra Wise; Son, Randy Bill; Sisters, Lorna Deane Spillman and Joann Hicks.

Cremation has taken place. Services will be held at a later date.

Memorials are suggested to the “Jack Wise Memorial Fund” for the family to give to several organizations that were very important to Jack, in care of Minnis Chapel,&nbsp;PO Box 246, Ellinwood, KS 67526.

Jacky Bill Wise, 86, passed away at Ellinwood District Hospital on November 11, 2020. Born March 4, 1934, according to Jack (on the kitchen table), in St. John, KS. He was the son of Wesley &amp; Bertha Wise. He married Sondra Lee Conwell in Ellinwood on July 10, 1953, and they enjoyed 62 years together before Sondra was called home.Jack graduated from St. John High school in 1952. He then attended Hutchinson Community College where he played basketball and soon after met the love of his life. Jack pursued a lifetime career in the oil field.In 1967 Jack and Sondra moved back to Ellinwood, where they took over a family business, Dick’s Engine &amp; Machine Service. Jack created more than a business after he and Sondra took it over. It was always a place where anyone was welcome to come in and play a card game, talk oil prices, and grab a snack. He developed many lifelong friendships through his business. His children later joined the family business, and it is actively open and operating today.Jack was once a member of Ducks Unlimited, Cottonwood Gun Club, Grove Park Golf Course, and the Shriner’s Club, and he was a Mason. He thoroughly enjoyed hunting and fishing with family and friends. He was always up for a trip&nbsp; to the casino. Jack and Sondra enjoyed many vacations together, and loved to dance. Once their family grew, they shared their love for traveling with their family, by taking them on vacations as well. A very important part of Jack’s life was watching his grandchildren grow up and follow them through all of their sport endeavors. He believed in family values, and he and Sondra would host a Sunday dinner each week for the family.Jack is survived by 2 children, Andy (Joanie) Wise of Ellinwood and Robin (Don) Moos of Ellinwood, 5 granddaughters Tiffany Eaton of Hutchinson, Ks, Kendra Kaiser of Great Bend, Ks, Cassie (Mark) Batchman of Ellinwood, Keri (Joe) Vinduska of Great bend, Ks, Leslie (Daniel) Domsch of Lenexa, Ks, along with 11 Great Grandchildren, Chandler and Chance Eaton of Hutchinson, Ks, Ava, Landon, and Mya Kaiser of Great Bend, Ks, Cale, Alyvia, and Mallory Batchman of Ellinwood, Ks, Emery and Sydney Vinduska of Great Bend, Ks, and Vance Domsch of Lenexa, Ks.He was preceded in death by his wife, Sondra Wise; Son, Randy Bill; Sisters, Lorna Deane Spillman and Joann Hicks.Cremation has taken place. Services will be held at a later date.Memorials are suggested to the “Jack Wise Memorial Fund” for the family to give to several organizations that were very important to Jack, in care of Minnis Chapel,&nbsp;PO Box 246, Ellinwood, KS 67526.

Jacky Bill Wise

On the 4-H Gratitude Challenge Calendar, today’s challenge is to make a social media post highlighting a person for whom you are grateful.

Over the last two weekends, I have had a lot of 4-H families to be grateful for! A week ago, we held our virtual Achievement Celebration and over seventy of our families logged on for our “Vegging Out Together” celebration. Was it the type of celebration we are used to? Nope! Was it scary trying something new? Yes! Was it worth it to see smiling faces and hear club leaders or presidents share exciting things that their clubs had accomplished in this weird year? Absolutely!

Celebrating our successes is an important part of the 4-H learning process. We set goals and plan; we execute those plans and make necessary adjustments along the way; we learn about ourselves and the world around us; and we celebrate the learning and successes along the way!

One of my favorite parts of planning the virtual celebration was that the theme came from one of our 4-H members who said “If we are stuck at home, we might as well have fun with it!” That is a great attitude and a reflection of the resilience and leadership that she is learning.

This past weekend, we had the opportunity to team up with Ellis County, Midway Extension District of Russell and Ellsworth counties, and the Post Rock District to present 4-H Officer Training. If you have ever held an office in an organization, you know that there are a lot of details that go into running a smooth and effective meeting. Knowing how to develop and follow an agenda, present comprehensive minutes, and provide a thorough financial report are life skills that our 4-H members start learning as eight- or nine-year-old youth as they take on junior offices and watch older members model effective leadership. I am grateful for fellow agents who work together to line up presenters and impactful workshops!

We also held a 4-H Ambassador Training this weekend. 4-H Ambassadors are older 4-H members who live the 4-H Pledge and have a goal of promoting the

benefits of 4-H through events and activities! Ambassadors apply and interview for their role and it is a great way to hone their leadership skills while enthusiastically sharing the things they love about 4-H! We teamed up with Ellis County and the Midway Extension District for this energetic morning with a focus on social media platforms, engaging in a virtual world, and reaching new audiences. Two 4-H alumni were excellent presenters and set the stage for each local group to spend some time planning their focus for the year.

I am grateful for each of the youth who participated in both trainings for their investment in themselves and our communities!

To check out more of what our 4-H members are up to be sure to check out K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood Extension District or Cottonwood 4-H – Barton County on Instagram.

Who in your life are you grateful for? Have you taken a moment to let them know?

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1579114162620.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>On the 4-H Gratitude Challenge Calendar, today’s challenge is to make a social media post highlighting a person for whom you are grateful.Over the last two weekends, I have had a lot of 4-H families to be grateful for! A week ago, we held our virtual Achievement Celebration and over seventy of our families logged on for our “Vegging Out Together” celebration. Was it the type of celebration we are used to? Nope! Was it scary trying something new? Yes! Was it worth it to see smiling faces and hear club leaders or presidents share exciting things that their clubs had accomplished in this weird year? Absolutely!Celebrating our successes is an important part of the 4-H learning process. We set goals and plan; we execute those plans and make necessary adjustments along the way; we learn about ourselves and the world around us; and we celebrate the learning and successes along the way!One of my favorite parts of planning the virtual celebration was that the theme came from one of our 4-H members who said “If we are stuck at home, we might as well have fun with it!” That is a great attitude and a reflection of the resilience and leadership that she is learning.This past weekend, we had the opportunity to team up with Ellis County, Midway Extension District of Russell and Ellsworth counties, and the Post Rock District to present 4-H Officer Training. If you have ever held an office in an organization, you know that there are a lot of details that go into running a smooth and effective meeting. Knowing how to develop and follow an agenda, present comprehensive minutes, and provide a thorough financial report are life skills that our 4-H members start learning as eight- or nine-year-old youth as they take on junior offices and watch older members model effective leadership. I am grateful for fellow agents who work together to line up presenters and impactful workshops!We also held a 4-H Ambassador Training this weekend. 4-H Ambassadors are older 4-H members who live the 4-H Pledge and have a goal of promoting thebenefits of 4-H through events and activities! Ambassadors apply and interview for their role and it is a great way to hone their leadership skills while enthusiastically sharing the things they love about 4-H! We teamed up with Ellis County and the Midway Extension District for this energetic morning with a focus on social media platforms, engaging in a virtual world, and reaching new audiences. Two 4-H alumni were excellent presenters and set the stage for each local group to spend some time planning their focus for the year.I am grateful for each of the youth who participated in both trainings for their investment in themselves and our communities!To check out more of what our 4-H members are up to be sure to check out K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood Extension District or Cottonwood 4-H – Barton County on Instagram.Who in your life are you grateful for? Have you taken a moment to let them know?Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Continuing gratefulness

Spending time together as a family is so important for building togetherness and communication skills. Some of us are thinking we have had enough “togetherness” during the last eight months?&nbsp;

I know several families have decided they are not traveling for the holiday weekend or it will be very small gatherings. It might be a good time to make some specific plans for some fun things to do with your family.

My favorite spot to have a family gathering is in the kitchen.&nbsp; As children master new skills, they are eager to help in the kitchen. Their interest can provide enjoyable time while teaching nutrition and health.

Remind everyone to wash their hands with soap and water for a full 20 seconds before and after handling food. Clean the cabinets and make sure all the utensils and bowls are also clean. This is a great time to teach about cleaning up after yourself!

Obviously younger children need to be supervised with hot pans and knives but this is a great teaching opportunity. Try these easy projects with your children:

Encouraging children to help in the kitchen can offer a lot of pluses. They will most likely be more likely to eat the foods they help to prepare and they will be more aware of how much work it is to prepare food and then clean up after the food is prepared.

Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;&nbsp;She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu" target="_blank">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="written by: Berny Unruh. Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Berny Unruh. Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Spending time together as a family is so important for building togetherness and communication skills. Some of us are thinking we have had enough “togetherness” during the last eight months?&nbsp;I know several families have decided they are not traveling for the holiday weekend or it will be very small gatherings. It might be a good time to make some specific plans for some fun things to do with your family.<ul>
 <li>Go for a walk, a bike ride or find some other form of exercise</li><li>Plan meals for an entire week, make a grocery list, and then make the meals.</li><li>If the weather allows, plan an outdoor family meal.</li><li>Find a hobby the whole family can enjoy. It may be building a model or watching a video to learn a new skill.</li><li>Play a board game that allows members to talk and share. Charades or a Pictionary type game can have the entire family laughing until their belly hurts!</li>
 </ul>My favorite spot to have a family gathering is in the kitchen.&nbsp; As children master new skills, they are eager to help in the kitchen. Their interest can provide enjoyable time while teaching nutrition and health.Remind everyone to wash their hands with soap and water for a full 20 seconds before and after handling food. Clean the cabinets and make sure all the utensils and bowls are also clean. This is a great time to teach about cleaning up after yourself!Obviously younger children need to be supervised with hot pans and knives but this is a great teaching opportunity. Try these easy projects with your children:<ul>
 <li>Make personal pizzas. Use a can of refrigerated biscuits. Roll the biscuits slightly to flatten them; spread with sauce and your favorite toppings, such as chopped ham, cheese or pineapple.</li><li>Create a favorite smoothie. My favorite is strawberries, a small can of crushed pineapple and a banana. Add ice to make it a frosty, icy mixture.</li><li>Provide pretzels, raisins, crackers and a favorite spread like peanut butter or hazelnut spread to see who can create the most amazing turkey.</li>
 </ul>Encouraging children to help in the kitchen can offer a lot of pluses. They will most likely be more likely to eat the foods they help to prepare and they will be more aware of how much work it is to prepare food and then clean up after the food is prepared.Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;&nbsp;She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu" target="_blank">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>.