The Great Bend Recreation Commission will be hosting a free Stop ‘N Learn Session titled “Cooking for 1-2” on Wednesday, December 11, from 12:00 – 1:00 pm at the Great Bend Rec Activity Center (2715 18th&nbsp;Street).&nbsp; Cooking for 1-2 can be a hassle, and it may seem easier to opt out for take-out or a frozen dinner.&nbsp; However, there are many ways to cook tasty, healthier meals for 1-2.&nbsp; Learn these methods with minimal food waste while maximizing your wallet!&nbsp; The speaker will be Karissa Winkel, K-State Research and Extension - Cottonwood District.

The Great Bend Recreation Commission will be hosting a free Stop ‘N Learn Session titled “Cooking for 1-2” on Wednesday, December 11, from 12:00 – 1:00 pm at the Great Bend Rec Activity Center (2715 18th&nbsp;Street).&nbsp; Cooking for 1-2 can be a hassle, and it may seem easier to opt out for take-out or a frozen dinner.&nbsp; However, there are many ways to cook tasty, healthier meals for 1-2.&nbsp; Learn these methods with minimal food waste while maximizing your wallet!&nbsp; The speaker will be Karissa Winkel, K-State Research and Extension - Cottonwood District.

GBRC: Stop 'N Learn - Cooking for 1-2

It’s a challenging question of self-discovery, but those who can answer it tend to live longer, more satisfied lives.

Usually, physical health is the factor that comes to mind when considering life expectancy. However, a positive outlook, specifically, one that gets you out of bed in the morning can extend your life.

In the Okinawan culture, this is known as Ikigai, and it may be worthwhile to take notes from this group as a significant number of them live to see their 100th birthday. But, don’t just take it from lived experience, multiple studies have also discovered the longevity and life purpose connection.

While the relationship is fascinating, you may wonder, “What defines life purpose?”

Life purpose is broad and is defined differently by everyone. However, it generally indicates life aim and goals. One study found common themes of purpose related to:

Evaluating your beliefs and interests can help you find purpose and help you avoid the distractions of daily life. To capitalize on your personal mission, creating a list of goals can remind you about what is important in life, what you have done, and what you aim to accomplish.

In fact, having purpose extends life, but it can also be a coping mechanism that allows you to get through hard times.

Frank Martela, lead author of a recent study says it best, “A life of purpose can energize and give hope even during those moments when the conditions of one’s life leave one unsatisfied.”

Regardless of your personal mission, taking ownership of it can improve life expectancy and help you through trying times. With increased awareness and intention, it also has the potential to boost your performance in each role you take to heart.

I encourage you to develop a personal mission and to make decisions based on it. After all, you only have one life, so literally (and figuratively) make the most of it!

Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1697484540273.jpeg" alt="written by: Karissa Winkel - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Karissa Winkel - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Do you know your life purpose?It’s a challenging question of self-discovery, but those who can answer it tend to live longer, more satisfied lives.Usually, physical health is the factor that comes to mind when considering life expectancy. However, a positive outlook, specifically, one that gets you out of bed in the morning can extend your life.In the Okinawan culture, this is known as Ikigai, and it may be worthwhile to take notes from this group as a significant number of them live to see their 100th birthday. But, don’t just take it from lived experience, multiple studies have also discovered the longevity and life purpose connection.While the relationship is fascinating, you may wonder, “What defines life purpose?”Life purpose is broad and is defined differently by everyone. However, it generally indicates life aim and goals. One study found common themes of purpose related to:· Family and relationships· Helping others· Learning· CommunityEvaluating your beliefs and interests can help you find purpose and help you avoid the distractions of daily life. To capitalize on your personal mission, creating a list of goals can remind you about what is important in life, what you have done, and what you aim to accomplish.In fact, having purpose extends life, but it can also be a coping mechanism that allows you to get through hard times.Frank Martela, lead author of a recent study says it best, “A life of purpose can energize and give hope even during those moments when the conditions of one’s life leave one unsatisfied.”Regardless of your personal mission, taking ownership of it can improve life expectancy and help you through trying times. With increased awareness and intention, it also has the potential to boost your performance in each role you take to heart.I encourage you to develop a personal mission and to make decisions based on it. After all, you only have one life, so literally (and figuratively) make the most of it!Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

WINKEL: The longevity and life purpose connection

Water supply to rural residences and agricultural operations without rural or public water systems is usually obtained from a private well or surface water supply. In Kansas, more than 73,000 individuals rely on private wells for a water supply. When public and rural water systems that use well water are added to the private well numbers, 34.6% of the Kansas population relies on groundwater for their water supply.

Municipal and rural water systems must maintain water quality standards specified by local, state, or federal requirements; however, owners of private wells are responsible for the water quality of their wells. Permanent contamination of groundwater can decrease property values, affect human and animal health, and involve legal liability.

Testing water from private wells has shown that some wells do not meet the safe drinking water standards used for public water systems. The primary reasons for this reduction in water quality from private wells include:

· contamination sources upslope or near the well;

· failure to construct the well in accordance with current standards;

· inadequate well maintenance and service; and

· lack of protection from activities that risk contamination.

Following the guidelines for recommended separation distance and direction from potential contamination sources when locating a well can help protect private well water quality. When private wells are appropriately sited and constructed, routine maintenance is required to ensure wells continue to be safe. Wells that do not receive regular maintenance are more likely to produce unsafe water.

Detailed information about properly constructing a well in a safe location and maintenance guidelines for existing wells can be found in two recently updated publications from K-State Research and Extension, says Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist. Private Wells – Safe Location MF3667 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/private-wells-safe-location_MF3667 Private Well Maintenance and Protection MF3666 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/private-well-maintenance-and-protection_MF3666

Ellis County residents with a private well could be eligible for private well testing by scanning the QR Code.

This project has received funding and support from K-State 105, Kansas State University’s economic growth and advancement initiative for all 105 counties in Kansas. Learn more at k-state.edu/105.

Information provided by Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist, KCARE sedgett@ksu.edu

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Water supply to rural residences and agricultural operations without rural or public water systems is usually obtained from a private well or surface water supply. In Kansas, more than 73,000 individuals rely on private wells for a water supply. When public and rural water systems that use well water are added to the private well numbers, 34.6% of the Kansas population relies on groundwater for their water supply.Municipal and rural water systems must maintain water quality standards specified by local, state, or federal requirements; however, owners of private wells are responsible for the water quality of their wells. Permanent contamination of groundwater can decrease property values, affect human and animal health, and involve legal liability.Testing water from private wells has shown that some wells do not meet the safe drinking water standards used for public water systems. The primary reasons for this reduction in water quality from private wells include:· contamination sources upslope or near the well;· failure to construct the well in accordance with current standards;· inadequate well maintenance and service; and· lack of protection from activities that risk contamination.Following the guidelines for recommended separation distance and direction from potential contamination sources when locating a well can help protect private well water quality. When private wells are appropriately sited and constructed, routine maintenance is required to ensure wells continue to be safe. Wells that do not receive regular maintenance are more likely to produce unsafe water.Detailed information about properly constructing a well in a safe location and maintenance guidelines for existing wells can be found in two recently updated publications from K-State Research and Extension, says Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist. Private Wells – Safe Location MF3667 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/private-wells-safe-location_MF3667 Private Well Maintenance and Protection MF3666 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/private-well-maintenance-and-protection_MF3666Ellis County residents with a private well could be eligible for private well testing by scanning the QR Code.This project has received funding and support from K-State 105, Kansas State University’s economic growth and advancement initiative for all 105 counties in Kansas. Learn more at k-state.edu/105.Information provided by Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist, KCARE sedgett@ksu.eduStacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Private wells in Kansas - safe location & maintenance guidelines

Twas the night before Christmas and all through the house, not a creature was stirring not even a mouse. Hold on just a minute!

The holidays can be a time of extra stress – money flying out the door, too many places to be in too little time, schedules are upset, foods that we don’t eat every day, and just general chaos!

Plan ahead now for some inexpensive fun ways to just be together. Drag out the books – share one that your child loved when they were small and read it together using your best character voices. Make a trip to the library to pick out a new book – every library has great librarians who would love to make reading recommendations for you!

When is the last time you played “crazy eights”, “old maid”, or had an energetic game of Uno? In addition to using skills of taking turns and being cooperative, youth practice counting and paying attention to details.

Have you put a jigsaw puzzle together as a family? Unless you do these often, don’t start with a 1500 piece complicated one. Pick an easy one that everyone can participate in. Set up a card table in a corner and you may be surprised how often someone stops by it to add a couple of pieces.

Be silly and dance – turn on some music and dance in the living room! It’s good exercise for the body and the brain. Show off those 90’s dance moves and learn a few from your kids. It’s OK if people think we look silly because we are having fun!

Go outside! Take a walk, play kickball, throw a disc or snowball. I grew up on one of the best sledding hills in my town. Even if we only had time for one or two runs, we were throwing ourselves on a sled and racing down the hill. My parents were regular participants in this craziness!

There is an old saying along the lines that people don’t care how much you know until they know how much you care. This applies to your family also – Unplug and Be There!

If you need some inspiration, check out Kansas4-H.org for the 4-H at Home Holiday Activity Guide! This updated guide is filled with inexpensive crafts, science, and fun activities and is located on the right-hand menu at the Kansas 4-H page (or the link HERE!). I love that most of these activities include an idea for community service such as sharing with a neighbor or friend.

During the holiday break, make time to spend time with your kids! Be present because that is what they will remember!

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. " />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. </figcaption>
 </figure>Twas the night before Christmas and all through the house, not a creature was stirring not even a mouse. Hold on just a minute!The holidays can be a time of extra stress – money flying out the door, too many places to be in too little time, schedules are upset, foods that we don’t eat every day, and just general chaos!Plan ahead now for some inexpensive fun ways to just be together. Drag out the books – share one that your child loved when they were small and read it together using your best character voices. Make a trip to the library to pick out a new book – every library has great librarians who would love to make reading recommendations for you!When is the last time you played “crazy eights”, “old maid”, or had an energetic game of Uno? In addition to using skills of taking turns and being cooperative, youth practice counting and paying attention to details.Have you put a jigsaw puzzle together as a family? Unless you do these often, don’t start with a 1500 piece complicated one. Pick an easy one that everyone can participate in. Set up a card table in a corner and you may be surprised how often someone stops by it to add a couple of pieces.Be silly and dance – turn on some music and dance in the living room! It’s good exercise for the body and the brain. Show off those 90’s dance moves and learn a few from your kids. It’s OK if people think we look silly because we are having fun!Go outside! Take a walk, play kickball, throw a disc or snowball. I grew up on one of the best sledding hills in my town. Even if we only had time for one or two runs, we were throwing ourselves on a sled and racing down the hill. My parents were regular participants in this craziness!There is an old saying along the lines that people don’t care how much you know until they know how much you care. This applies to your family also – Unplug and Be There!If you need some inspiration, check out Kansas4-H.org for the 4-H at Home Holiday Activity Guide! This updated guide is filled with inexpensive crafts, science, and fun activities and is located on the right-hand menu at the Kansas 4-H page (or the link HERE!). I love that most of these activities include an idea for community service such as sharing with a neighbor or friend.During the holiday break, make time to spend time with your kids! Be present because that is what they will remember!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

BERAN: Holiday activities...planning ahead

Millions of Americans fall each year, and one’s fall risk increases dramatically during the winter. Among older adults, falls are the leading cause of fatal injury and non-fatal trauma. In fact, every 19 minutes an older adult dies from a fall. Further, falls have a substantial financial toll and collectively cost over $50 billion annually. Here are 5 tips for preventing slips, trips, and falls.

No matter the weather, we should always strive to wear proper footwear. Specifically, shoes that support your foot appropriately, have a firm sole, and have good traction. Traction is especially important during the winter months as you never know when you will encounter ice, snow, or slush. Investing in a safe pair of shoes can save you thousands of dollars in medical expenses that may result from a fall.

Having your vision regularly assessed is a crucial component of fall prevention. Age-related eye diseases, such as glaucoma and cataracts, can affect your ability to see clearly. Having an untreated condition can affect your ability to walk safely, especially on slippery surfaces. Eye diseases are not the only culprit, though. Of course, you always want to make sure that you are seeing as clearly as possible. Make sure you go to the eye doctor at least once per year.

Have you ever read the warning labels on your medicine bottle? Perhaps you should! One common side effect of medication is dizziness or lightheadedness. These side effects can also

increase your risk of experiencing a fall. If you experience any of these symptoms, talk to your doctor. There may be an alternative medication.

Inner ear disorders, low blood pressure, and arthritis can make you susceptible to falls. Regular check-ups – at least once every 12 months – is an important part of fall prevention. Talk to your doctor about what might increase your risk of falls, and discuss ways to address those issues.

Research shows that older adults who regularly exercise are less likely to experience a fall. Walk around the block, practice Tai Chi or yoga, or lift weights. Any amount of exercise is beneficial for overall health.

Be aware of your risk of falling this winter, and acknowledge the changes you can make to reduce your risk all year round.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1697484540273.jpeg" alt="written by: Karissa Winkel - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Karissa Winkel - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Millions of Americans fall each year, and one’s fall risk increases dramatically during the winter. Among older adults, falls are the leading cause of fatal injury and non-fatal trauma. In fact, every 19 minutes an older adult dies from a fall. Further, falls have a substantial financial toll and collectively cost over $50 billion annually. Here are 5 tips for preventing slips, trips, and falls.Shoes, Shoes, Shoes!No matter the weather, we should always strive to wear proper footwear. Specifically, shoes that support your foot appropriately, have a firm sole, and have good traction. Traction is especially important during the winter months as you never know when you will encounter ice, snow, or slush. Investing in a safe pair of shoes can save you thousands of dollars in medical expenses that may result from a fall.Do You See What I See?Having your vision regularly assessed is a crucial component of fall prevention. Age-related eye diseases, such as glaucoma and cataracts, can affect your ability to see clearly. Having an untreated condition can affect your ability to walk safely, especially on slippery surfaces. Eye diseases are not the only culprit, though. Of course, you always want to make sure that you are seeing as clearly as possible. Make sure you go to the eye doctor at least once per year.Review your Medications.Have you ever read the warning labels on your medicine bottle? Perhaps you should! One common side effect of medication is dizziness or lightheadedness. These side effects can alsoincrease your risk of experiencing a fall. If you experience any of these symptoms, talk to your doctor. There may be an alternative medication.How’s your Health?Inner ear disorders, low blood pressure, and arthritis can make you susceptible to falls. Regular check-ups – at least once every 12 months – is an important part of fall prevention. Talk to your doctor about what might increase your risk of falls, and discuss ways to address those issues.Keep on Moving!Research shows that older adults who regularly exercise are less likely to experience a fall. Walk around the block, practice Tai Chi or yoga, or lift weights. Any amount of exercise is beneficial for overall health.Be aware of your risk of falling this winter, and acknowledge the changes you can make to reduce your risk all year round.Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

WINKEL: Fall prevention during winter months

K-State Research and Extension Ag Economics Department along with the Cottonwood and Walnut Creek Districts will host a series of meetings on December 17th&nbsp;and 18th.&nbsp;Dan O’Brien, NW Ag Economist will start off the program with a grain market outlook and the effects of a new administration. Next will be Jared Petersilie, Walnut Creek District Agent with an RMA Update and will discuss considerations for livestock marketing. Kellen Liebsch, KS Farm Management Association Director will finish the day with a talk about employees: do I need one,&nbsp;can I find one, can I afford one?

The program will first be held at the Lane County Fairgrounds in Dighton on December 17th&nbsp;starting at 9:30. It will then be repeated at the Cottonwood Extension office at 3 PM located at 3007 10th&nbsp;Street in Great Bend. On December 18th, the program will add Lucas Haag to discuss the Economics of a long-term crop rotational, starting at the Ness County Fairgrounds in Ness City at 9:30 AM. Finally, at 3 PM, the program will be held at Township Hall, 220 Union Street in Rush Center.

For more information, contact Alicia Boor at 620-793-1910, Stacy Campbell at 785-628-9430, or Jared Petersillie at 785-222-2710.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>K-State Research and Extension Ag Economics Department along with the Cottonwood and Walnut Creek Districts will host a series of meetings on December 17th&nbsp;and 18th.&nbsp;Dan O’Brien, NW Ag Economist will start off the program with a grain market outlook and the effects of a new administration. Next will be Jared Petersilie, Walnut Creek District Agent with an RMA Update and will discuss considerations for livestock marketing. Kellen Liebsch, KS Farm Management Association Director will finish the day with a talk about employees: do I need one,&nbsp;can I find one, can I afford one?The program will first be held at the Lane County Fairgrounds in Dighton on December 17th&nbsp;starting at 9:30. It will then be repeated at the Cottonwood Extension office at 3 PM located at 3007 10th&nbsp;Street in Great Bend. On December 18th, the program will add Lucas Haag to discuss the Economics of a long-term crop rotational, starting at the Ness County Fairgrounds in Ness City at 9:30 AM. Finally, at 3 PM, the program will be held at Township Hall, 220 Union Street in Rush Center.For more information, contact Alicia Boor at 620-793-1910, Stacy Campbell at 785-628-9430, or Jared Petersillie at 785-222-2710.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Ag Economics program to be held in Cottonwood District

Nitrate is a common contaminant in groundwater. Groundwater with excessive nitrate contamination can have immediate and long-term health effects. Groundwater supplies about 50% of the drinking water in the United States. Almost all private water supplies are from wells or springs. This recently updated publication, Nitrates and Groundwater MF857, addresses the drinking water nitrate standard, water testing, nitrate sources, the reduction of nitrate contamination risk, and groundwater treatment methods, says Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist.

Human Health Concerns for Nitrate - the immediate health concern is the conversion of nitrate to nitrite in the digestive tract by nitrate-reducing bacteria. Nitrite is readily absorbed into the blood where it combines with the hemoglobin that carries oxygen and forms methemoglobin, which cannot carry oxygen. The resulting reduced oxygen supply to the body tissues produces physical stress. In infants, this condition is called methemoglobinemia, or blue baby syndrome, because of the blue color around the eyes and mouth.

Infants, both human and animal, are the most susceptible to nitrate poisoning because bacteria that convert nitrate to nitrite are abundant in their digestive systems. By the time a child is 6 months old, the digestive system produces acid that prevents nitrate-reducing bacteria from thriving, and the risk is greatly reduced.

Animal Health and Nitrates - animals respond similarly, but the digestive tract may mature more quickly. Older ruminant animals, such as sheep, cattle, and goats, have a different digestive system that allows nitrate-reducing bacteria to thrive. Horses have a large cecum where nitrate-reducing bacteria also thrive. High-nitrate effects on livestock include reduced conception rates, spontaneous abortions, reduced rate of gain, and poor performance in dairy cows, including reduced milk production.

Maximum Contaminant Level - the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrate in drinking water is 10 ppm or 10 mg/L nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N). Long-term exposure at two to three times the MCL can produce an increase of methemoglobin, which may not show outwardly but causes stress that may be blamed on other causes. Pregnant women and people with health infirmities should be protected from high-nitrate sources. The long-term effect occurs when nitrate is more than twice the MCL.

Nitrogen is lost from the soil by leaching, denitrification, volatilization, and immobilization. From the standpoint of groundwater quality, leaching is the only concern. The potential for nitrate leaching varies with soil type and rainfall or irrigation. Sandy soils under high rainfall or irrigation have high leaching potential. Fertilizer application beyond crop requirements and poor management of any nitrogen source can increase the potential for nitrate leaching.

Summary - high nitrate levels in water are a health concern. Excess nitrogen can be converted to nitrate, moves with water, and may reach groundwater. Nonagricultural and agricultural sources of nitrogen contribute to the total nitrate levels. All nitrate sources require careful management to minimize the risk for contamination of groundwater and private wells. Careful management of livestock lots and use of the proper rate of nitrogen are the most important factors, but other management practices also are important. Recommended practices that minimize the risk of contamination should be given careful and immediate attention.

The full publication containing more information on management options and drinking water treatment is available at https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/nitrate-and-groundwater_MF857.pdf.

Information provided by Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist, KCARE, sedgett@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Nitrate is a common contaminant in groundwater. Groundwater with excessive nitrate contamination can have immediate and long-term health effects. Groundwater supplies about 50% of the drinking water in the United States. Almost all private water supplies are from wells or springs. This recently updated publication, Nitrates and Groundwater MF857, addresses the drinking water nitrate standard, water testing, nitrate sources, the reduction of nitrate contamination risk, and groundwater treatment methods, says Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist.Human Health Concerns for Nitrate - the immediate health concern is the conversion of nitrate to nitrite in the digestive tract by nitrate-reducing bacteria. Nitrite is readily absorbed into the blood where it combines with the hemoglobin that carries oxygen and forms methemoglobin, which cannot carry oxygen. The resulting reduced oxygen supply to the body tissues produces physical stress. In infants, this condition is called methemoglobinemia, or blue baby syndrome, because of the blue color around the eyes and mouth.Infants, both human and animal, are the most susceptible to nitrate poisoning because bacteria that convert nitrate to nitrite are abundant in their digestive systems. By the time a child is 6 months old, the digestive system produces acid that prevents nitrate-reducing bacteria from thriving, and the risk is greatly reduced.Animal Health and Nitrates - animals respond similarly, but the digestive tract may mature more quickly. Older ruminant animals, such as sheep, cattle, and goats, have a different digestive system that allows nitrate-reducing bacteria to thrive. Horses have a large cecum where nitrate-reducing bacteria also thrive. High-nitrate effects on livestock include reduced conception rates, spontaneous abortions, reduced rate of gain, and poor performance in dairy cows, including reduced milk production.Maximum Contaminant Level - the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrate in drinking water is 10 ppm or 10 mg/L nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N). Long-term exposure at two to three times the MCL can produce an increase of methemoglobin, which may not show outwardly but causes stress that may be blamed on other causes. Pregnant women and people with health infirmities should be protected from high-nitrate sources. The long-term effect occurs when nitrate is more than twice the MCL.Nitrogen is lost from the soil by leaching, denitrification, volatilization, and immobilization. From the standpoint of groundwater quality, leaching is the only concern. The potential for nitrate leaching varies with soil type and rainfall or irrigation. Sandy soils under high rainfall or irrigation have high leaching potential. Fertilizer application beyond crop requirements and poor management of any nitrogen source can increase the potential for nitrate leaching.Summary - high nitrate levels in water are a health concern. Excess nitrogen can be converted to nitrate, moves with water, and may reach groundwater. Nonagricultural and agricultural sources of nitrogen contribute to the total nitrate levels. All nitrate sources require careful management to minimize the risk for contamination of groundwater and private wells. Careful management of livestock lots and use of the proper rate of nitrogen are the most important factors, but other management practices also are important. Recommended practices that minimize the risk of contamination should be given careful and immediate attention.The full publication containing more information on management options and drinking water treatment is available at https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/nitrate-and-groundwater_MF857.pdf.Information provided by Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist, KCARE, sedgett@ksu.edu.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Concerns of nitrate levels in water

Thanksgiving is over and we turn our attention to the end of the year holidays. It is important to plan ahead to avoid overspending during this time of the year so we can have a less stressful 2025! Here are some tips:

· Make a list of expected holiday expenses before the season. This includes cards, holiday gatherings, travel, gifts, holiday grocery shopping, gifts for neighbors, work parties, and donations to charities.

· Make a pre-holiday budget that is realistic and then make a plan to stay within the budget.

· Keep a record of money spent. Record keeping shows how the seemingly small purchases add up. It also becomes a reference to use when planning comes around next year.

· Have family conversations about limiting the number of gifts or limiting their cost.

· Limit the use of credit cards since they make it very easy to spend more than planned.

· Some stores offer layaway plans. Layaway helps you get the gift when you see the sale and then spread out the payments over a certain period. You must pay in full before you can pick up the item.

· Buy Now, Pay Later plans are also offered at many stores or through your credit cards. These plans allow you to take home the item today and pay in installments after purchase. Look carefully at the fees and interest rates for these plans and make sure to look at the total cost.

· Watch for sales and coupons for gifts and holiday decorations and food items. Many free shopping apps can assist in getting the latest deals.

· Challenge stores to price match when you can.

· Buy items early when you see them on sale if your spending plan allows. Or take advantage of year-end sales for gift purchases that can wait until after the holiday. This may be particularly helpful for saving money on big-ticket items.

· Homemade gifts are a great way to personalize a gift without breaking your budget.

· Give a gift to an entire family or group instead of each individual. This option may save money as well as time searching out gifts for each person.

· Gift cards can also be a welcome gift, but try to give cards for retailers that the receiver frequents.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Thanksgiving is over and we turn our attention to the end of the year holidays. It is important to plan ahead to avoid overspending during this time of the year so we can have a less stressful 2025! Here are some tips:· Make a list of expected holiday expenses before the season. This includes cards, holiday gatherings, travel, gifts, holiday grocery shopping, gifts for neighbors, work parties, and donations to charities.· Make a pre-holiday budget that is realistic and then make a plan to stay within the budget.· Keep a record of money spent. Record keeping shows how the seemingly small purchases add up. It also becomes a reference to use when planning comes around next year.· Have family conversations about limiting the number of gifts or limiting their cost.· Limit the use of credit cards since they make it very easy to spend more than planned.· Some stores offer layaway plans. Layaway helps you get the gift when you see the sale and then spread out the payments over a certain period. You must pay in full before you can pick up the item.· Buy Now, Pay Later plans are also offered at many stores or through your credit cards. These plans allow you to take home the item today and pay in installments after purchase. Look carefully at the fees and interest rates for these plans and make sure to look at the total cost.· Watch for sales and coupons for gifts and holiday decorations and food items. Many free shopping apps can assist in getting the latest deals.· Challenge stores to price match when you can.· Buy items early when you see them on sale if your spending plan allows. Or take advantage of year-end sales for gift purchases that can wait until after the holiday. This may be particularly helpful for saving money on big-ticket items.· Homemade gifts are a great way to personalize a gift without breaking your budget.· Give a gift to an entire family or group instead of each individual. This option may save money as well as time searching out gifts for each person.· Gift cards can also be a welcome gift, but try to give cards for retailers that the receiver frequents.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Holiday spending

This is a reminder that pesticide containers are not to be repurposed after the pesticide has been used. Labels on non-refillable containers state, “Do not reuse or refill this container.” Some containers are refillable, and those labels typically say, “Refill this container with pesticide only. Do not reuse this container for any other purpose.” In some cases, the label may say, “Refill this container with [common chemical name]” or “This is a sealed, refillable container to be used only for [common chemical name],” which indicates that it can be refilled with the same pesticide by a retailer. These labeling statements make every pesticide container, from a 2.5-gallon jug up to a 30-gallon tote, illegal to reuse. Reusing containers for any other purpose is considered pesticide misuse and a violation of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. A pesticide container, even if it is empty or the label is removed (defaced), remains part of the pesticide product.

After use, pesticide containers should be disposed of properly. Disposal options may be limited by local regulations and ordinances. Containers that have been triple rinsed and crushed and/or punctured may be accepted by sanitary landfills or landfills that accept industrial waste. Check with your landfill operator prior to taking empty containers for disposal. Triple-rinsed containers can also be returned to the supplier. In addition, some counties in Kansas have a plastic pesticide container recycling program. Check with your county’s Environmental Office or Household Hazardous Waste program for more information.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>This is a reminder that pesticide containers are not to be repurposed after the pesticide has been used. Labels on non-refillable containers state, “Do not reuse or refill this container.” Some containers are refillable, and those labels typically say, “Refill this container with pesticide only. Do not reuse this container for any other purpose.” In some cases, the label may say, “Refill this container with [common chemical name]” or “This is a sealed, refillable container to be used only for [common chemical name],” which indicates that it can be refilled with the same pesticide by a retailer. These labeling statements make every pesticide container, from a 2.5-gallon jug up to a 30-gallon tote, illegal to reuse. Reusing containers for any other purpose is considered pesticide misuse and a violation of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. A pesticide container, even if it is empty or the label is removed (defaced), remains part of the pesticide product.After use, pesticide containers should be disposed of properly. Disposal options may be limited by local regulations and ordinances. Containers that have been triple rinsed and crushed and/or punctured may be accepted by sanitary landfills or landfills that accept industrial waste. Check with your landfill operator prior to taking empty containers for disposal. Triple-rinsed containers can also be returned to the supplier. In addition, some counties in Kansas have a plastic pesticide container recycling program. Check with your county’s Environmental Office or Household Hazardous Waste program for more information.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Pesticide container misuse – know the regulations

The Environmental Protection Agency has required each state to update their certification and training plans, which outline private and commercial pesticide certification in the state. With this, producers that have a pesticide license need to be aware of some upcoming changes to the private applicator certification and testing that is conducted, especially at the Extension office. In order to meet these objectives, the Kansas Department of Agriculture introduced house bill 2607, which was approved by the legislature making some changes to the private applicator certification.

Starting January 1, 2025 there will be three options for applicators to receive certification. These include:

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Closed-book examination (We will still offer this option at the Extension Office)

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Attend an in-person training to obtain certification

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Complete an online training that will be released

The new options to be able to get a private pesticide certification will also be the way for a producer to recertify.

If you are someone that may have been putting off getting your certification, or if you are able to renew, you may want to get certified before the end of the year. The Extension office has a limited amount of books on private pesticides for loan so that you can study and then come take the test. We will also be working on an in-person training in the coming year if you do not complete the test before the regulations change.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>The Environmental Protection Agency has required each state to update their certification and training plans, which outline private and commercial pesticide certification in the state. With this, producers that have a pesticide license need to be aware of some upcoming changes to the private applicator certification and testing that is conducted, especially at the Extension office. In order to meet these objectives, the Kansas Department of Agriculture introduced house bill 2607, which was approved by the legislature making some changes to the private applicator certification.Starting January 1, 2025 there will be three options for applicators to receive certification. These include:·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Closed-book examination (We will still offer this option at the Extension Office)·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Attend an in-person training to obtain certification·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Complete an online training that will be releasedThe new options to be able to get a private pesticide certification will also be the way for a producer to recertify.If you are someone that may have been putting off getting your certification, or if you are able to renew, you may want to get certified before the end of the year. The Extension office has a limited amount of books on private pesticides for loan so that you can study and then come take the test. We will also be working on an in-person training in the coming year if you do not complete the test before the regulations change.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Pesticide certification rule change

Thanksgiving is around the corner and you’ve likely experienced a range of emotions planning for the holiday. Maybe you’re excited to see family, relieved to have a day off work, or maybe you’re stressed about how much food you’ve got to prepare. Despite the good or bad feelings related to Turkey Day, have you pondered the original name of the holiday itself, “Thanksgiving?”

Thanksgiving is rooted in the tradition of autumn harvest festivals. It has been celebrated for centuries, and George Washington made it an official holiday. He proclaimed that the people of the United States observe "a day of public thanksgiving and prayer."

As you prepare for the big day, I challenge you to remember the origin of the holiday: gratitude. Gratitude is the readiness to show appreciation and to return kindness. Research has found that people who consciously count their blessings tend to be happier and less depressed. In fact, a study showed that people who wrote one letter of thanksgiving for three weeks reported better mental health up to three months after the exercise ended. When people focus on the good in their lives, they tend to ruminate less on their negative experiences. Gratitude not only reduces the risk of depression, but it lowers stress which is a top cause of chronic illnesses including high blood pressure and heart disease.

As you can see, gratitude improves both mental and physical condition. If you’re interested in practicing gratitude for Thanksgiving and beyond, here are a few ways to make it routine:

· Recall three good things that happen to you each day. This may be a fun habit for you and your kids as you tuck them in at night!

· Keep a gratitude journal. Jotting down things you are grateful for is likely to change your perspective. You might see more positivity in the world around you. Looking through the pages of blessings in your life after a tough day may also be especially handy.

· Use your phone for good. We all find ourselves tied to our smart devices, so make it a priority to send a few “thank you” texts per week.

· Be self-aware of complaining. It’s easy to get drawn into a cycle of negativity when things aren’t going your way. To combat this habit, every time you complain, try to find the silver lining. When you can find the good in every situation, there is less room to fixate on the negatives of life.

Regardless of how you decide to practice gratitude, I encourage you to try it. Joshua Brown, a doctor of psychological science said it best, “Much of our time and energy is spent pursuing things we currently don’t have. Gratitude reverses our priorities to help us appreciate the people and things we do.”

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1697484540273.jpeg" alt="written by: Karissa Winkel - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Karissa Winkel - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Thanksgiving is around the corner and you’ve likely experienced a range of emotions planning for the holiday. Maybe you’re excited to see family, relieved to have a day off work, or maybe you’re stressed about how much food you’ve got to prepare. Despite the good or bad feelings related to Turkey Day, have you pondered the original name of the holiday itself, “Thanksgiving?”Thanksgiving is rooted in the tradition of autumn harvest festivals. It has been celebrated for centuries, and George Washington made it an official holiday. He proclaimed that the people of the United States observe "a day of public thanksgiving and prayer."As you prepare for the big day, I challenge you to remember the origin of the holiday: gratitude. Gratitude is the readiness to show appreciation and to return kindness. Research has found that people who consciously count their blessings tend to be happier and less depressed. In fact, a study showed that people who wrote one letter of thanksgiving for three weeks reported better mental health up to three months after the exercise ended. When people focus on the good in their lives, they tend to ruminate less on their negative experiences. Gratitude not only reduces the risk of depression, but it lowers stress which is a top cause of chronic illnesses including high blood pressure and heart disease.As you can see, gratitude improves both mental and physical condition. If you’re interested in practicing gratitude for Thanksgiving and beyond, here are a few ways to make it routine:· Recall three good things that happen to you each day. This may be a fun habit for you and your kids as you tuck them in at night!· Keep a gratitude journal. Jotting down things you are grateful for is likely to change your perspective. You might see more positivity in the world around you. Looking through the pages of blessings in your life after a tough day may also be especially handy.· Use your phone for good. We all find ourselves tied to our smart devices, so make it a priority to send a few “thank you” texts per week.· Be self-aware of complaining. It’s easy to get drawn into a cycle of negativity when things aren’t going your way. To combat this habit, every time you complain, try to find the silver lining. When you can find the good in every situation, there is less room to fixate on the negatives of life.Regardless of how you decide to practice gratitude, I encourage you to try it. Joshua Brown, a doctor of psychological science said it best, “Much of our time and energy is spent pursuing things we currently don’t have. Gratitude reverses our priorities to help us appreciate the people and things we do.”Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

WINKEL: Thanksgiving - a day of gratitude

Holiday parties and big family meals may tempt us away from our healthy eating habits. Allow yourself to have your favorite foods but stick to smaller servings and balance them with healthier options.

Do you have several parties to attend? Plan ahead to help reduce those extra calories. Eat a small meal for breakfast with whole grains, fruit and protein. Don’t starve yourself thinking you’ll save room for party food. Take small bites and savor the delicious party foods. Go through the buffet once to reduce nibbling.

Staying active can help you keep a healthy weight during the holiday season. Look for opportunities to work physical activities into your holiday: Go for a stroll after a family meal, take a walk at the mall, or dance to your favorite holiday music. Aim to get at least 150 minutes a week of physical activity. For example, that could be at least 20 minutes a day or 30 minutes five days a week. It’s important to move more and sit less. Take simple steps to protect your family’s health when you prepare and serve holiday meals such as:

· Wash your hands and work surfaces before, during, and after preparing food, and before eating.

· Keep raw meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs separated during preparation.

· Cook food at the right internal temperature to kill harmful germs. Use a food thermometer to check.

· Refrigerate perishable foods, including leftovers, within two hours of buying or cooking.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Holiday parties and big family meals may tempt us away from our healthy eating habits. Allow yourself to have your favorite foods but stick to smaller servings and balance them with healthier options.Do you have several parties to attend? Plan ahead to help reduce those extra calories. Eat a small meal for breakfast with whole grains, fruit and protein. Don’t starve yourself thinking you’ll save room for party food. Take small bites and savor the delicious party foods. Go through the buffet once to reduce nibbling.Staying active can help you keep a healthy weight during the holiday season. Look for opportunities to work physical activities into your holiday: Go for a stroll after a family meal, take a walk at the mall, or dance to your favorite holiday music. Aim to get at least 150 minutes a week of physical activity. For example, that could be at least 20 minutes a day or 30 minutes five days a week. It’s important to move more and sit less. Take simple steps to protect your family’s health when you prepare and serve holiday meals such as:· Wash your hands and work surfaces before, during, and after preparing food, and before eating.· Keep raw meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs separated during preparation.· Cook food at the right internal temperature to kill harmful germs. Use a food thermometer to check.· Refrigerate perishable foods, including leftovers, within two hours of buying or cooking.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Healthy eating includes holiday meals

By MIKE COURSON Great Bend Post

More of a novelty than an issue, and not uncommon but not real common. That's how Dr. Allan Fritz, professor of agronomy at Kansas State University, described a new wheat hybrid recently found in three Kansas fields in Dickinson and Marion counties and in south-central Kansas. The wheat and triticale crossing was not an intentional one. 

"They're going to be pretty rare, so it's going to be just a handful of individual plants," Fritz said. "Part of it is the triticale that's involved, we think it was an octoploid, which means it basically has eight basic sets of chromosomes. A lot of the triticales are actually hexapolids, so they only have six."

Fritz said there is myotic instability with octoploids that can result in sterility in the triticale. The wheat-rye cross contains 56 chromosomes, 42 of which are exactly like those in the wheat to make hybridization possible. Labs indicate the seeds produced by the hybrid are 60 percent viable so there is a small chance it could negatively impact wheat production in the future.

"I don't see it as any real threat," said Fritz. "I don't see it as a potential huge weed problem, necessarily. It's more of a contamination in a seed-production field. For our seed producers, I would say just be paying attention walking those fields, being aware of some taller plants that are out there that look funny and spending the effort to rogue those out so they don't get propagated in the wheat."

The hybrid looks like wheat but is taller with a flatter and more narrow head. There are only about three seeds per plant. Experts say producers who suspect a plant is a hybrid can grab a handful and pull. Producers are encouraged to notify the Kansas Crop Investment Association of any suspected hybrids.

"Ideally, they don’t want it mixed in with other harvested crops," said Stacy Campbell, crop protection agent with K-State Research and Extension - Cottonwood District. "It could cause a dockage at the elevator. So looking for it, since those plants are a little taller than wheat and then hand-pulling those plants is the best remedy. For example, cereal rye is being used as a cover crop after corn is harvested, especially on sandy soils. If the cereal rye is detected in road ditches or in fields, so it does not contaminate wheat and other crops, growers need to also go and pull those plants."

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/11/1732202374944.jpeg" alt="Dried spike samples of the wild hybrid found in Dickinson County (A), Marion County (B) and a still-green sample from south central Kansas (C). (Image courtesy of the Kansas Crop Improvement Association)" />
 <figcaption>Dried spike samples of the wild hybrid found in Dickinson County (A), Marion County (B) and a still-green sample from south central Kansas (C). (Image courtesy of the Kansas Crop Improvement Association)</figcaption>
 </figure>By MIKE COURSON Great Bend PostMore of a novelty than an issue, and not uncommon but not real common. That's how Dr. Allan Fritz, professor of agronomy at Kansas State University, described a new wheat hybrid recently found in three Kansas fields in Dickinson and Marion counties and in south-central Kansas. The wheat and triticale crossing was not an intentional one. "They're going to be pretty rare, so it's going to be just a handful of individual plants," Fritz said. "Part of it is the triticale that's involved, we think it was an octoploid, which means it basically has eight basic sets of chromosomes. A lot of the triticales are actually hexapolids, so they only have six."Fritz said there is myotic instability with octoploids that can result in sterility in the triticale. The wheat-rye cross contains 56 chromosomes, 42 of which are exactly like those in the wheat to make hybridization possible. Labs indicate the seeds produced by the hybrid are 60 percent viable so there is a small chance it could negatively impact wheat production in the future."I don't see it as any real threat," said Fritz. "I don't see it as a potential huge weed problem, necessarily. It's more of a contamination in a seed-production field. For our seed producers, I would say just be paying attention walking those fields, being aware of some taller plants that are out there that look funny and spending the effort to rogue those out so they don't get propagated in the wheat."The hybrid looks like wheat but is taller with a flatter and more narrow head. There are only about three seeds per plant. Experts say producers who suspect a plant is a hybrid can grab a handful and pull. Producers are encouraged to notify the Kansas Crop Investment Association of any suspected hybrids."Ideally, they don’t want it mixed in with other harvested crops," said Stacy Campbell, crop protection agent with K-State Research and Extension - Cottonwood District. "It could cause a dockage at the elevator. So looking for it, since those plants are a little taller than wheat and then hand-pulling those plants is the best remedy. For example, cereal rye is being used as a cover crop after corn is harvested, especially on sandy soils. If the cereal rye is detected in road ditches or in fields, so it does not contaminate wheat and other crops, growers need to also go and pull those plants."

Scientists not worried about new hyrid found in south-central Kansas field

As I ran to the grocery store on Friday to pick up a few remaining items, I thought about my grocery list for the week.

While it certainly included things like green beans, chicken broth, and extra paper plates, I considered the other list that I needed to focus on to prepare.

A list that includes Thankfulness in many forms. Thankfulness for our family’s health; thankfulness for our kids being able to travel to spend a few days with us; thankfulness for family and friends far and wide who will share greetings whether in person or via text, social media, or even a phone call!

A list that also includes thankfulness for communities that care and support small businesses, families in need, and organizations that help at so many levels. That list also includes thankfulness for leaders across our county and the Cottonwood Extension District who have a vision and want to improve the quality of life and livelihood of citizens.

My Thankfulness list also includes my 4-H families, volunteers, and community partners. Helping youth have and improve skills in communication, teamwork, and career readiness is important to me and to the long-term health and success of our communities!

My Gram lived by the adage that there was always room at her table for one more. She didn’t grow up with much and certainly made do her whole life but that never stopped her from being thankful and sharing what she had with family, friends, and neighbors. I do my best to carry on that ideal at our football tailgate, in my kitchen, and at many other meals. I hope that I also carry that ideal into a seat at a discussion table, involvement in an activity, and in caring for others in my community.

What is on your list of Thankfulness this year? A beautiful sunset? A new library book? A co-worker who makes you laugh just when you need it most? A friend who checks in “just because”? Whatever it is, I wish you a blessed day of thankfulness.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. " />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. </figcaption>
 </figure>As I ran to the grocery store on Friday to pick up a few remaining items, I thought about my grocery list for the week.While it certainly included things like green beans, chicken broth, and extra paper plates, I considered the other list that I needed to focus on to prepare.A list that includes Thankfulness in many forms. Thankfulness for our family’s health; thankfulness for our kids being able to travel to spend a few days with us; thankfulness for family and friends far and wide who will share greetings whether in person or via text, social media, or even a phone call!A list that also includes thankfulness for communities that care and support small businesses, families in need, and organizations that help at so many levels. That list also includes thankfulness for leaders across our county and the Cottonwood Extension District who have a vision and want to improve the quality of life and livelihood of citizens.My Thankfulness list also includes my 4-H families, volunteers, and community partners. Helping youth have and improve skills in communication, teamwork, and career readiness is important to me and to the long-term health and success of our communities!My Gram lived by the adage that there was always room at her table for one more. She didn’t grow up with much and certainly made do her whole life but that never stopped her from being thankful and sharing what she had with family, friends, and neighbors. I do my best to carry on that ideal at our football tailgate, in my kitchen, and at many other meals. I hope that I also carry that ideal into a seat at a discussion table, involvement in an activity, and in caring for others in my community.What is on your list of Thankfulness this year? A beautiful sunset? A new library book? A co-worker who makes you laugh just when you need it most? A friend who checks in “just because”? Whatever it is, I wish you a blessed day of thankfulness.Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

BERAN: A list of thankfulness

Body Condition Scoring is one of the most valuable management tools at the disposal of the cattle manager. The number associated with a condition score gives us a direct indication of a cow’s previous plane of nutrition and future reproductive capability. Although the individual body condition scores are important. We don’t manage individual cows, we manage groups of cows. Thus, it is important for us to look beyond the individual scores and look at the distribution of body condition scores within the herd.&nbsp;If we have a herd (Herd 1) with an average body condition score of 5 that is essentially characterized by the classic bell curve, with a few thin cows (3s), the bulk of cows in the middle (4s and 5s) and few over-conditioned cows (7s) everything is good. Alternatively, we could have a herd (Herd 2) with an average body condition score of 5 that is essentially the result of a few thin cows (3s) and some over conditioned cows (6s and 7s).

Body Conditioning Scoring also has more value when it is done on the same group of cows at multiple times during the production year. If Herd 2 was scored at calving and had been previously scored at weaning and had an essentially normal distribution (similar to Herd 1). We need to ask ourselves what happened. Did we change anything? Although these examples are somewhat extreme they illustrate that we have to look beyond the individual body condition scores of cows at one point during the production year to get the most of body condition scoring.

We have several resources on body condition scoring available at&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="http://ksubeef.org/feedandwater.html#main%20management">ksubeef.org/feedandwater.html#main management</a>&nbsp;including the quick reference guide to body condition scoring. You can also come into our offices and we can get the references to you.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

K-State Research and Extension is a short name for the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, a program designed to generate and distribute useful knowledge for the well-being of Kansans. Supported by county, state, federal and private funds, the program has county Extension offices, experiment fields, area Extension offices and regional research centers statewide. Its headquarters is on the K-State campus in Manhattan.&nbsp; &nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Body Condition Scoring is one of the most valuable management tools at the disposal of the cattle manager. The number associated with a condition score gives us a direct indication of a cow’s previous plane of nutrition and future reproductive capability. Although the individual body condition scores are important. We don’t manage individual cows, we manage groups of cows. Thus, it is important for us to look beyond the individual scores and look at the distribution of body condition scores within the herd.&nbsp;If we have a herd (Herd 1) with an average body condition score of 5 that is essentially characterized by the classic bell curve, with a few thin cows (3s), the bulk of cows in the middle (4s and 5s) and few over-conditioned cows (7s) everything is good. Alternatively, we could have a herd (Herd 2) with an average body condition score of 5 that is essentially the result of a few thin cows (3s) and some over conditioned cows (6s and 7s).Body Conditioning Scoring also has more value when it is done on the same group of cows at multiple times during the production year. If Herd 2 was scored at calving and had been previously scored at weaning and had an essentially normal distribution (similar to Herd 1). We need to ask ourselves what happened. Did we change anything? Although these examples are somewhat extreme they illustrate that we have to look beyond the individual body condition scores of cows at one point during the production year to get the most of body condition scoring.We have several resources on body condition scoring available at&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="http://ksubeef.org/feedandwater.html#main%20management">ksubeef.org/feedandwater.html#main management</a>&nbsp;including the quick reference guide to body condition scoring. You can also come into our offices and we can get the references to you.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is a short name for the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, a program designed to generate and distribute useful knowledge for the well-being of Kansans. Supported by county, state, federal and private funds, the program has county Extension offices, experiment fields, area Extension offices and regional research centers statewide. Its headquarters is on the K-State campus in Manhattan.&nbsp; &nbsp;

BOOR: Body Condition Scoring for cattle managers

The Great Bend Recreation Commission will be hosting a free Stop ‘N Learn Session titled “Healthy Body, Healthy Brain” on Wednesday, November 20, from 12:00 – 1:00 pm at the Great Bend Rec Activity Center (2715 18th&nbsp;Street).&nbsp;

Healthy minds live in healthy bodies, which means taking care of your heart and cardiovascular system is the best way to protect your brain.&nbsp; Learn about the risk factors that take a toll on the body and brain and recognize the health benefits related to the MIND diet.

The speaker will be Karissa Winkel, K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.

A complete list of programs and class details can be found at the GBRC website at&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="http://www.greatbendrec.com/">www.greatbendrec.com</a>.&nbsp; Please contact the Recreation Commission office at 793-3755, ext 110, or stop by the office located at 1214 Stone Street for more information or with any questions you may have.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/10/1602181603891.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>The Great Bend Recreation Commission will be hosting a free Stop ‘N Learn Session titled “Healthy Body, Healthy Brain” on Wednesday, November 20, from 12:00 – 1:00 pm at the Great Bend Rec Activity Center (2715 18th&nbsp;Street).&nbsp;Healthy minds live in healthy bodies, which means taking care of your heart and cardiovascular system is the best way to protect your brain.&nbsp; Learn about the risk factors that take a toll on the body and brain and recognize the health benefits related to the MIND diet.The speaker will be Karissa Winkel, K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.A complete list of programs and class details can be found at the GBRC website at&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="http://www.greatbendrec.com/">www.greatbendrec.com</a>.&nbsp; Please contact the Recreation Commission office at 793-3755, ext 110, or stop by the office located at 1214 Stone Street for more information or with any questions you may have.

GBRC: Stop 'N Learn - Healthy body, healthy brain

Thanksgiving is now just more than a week away. But the time to start thawing a frozen turkey is several days before Nov. 28. Karissa Winkel, family and community wellness agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District, said the best way to thaw a frozen turkey is in the fridge.  

"Remember, a 20-pound turkey needs at least 5-7 days in the refrigerator, and you want to keep that fridge at 35-38 degrees Fahrenheit," she said. "You can also thaw a turkey in cold water but make sure you allow 30 minutes per pound for that turkey, so that might take some time."

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) says allow 24 hours for every 4-5 pounds of bird if using a refrigerator, and suggests changing the water every 30 minutes if thawing the turkey that way. Fridge-thawed turkeys are safe for 1-2 days before cooking. Turkeys thawed in water should be cooked immediately. After the big meal, put the meat in an airtight container no more than two hours after eating.

"It can usually last 4-7 days in the fridge depending on what it is," Winkel said. "Make sure to check the color, smell, and all of those things before you eat leftovers."

Holiday safety for pets should also be kept in mind. Unseasoned, boneless turkey is usually okay in small quantities, but keep furry friends away from onions, grapes, garlic, and chocolate.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698672012463.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>By MIKE COURSON Great Bend PostThanksgiving is now just more than a week away. But the time to start thawing a frozen turkey is several days before Nov. 28. Karissa Winkel, family and community wellness agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District, said the best way to thaw a frozen turkey is in the fridge. "Remember, a 20-pound turkey needs at least 5-7 days in the refrigerator, and you want to keep that fridge at 35-38 degrees Fahrenheit," she said. "You can also thaw a turkey in cold water but make sure you allow 30 minutes per pound for that turkey, so that might take some time."The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) says allow 24 hours for every 4-5 pounds of bird if using a refrigerator, and suggests changing the water every 30 minutes if thawing the turkey that way. Fridge-thawed turkeys are safe for 1-2 days before cooking. Turkeys thawed in water should be cooked immediately. After the big meal, put the meat in an airtight container no more than two hours after eating."It can usually last 4-7 days in the fridge depending on what it is," Winkel said. "Make sure to check the color, smell, and all of those things before you eat leftovers."Holiday safety for pets should also be kept in mind. Unseasoned, boneless turkey is usually okay in small quantities, but keep furry friends away from onions, grapes, garlic, and chocolate.

Begin thawing frozen turkey 5-7 days before Thanksgiving

This innovative program, launched in September by the Kansas Grain Sorghum Commission (KGSC) in collaboration with K-State Research and Extension and the K-State Department of Plant Pathology, announces a comprehensive winter educational program.

Building on the success of its inaugural field day series, which focused on stalk rot prevention and producer profitability, the Sorghum Connection team offers an additional series of one-day events across central and western Kansas, which will delve deeper into key topics gained from the field days. These events will be held in Salina (December 4th), Hays (December 5th), and Garden City (December 6th). In Hays the program will be held at the K-State Agricultural Research Center, Hays, 1232 240th Avenue.

Attendees will gain valuable insights from leaders at Kansas State University on critical topics:

● Managing Chinch Bug Populations, presented by Anthony Zukoff, K-State Entomologists.

● Effective Weed Management Strategies, by Sarah Lancaster, K-State Weed Specialist.

● Unleashing the Potential of Sorghum in the Pet Food Industry presented by Julia Pezzali, K-State Director of Pet Food Program.

● Navigating the Sorghum Market Outlook, presented by Dan O’Brien, K-State Grain Market Specialist.

"The Sorghum Connection Series is more than just a series of events; it's an investment in the future of sorghum production in Kansas,” says Maddy Meier, KGSC’s director of communications and outreach. “By providing producers with access to the latest research and information, we're empowering them to make informed decisions and drive innovation in the heart of sorghum country."

Pre-registration is requested and each event begins with registration at 8:00 AM and concludes at approximately 3:00 PM. To register or learn more, visit www.ksgrainsorghum.org or call Cottonwood Extension Office at 785-628-9430.

The Sorghum Connection Series offers a unique opportunity for Kansas sorghum growers to connect, learn, and stay ahead of the curve. Don't miss this chance to cultivate success in the years ahead!

The Kansas Grain Sorghum Commission is committed to sorghum promotion, research, and information designed to strengthen, expand and develop new foreign and domestic markets for sorghum.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>This innovative program, launched in September by the Kansas Grain Sorghum Commission (KGSC) in collaboration with K-State Research and Extension and the K-State Department of Plant Pathology, announces a comprehensive winter educational program.Building on the success of its inaugural field day series, which focused on stalk rot prevention and producer profitability, the Sorghum Connection team offers an additional series of one-day events across central and western Kansas, which will delve deeper into key topics gained from the field days. These events will be held in Salina (December 4th), Hays (December 5th), and Garden City (December 6th). In Hays the program will be held at the K-State Agricultural Research Center, Hays, 1232 240th Avenue.Attendees will gain valuable insights from leaders at Kansas State University on critical topics:● Managing Chinch Bug Populations, presented by Anthony Zukoff, K-State Entomologists.● Effective Weed Management Strategies, by Sarah Lancaster, K-State Weed Specialist.● Unleashing the Potential of Sorghum in the Pet Food Industry presented by Julia Pezzali, K-State Director of Pet Food Program.● Navigating the Sorghum Market Outlook, presented by Dan O’Brien, K-State Grain Market Specialist."The Sorghum Connection Series is more than just a series of events; it's an investment in the future of sorghum production in Kansas,” says Maddy Meier, KGSC’s director of communications and outreach. “By providing producers with access to the latest research and information, we're empowering them to make informed decisions and drive innovation in the heart of sorghum country."Pre-registration is requested and each event begins with registration at 8:00 AM and concludes at approximately 3:00 PM. To register or learn more, visit www.ksgrainsorghum.org or call Cottonwood Extension Office at 785-628-9430.The Sorghum Connection Series offers a unique opportunity for Kansas sorghum growers to connect, learn, and stay ahead of the curve. Don't miss this chance to cultivate success in the years ahead!The Kansas Grain Sorghum Commission is committed to sorghum promotion, research, and information designed to strengthen, expand and develop new foreign and domestic markets for sorghum.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Sorghum Connection extends support to Kansas growers

The holiday season is around the corner, and this means that the kitchen will likely become a busy place as we prepare meals to gather around. As you prepare tasty dishes to share, be conscious of the possibility of sharing illness too. I found these tips from K-State food scientist, Karen Blakeslee, especially helpful for preventing cross-contamination:

“We use the kitchen sink for food preparation and more,” Blakeslee said. “The possibility exists for foodborne illness-causing bacteria to hang out in the sink too. These bacteria could cross-contaminate your food and make you sick.”

Blakeslee added that a recent USDA study tested surfaces where participants prepared a breakfast meal with raw sausage, shell eggs, and a fruit salad made with cut-up cantaloupe. Test results showed that 34% of the sinks were contaminated after preparing the meal.

Even more scary, 26% of the samples of cut-up cantaloupe from the fruit salad were contaminated after breakfast prep.

“The bacteria in the sink or on your hands can cross-contaminate from the sink to other items, including those you normally eat raw. This means you’ll be eating that bacteria too,” Blakeslee said.

After using your sink to wash or prepare food, clean and sanitize the sink:

1) Use warm, soapy water to wash the sink. Wipe it clean with paper towels.

2) Use a sanitizer and let air dry. Sanitizers can be homemade (1 tablespoon of liquid chlorine bleach per gallon of water) or use a commercial sanitizer or sanitizing wipe.

When the sink is used to clean and sanitize, it’s easy to forget that the sink itself can become contaminated. So, be mindful of your food prep habits to keep you and the entire family healthy this holiday season.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1697484540273.jpeg" alt="written by: Karissa Winkel - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Karissa Winkel - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>The holiday season is around the corner, and this means that the kitchen will likely become a busy place as we prepare meals to gather around. As you prepare tasty dishes to share, be conscious of the possibility of sharing illness too. I found these tips from K-State food scientist, Karen Blakeslee, especially helpful for preventing cross-contamination:“We use the kitchen sink for food preparation and more,” Blakeslee said. “The possibility exists for foodborne illness-causing bacteria to hang out in the sink too. These bacteria could cross-contaminate your food and make you sick.”Blakeslee added that a recent USDA study tested surfaces where participants prepared a breakfast meal with raw sausage, shell eggs, and a fruit salad made with cut-up cantaloupe. Test results showed that 34% of the sinks were contaminated after preparing the meal.Even more scary, 26% of the samples of cut-up cantaloupe from the fruit salad were contaminated after breakfast prep.“The bacteria in the sink or on your hands can cross-contaminate from the sink to other items, including those you normally eat raw. This means you’ll be eating that bacteria too,” Blakeslee said.After using your sink to wash or prepare food, clean and sanitize the sink:1) Use warm, soapy water to wash the sink. Wipe it clean with paper towels.2) Use a sanitizer and let air dry. Sanitizers can be homemade (1 tablespoon of liquid chlorine bleach per gallon of water) or use a commercial sanitizer or sanitizing wipe.When the sink is used to clean and sanitize, it’s easy to forget that the sink itself can become contaminated. So, be mindful of your food prep habits to keep you and the entire family healthy this holiday season.Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

WINKEL: Food safety tip - Clean the kitchen sink

Looking at turkeys for your holiday meals? Here are some tips to help make your holiday turkey safe and healthy. Turkey is a healthy choice since it is considered a white meat and full of protein! Some tips for keeping it as healthy as possible is to bake it and not fry it or use herbs and lemon to season rather than butter and salt. Allow one pound (1 lb) of turkey per person you are serving.

Thawing turkeys can be tricky but remember to thaw them in one of three ways: in the refrigerator, in cold water, or the microwave. Allowing your bird to thaw at room temperature can allow dangerous bacteria to grow. Washing a raw turkey or poultry also spreads bacteria around the kitchen so you can save time and skip washing the bird. To roast the turkey, start with an oven temperature set at least at 325 degrees. Timetable for turkey roasting varies based on size and if the turkey is stuffed or not. The turkey should reach an internal temperature of 165 degrees when it is thoroughly cooked. Allow the turkey to stand for 20 minutes before carving.

Turkeys must be kept at a safe temperature during "the big thaw." While frozen, a turkey is safe indefinitely. However, as soon as it begins to thaw, any bacteria that may have been present before freezing can begin to grow again.

Immediately after grocery store checkout, take the frozen turkey home and store it in the freezer. Frozen turkeys should not be left on the back porch, in the car trunk, in the basement, or any place else where temperatures cannot be constantly monitored.

A package of frozen meat or poultry left thawing on the counter more than 2 hours is not at a safe temperature. Even though the center of the package may still be frozen, the outer layer of the food is in the "Danger Zone" between 40 and 140 °F — at a temperature where foodborne bacteria multiply rapidly.

There are three safe ways to thaw food: in the refrigerator, in cold water, and in the microwave oven.

When thawing a turkey in the refrigerator:

· Plan ahead: allow approximately 24 hours for each 4 to 5 pounds in a refrigerator set at 40 °F or below.

· Place the turkey in a container to prevent the juices from dripping on other foods.

A thawed turkey can remain in the refrigerator for 1 or 2 days before cooking. Foods thawed in the refrigerator can be refrozen without cooking but there may be some loss of quality.

First be sure the turkey is in a leak-proof plastic bag to prevent cross-contamination and to prevent the turkey from absorbing water, resulting in a watery product.

Submerge the wrapped turkey in cold tap water. Change the water every 30 minutes until the turkey is thawed. Cook the turkey immediately after it is thawed.

A turkey thawed by the cold water method should be cooked immediately. After cooking, meat from the turkey can be refrozen.

Follow the microwave oven manufacturer's instruction when defrosting a turkey. Plan to cook it immediately after thawing because some areas of the food may become warm and begin to cook during microwaving. Holding partially cooked food is not recommended because any bacteria present wouldn't have been destroyed.

A turkey thawed in the microwave must be cooked immediately.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Looking at turkeys for your holiday meals? Here are some tips to help make your holiday turkey safe and healthy. Turkey is a healthy choice since it is considered a white meat and full of protein! Some tips for keeping it as healthy as possible is to bake it and not fry it or use herbs and lemon to season rather than butter and salt. Allow one pound (1 lb) of turkey per person you are serving.Thawing turkeys can be tricky but remember to thaw them in one of three ways: in the refrigerator, in cold water, or the microwave. Allowing your bird to thaw at room temperature can allow dangerous bacteria to grow. Washing a raw turkey or poultry also spreads bacteria around the kitchen so you can save time and skip washing the bird. To roast the turkey, start with an oven temperature set at least at 325 degrees. Timetable for turkey roasting varies based on size and if the turkey is stuffed or not. The turkey should reach an internal temperature of 165 degrees when it is thoroughly cooked. Allow the turkey to stand for 20 minutes before carving.Turkeys must be kept at a safe temperature during "the big thaw." While frozen, a turkey is safe indefinitely. However, as soon as it begins to thaw, any bacteria that may have been present before freezing can begin to grow again.Immediately after grocery store checkout, take the frozen turkey home and store it in the freezer. Frozen turkeys should not be left on the back porch, in the car trunk, in the basement, or any place else where temperatures cannot be constantly monitored.A package of frozen meat or poultry left thawing on the counter more than 2 hours is not at a safe temperature. Even though the center of the package may still be frozen, the outer layer of the food is in the "Danger Zone" between 40 and 140 °F — at a temperature where foodborne bacteria multiply rapidly.There are three safe ways to thaw food: in the refrigerator, in cold water, and in the microwave oven.Refrigerator ThawingWhen thawing a turkey in the refrigerator:· Plan ahead: allow approximately 24 hours for each 4 to 5 pounds in a refrigerator set at 40 °F or below.· Place the turkey in a container to prevent the juices from dripping on other foods.REFRIGERATOR THAWING TIMESWhole turkey:· 4 to 12 pounds — 1 to 3 days· 12 to 16 pounds — 3 to 4 days· 16 to 20 pounds — 4 to 5 days· 20 to 24 pounds —5 to 6 daysA thawed turkey can remain in the refrigerator for 1 or 2 days before cooking. Foods thawed in the refrigerator can be refrozen without cooking but there may be some loss of quality.Cold Water ThawingAllow about 30 minutes per pound.First be sure the turkey is in a leak-proof plastic bag to prevent cross-contamination and to prevent the turkey from absorbing water, resulting in a watery product.Submerge the wrapped turkey in cold tap water. Change the water every 30 minutes until the turkey is thawed. Cook the turkey immediately after it is thawed.COLD WATER THAWING TIMES· 4 to 12 pounds — 2 to 6 hours· 12 to 16 pounds — 6 to 8 hours· 16 to 20 pounds — 8 to 10 hours· 20 to 24 pounds — 10 to 12 hoursA turkey thawed by the cold water method should be cooked immediately. After cooking, meat from the turkey can be refrozen.Microwave ThawingFollow the microwave oven manufacturer's instruction when defrosting a turkey. Plan to cook it immediately after thawing because some areas of the food may become warm and begin to cook during microwaving. Holding partially cooked food is not recommended because any bacteria present wouldn't have been destroyed.A turkey thawed in the microwave must be cooked immediately.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.