June is the time to fertilize warm-season lawn grasses such as bermudagrass, buffalograss, and zoysiagrass. These species all thrive in warmer summer weather, so this is the time they respond best to fertilization. The most important nutrient is nitrogen (N), and these three species need it in varying amounts.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Bermudagrass requires the most nitrogen. Bermudagrass used on athletic fields needs about 4 lbs. nitrogen per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season.&nbsp; High-quality home lawns are often given 3 pounds per 1000 square feet and low maintenance areas can get by on 2 lbs.. Apply this as separate applications, about 4 weeks apart consisting of 1 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. starting in early May for athletic fields.&nbsp; It is already too late for the May application, but the June application is just around the corner. The nitrogen can come from either a quick- or slow-release source. So any lawn fertilizer will work. Plan the last application for no later than August 15. This helps ensure the bermudagrass is not overstimulated, making it susceptible to winter-kill.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Zoysiagrass grows more slowly than bermudagrass and is prone to develop thatch.&nbsp; Consequently, it does not need as much nitrogen. In fact, too much is worse than too little. One and one-half to 2 pounds N per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season is sufficient. Split the total in two and apply once in early June and again around mid-July. Slow-release nitrogen is preferable but quick-release is acceptable. Slow-release nitrogen is sometimes listed as "slowly available" or "water insoluble."&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Buffalograss requires the least nitrogen of all lawn species commonly grown in Kansas. It will survive and persist with no supplemental nitrogen, but giving it one lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. will improve color and density. This application should be made in early June. For a little darker color, fertilize it as described for zoysiagrass in the previous paragraph, but do not apply more than a total of 2 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. in one season.&nbsp; As with zoysia, slow-release nitrogen is preferable, but fast-release is also OK. As for all turfgrasses, phosphorus and potassium are best applied according to soil test results because many soils already have adequate amounts of these nutrients for turfgrass growth. If you need to apply phosphorus or potassium, it is best to core aerate beforehand to ensure the nutrients reach the roots.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider.

Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>June is the time to fertilize warm-season lawn grasses such as bermudagrass, buffalograss, and zoysiagrass. These species all thrive in warmer summer weather, so this is the time they respond best to fertilization. The most important nutrient is nitrogen (N), and these three species need it in varying amounts.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bermudagrass requires the most nitrogen. Bermudagrass used on athletic fields needs about 4 lbs. nitrogen per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season.&nbsp; High-quality home lawns are often given 3 pounds per 1000 square feet and low maintenance areas can get by on 2 lbs.. Apply this as separate applications, about 4 weeks apart consisting of 1 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. starting in early May for athletic fields.&nbsp; It is already too late for the May application, but the June application is just around the corner. The nitrogen can come from either a quick- or slow-release source. So any lawn fertilizer will work. Plan the last application for no later than August 15. This helps ensure the bermudagrass is not overstimulated, making it susceptible to winter-kill.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Zoysiagrass grows more slowly than bermudagrass and is prone to develop thatch.&nbsp; Consequently, it does not need as much nitrogen. In fact, too much is worse than too little. One and one-half to 2 pounds N per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season is sufficient. Split the total in two and apply once in early June and again around mid-July. Slow-release nitrogen is preferable but quick-release is acceptable. Slow-release nitrogen is sometimes listed as "slowly available" or "water insoluble."&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Buffalograss requires the least nitrogen of all lawn species commonly grown in Kansas. It will survive and persist with no supplemental nitrogen, but giving it one lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. will improve color and density. This application should be made in early June. For a little darker color, fertilize it as described for zoysiagrass in the previous paragraph, but do not apply more than a total of 2 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. in one season.&nbsp; As with zoysia, slow-release nitrogen is preferable, but fast-release is also OK. As for all turfgrasses, phosphorus and potassium are best applied according to soil test results because many soils already have adequate amounts of these nutrients for turfgrass growth. If you need to apply phosphorus or potassium, it is best to core aerate beforehand to ensure the nutrients reach the roots.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Fertilize warm-season grasses

There are lots of ways for you to be involved in the Barton County Fair!

The theme for the 2025 Barton County Fair is Barnyard Mardi Gras and it will be happening June 25th-29th. Exhibits are due to the fairgrounds for most categories on Wednesday, June 25th. Our 4-H members must pre-enter their exhibits while Open Class entries can be entered online ahead of time or on-site on the 25th.

We have a couple of 4-H pre-fair judging events for Sewing &amp; Textiles, Shopping In Style, and Fiber Arts, as well as the 4-H Dog Show. However, these results will be on display in Expo II throughout the fair week.

Judging is handled a bit differently for 4-H and Open Class. Consultative judging is used to provide one-on-one feedback about project learning, and the exhibit, as an important part of the learning opportunity for the 4-H member and all members receive a ribbon on their entry. We use the Danish system for 4-H exhibits which defines a Purple as exemplary, a Blue as above average, a Red as average, and a White as having substantial deficiencies. For Open Class, the judge will evaluate the exhibit item and determine if it receives one of the top three placings awarded per class.

Each year, the Barton County Fair Association has several special award categories for Open Class which tie to the theme. Be on the lookout for the announcements about these and all Open Class opportunities. Open Class offers a youth (16 and younger), Adult (17-65), Senior (65 and better), and a Professional class for those who teach about or make a practice of selling their work.

Online entries aren’t open just yet for 4-H or Open Class but keep an eye on bartoncountyfair.com for updates, schedules, and entry information.

Come join us June 25th through 29th to watch the livestock shows, check out 4-H and Open Class exhibits, listen to a concert, share a meal with friends, and support all ages across our community as they showcase their interests from art to woodworking!

We look forward to seeing your entry for the Barnyard Mardi Gras!

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. " />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. </figcaption>
 </figure>There are lots of ways for you to be involved in the Barton County Fair!The theme for the 2025 Barton County Fair is Barnyard Mardi Gras and it will be happening June 25th-29th. Exhibits are due to the fairgrounds for most categories on Wednesday, June 25th. Our 4-H members must pre-enter their exhibits while Open Class entries can be entered online ahead of time or on-site on the 25th.We have a couple of 4-H pre-fair judging events for Sewing &amp; Textiles, Shopping In Style, and Fiber Arts, as well as the 4-H Dog Show. However, these results will be on display in Expo II throughout the fair week.Judging is handled a bit differently for 4-H and Open Class. Consultative judging is used to provide one-on-one feedback about project learning, and the exhibit, as an important part of the learning opportunity for the 4-H member and all members receive a ribbon on their entry. We use the Danish system for 4-H exhibits which defines a Purple as exemplary, a Blue as above average, a Red as average, and a White as having substantial deficiencies. For Open Class, the judge will evaluate the exhibit item and determine if it receives one of the top three placings awarded per class.Each year, the Barton County Fair Association has several special award categories for Open Class which tie to the theme. Be on the lookout for the announcements about these and all Open Class opportunities. Open Class offers a youth (16 and younger), Adult (17-65), Senior (65 and better), and a Professional class for those who teach about or make a practice of selling their work.Online entries aren’t open just yet for 4-H or Open Class but keep an eye on bartoncountyfair.com for updates, schedules, and entry information.Come join us June 25th through 29th to watch the livestock shows, check out 4-H and Open Class exhibits, listen to a concert, share a meal with friends, and support all ages across our community as they showcase their interests from art to woodworking!We look forward to seeing your entry for the Barnyard Mardi Gras!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: 4-H members must pre-enter exhibits for Barton Co. Fair

With irrigation systems running across Kansas fields, a simple adjustment could make a big difference in conserving water and boosting crop performance —slowing down the speed of center pivot systems. Kansas State University water resource engineer Jonathan Aguilar said “when a pivot moves too quickly, much of the water applied doesn’t have time to soak into the soil. Slowing down the pivot gives the soil more time to absorb moisture, improving irrigation effectiveness.”

Aguilar’s research focuses on practical solutions that farmers can implement immediately without needing costly upgrades. He outlined several strategies to improve irrigation efficiency this season:

· Monitor soil moisture before irrigating. Aguilar advises using soil moisture sensors or simply checking soil conditions in the field. If the soil surface is still saturated or water is pooling, it’s a clear sign that you can wait before irrigating again. Slowing the system without causing runoff ensures water reaches the root zone rather than being lost in evaporation.

· Match application rates to crop needs. Overwatering early in the season is a common mistake that wastes water and can harm crop development. Aguilar recommends adjusting irrigation schedules based on crop growth stages, weather patterns, and evapotranspiration data. Monitoring forecasts and rainfall can also help avoid unnecessary irrigation. Much of the water savings are easily gained early and late in the cropping season, and during rain events.

· Irrigate during cooler parts of the day. High temperatures and strong winds during the afternoon hours contribute to significant water loss through evaporation. Aguilar recommends scheduling irrigation for early morning or late evening hours to minimize evaporation losses, when feasible. Research shows that irrigating during the hottest part of the day can lead to 10-25% more water loss through evaporation.

· Ensure uniform water application. Regularly inspect pivot nozzles to ensure they operate correctly and provide even coverage across the field. Malfunctioning nozzles can result in overwatering some areas and underwatering others, reducing overall efficiency and possibly yield.

While new technologies can improve irrigation systems, adjusting pivot speed is a low-cost, high-impact change that can deliver immediate benefits.

“Farmers often believe that speeding up the pivot will help them stay ahead of the crop’s water demands,” Aguilar said. “But in reality, moving too fast often does more harm than good. Slowing the system allows for better infiltration and helps crops become more resilient during dry periods.”

With water resources becoming increasingly scarce and costly, Aguilar encourages producers to revisit their irrigation management plans and consider how simple changes can lead to better outcomes.

For more information on irrigation efficiency and water management strategies, visit ksre.ksu.edu or contact your local K-State Research and Extension office.

Information provided by Jonathan Aguilar and Kelsey Stremel, KSRE news.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266615291.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>With irrigation systems running across Kansas fields, a simple adjustment could make a big difference in conserving water and boosting crop performance —slowing down the speed of center pivot systems. Kansas State University water resource engineer Jonathan Aguilar said “when a pivot moves too quickly, much of the water applied doesn’t have time to soak into the soil. Slowing down the pivot gives the soil more time to absorb moisture, improving irrigation effectiveness.”Key Irrigation Strategies for 2025Aguilar’s research focuses on practical solutions that farmers can implement immediately without needing costly upgrades. He outlined several strategies to improve irrigation efficiency this season:· Monitor soil moisture before irrigating. Aguilar advises using soil moisture sensors or simply checking soil conditions in the field. If the soil surface is still saturated or water is pooling, it’s a clear sign that you can wait before irrigating again. Slowing the system without causing runoff ensures water reaches the root zone rather than being lost in evaporation.· Match application rates to crop needs. Overwatering early in the season is a common mistake that wastes water and can harm crop development. Aguilar recommends adjusting irrigation schedules based on crop growth stages, weather patterns, and evapotranspiration data. Monitoring forecasts and rainfall can also help avoid unnecessary irrigation. Much of the water savings are easily gained early and late in the cropping season, and during rain events.· Irrigate during cooler parts of the day. High temperatures and strong winds during the afternoon hours contribute to significant water loss through evaporation. Aguilar recommends scheduling irrigation for early morning or late evening hours to minimize evaporation losses, when feasible. Research shows that irrigating during the hottest part of the day can lead to 10-25% more water loss through evaporation.· Ensure uniform water application. Regularly inspect pivot nozzles to ensure they operate correctly and provide even coverage across the field. Malfunctioning nozzles can result in overwatering some areas and underwatering others, reducing overall efficiency and possibly yield.While new technologies can improve irrigation systems, adjusting pivot speed is a low-cost, high-impact change that can deliver immediate benefits.“Farmers often believe that speeding up the pivot will help them stay ahead of the crop’s water demands,” Aguilar said. “But in reality, moving too fast often does more harm than good. Slowing the system allows for better infiltration and helps crops become more resilient during dry periods.”With water resources becoming increasingly scarce and costly, Aguilar encourages producers to revisit their irrigation management plans and consider how simple changes can lead to better outcomes.For more information on irrigation efficiency and water management strategies, visit ksre.ksu.edu or contact your local K-State Research and Extension office.Information provided by Jonathan Aguilar and Kelsey Stremel, KSRE news.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Slowing down pivots can improve water efficiency and yields

<a href="mailto:melgares@ksu.edu" target="_blank">By Pat Melgares</a>, K-State Research and Extension news service&nbsp;&nbsp;

MANHATTAN, Kan. – A Kansas State University extension agent is hailing the success of a pair of programs that have helped to address a high rate of preterm births in the state.

Monique Koerner, a family community wellness agent in K-State Research and Extension’s Cottonwood District, called the state’s preterm birth rate “concerning.”

“The chronic conditions that many in our state face is concerning,” she said. “But there are a lot of ways that we can help improve the health of our maternal child health population.”

In its 2024 Report Card highlighting the collective factors that contribute to maternal and infant mortality and morbidity in the United States, the March of Dimes called the nation’s preterm birth rate “alarmingly high.”

The report notes that in 2023, more than 370,000 babies were born preterm, about 10.4% of all births. Kansas was one of 15 states that earned a ‘D’ on the report card, with 10.5% of all births considered preterm.

The March of Dimes’ report notes that chronic health conditions caused by smoking, hypertension, unhealthy weight and diabetes contribute to high rates of preterm births in Kansas.

Koerner has recently introduced a prenatal education program called&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kdhe.ks.gov/577/Becoming-a-Mom">Becoming a Mom</a>&nbsp;to help expectant mothers with support and guidance. The free classes are available in several of the state’s counties currently, and are supported by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Kansas Perinatal Community Collaboratives, and the March of Dimes.

The six-week, prenatal education class – one session per week – is available to expectant mothers and their “support people,” according to Koerner.

“We’ve had several dads come to our classes, as well,” she said. “Really, anybody that is there to support the mom is welcome, because we want them to get the education, too.”

The classes cover such topics as an overview of pregnancy, health, nutrition, exercise, stress, labor and delivery, infant feeding, infant care (including safe sleep and car seats), family planning, mental health and more.

“We also invite people from the local community to come in and talk with the participants,” Koerner said. “One of my goals for this class was to break down the barriers that might exist in the community. If people have names and faces and have met people, it will be easier to reach out to those resources when they need them.”

Koerner also helped to establish an event called a Community Baby Shower in Ellis County in April, which drew 42 participants.

“We’re going to have to have a bigger venue next year because I think this is just going to grow,” she said.

The event provided education for infant care, and those who completed Safe Sleep instruction received a free portable crib, and other giveaways. Koerner said extension agents in other parts of the state are also hosting events similar to the Community Baby Shower.

More information on these or similar programs to help expectant and young mothers is available at local extension offices in Kansas.

<a href="mailto:melgares@ksu.edu" target="_blank">By Pat Melgares</a>, K-State Research and Extension news service&nbsp;&nbsp;MANHATTAN, Kan. – A Kansas State University extension agent is hailing the success of a pair of programs that have helped to address a high rate of preterm births in the state.Monique Koerner, a family community wellness agent in K-State Research and Extension’s Cottonwood District, called the state’s preterm birth rate “concerning.”“The chronic conditions that many in our state face is concerning,” she said. “But there are a lot of ways that we can help improve the health of our maternal child health population.”In its 2024 Report Card highlighting the collective factors that contribute to maternal and infant mortality and morbidity in the United States, the March of Dimes called the nation’s preterm birth rate “alarmingly high.”The report notes that in 2023, more than 370,000 babies were born preterm, about 10.4% of all births. Kansas was one of 15 states that earned a ‘D’ on the report card, with 10.5% of all births considered preterm.The March of Dimes’ report notes that chronic health conditions caused by smoking, hypertension, unhealthy weight and diabetes contribute to high rates of preterm births in Kansas.Koerner has recently introduced a prenatal education program called&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kdhe.ks.gov/577/Becoming-a-Mom">Becoming a Mom</a>&nbsp;to help expectant mothers with support and guidance. The free classes are available in several of the state’s counties currently, and are supported by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Kansas Perinatal Community Collaboratives, and the March of Dimes.The six-week, prenatal education class – one session per week – is available to expectant mothers and their “support people,” according to Koerner.“We’ve had several dads come to our classes, as well,” she said. “Really, anybody that is there to support the mom is welcome, because we want them to get the education, too.”The classes cover such topics as an overview of pregnancy, health, nutrition, exercise, stress, labor and delivery, infant feeding, infant care (including safe sleep and car seats), family planning, mental health and more.“We also invite people from the local community to come in and talk with the participants,” Koerner said. “One of my goals for this class was to break down the barriers that might exist in the community. If people have names and faces and have met people, it will be easier to reach out to those resources when they need them.”Koerner also helped to establish an event called a Community Baby Shower in Ellis County in April, which drew 42 participants.“We’re going to have to have a bigger venue next year because I think this is just going to grow,” she said.The event provided education for infant care, and those who completed Safe Sleep instruction received a free portable crib, and other giveaways. Koerner said extension agents in other parts of the state are also hosting events similar to the Community Baby Shower.More information on these or similar programs to help expectant and young mothers is available at local extension offices in Kansas.

KOERNER: Extension leads programs to address high preterm birth rate

Many of my most recent home visits have been centered around tree health and subsequently around trees experiencing dieback or death from drought stress. The past several years has been very dry and it typically it takes a few years for a tree to show stress from an event. If you take a good look at your tree, you can begin to analyze the overall health and take steps to keep them healthy. To&nbsp;determine the health of your trees, looking at the amount of new growth each year will show you how healthy they are. Observe the tips of the branches that are exposed (not shaded). A tree that grows less than 4 inches from the previous year is likely under stress and considered unhealthy. 

New growth is often identifiable by the color. The new twig emerging from the bud may be greener but the leaves are often a brighter shade as well. You'll notice the leaves attached directly to these new stems rather than lateral branches. New growth may also look more compressed than growth from previous years.

Though evaluating the amount of growth can help you determine if your tree is healthy, it does not tell you what may be the cause of an unhealthy tree. The effects of stress accumulate year after year. A drought two years ago can have an impact on growth of a recovering tree. The root growth may have been stunted and roots could struggle to take in enough water to support the tree as temperatures rise. When possible, ensure trees are receiving water to a depth of 12 inches every couple of weeks during the summer either from rain or supplemental watering.

One of the more common means of watering trees is the use of soaker hoses, but they are notorious for non-uniform watering. On small trees, circling the tree several times with the soaker hose will even out the amount of water applied but this isn't practical for larger trees.&nbsp; On larger trees, hooking both the beginning and the end of the soaker hose to a Y-adapter helps equalize the pressure and therefore provide a more uniform watering. The specific parts you need include the soaker hose, Y-adapter and female to female connector.

The soaker hose can circle the trunk at a distance within the dripline of the tree but at least ½ the distance to the dripline. The dripline of the tree is outermost reach of the branches.

Soil should be wet at least 12 inches deep as 80% of a tree’s roots are in the top foot of soil.&nbsp; Use a metal rod, wooden dowel, electric fence post or something similar to check depth. Dry soil is much harder to push through than wet and your probe will stop when it hits dry soil.&nbsp; How long it takes water to reach a 12-inch depth varies depending on the rate of water flow and soil.&nbsp; Record the amount of time it takes to reach 12 inches the first time the tree is watered.&nbsp; After that, simply water for that same amount of time.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Many of my most recent home visits have been centered around tree health and subsequently around trees experiencing dieback or death from drought stress. The past several years has been very dry and it typically it takes a few years for a tree to show stress from an event. If you take a good look at your tree, you can begin to analyze the overall health and take steps to keep them healthy. To&nbsp;determine the health of your trees, looking at the amount of new growth each year will show you how healthy they are. Observe the tips of the branches that are exposed (not shaded). A tree that grows less than 4 inches from the previous year is likely under stress and considered unhealthy. New growth is often identifiable by the color. The new twig emerging from the bud may be greener but the leaves are often a brighter shade as well. You'll notice the leaves attached directly to these new stems rather than lateral branches. New growth may also look more compressed than growth from previous years.Though evaluating the amount of growth can help you determine if your tree is healthy, it does not tell you what may be the cause of an unhealthy tree. The effects of stress accumulate year after year. A drought two years ago can have an impact on growth of a recovering tree. The root growth may have been stunted and roots could struggle to take in enough water to support the tree as temperatures rise. When possible, ensure trees are receiving water to a depth of 12 inches every couple of weeks during the summer either from rain or supplemental watering.One of the more common means of watering trees is the use of soaker hoses, but they are notorious for non-uniform watering. On small trees, circling the tree several times with the soaker hose will even out the amount of water applied but this isn't practical for larger trees.&nbsp; On larger trees, hooking both the beginning and the end of the soaker hose to a Y-adapter helps equalize the pressure and therefore provide a more uniform watering. The specific parts you need include the soaker hose, Y-adapter and female to female connector.The soaker hose can circle the trunk at a distance within the dripline of the tree but at least ½ the distance to the dripline. The dripline of the tree is outermost reach of the branches.Soil should be wet at least 12 inches deep as 80% of a tree’s roots are in the top foot of soil.&nbsp; Use a metal rod, wooden dowel, electric fence post or something similar to check depth. Dry soil is much harder to push through than wet and your probe will stop when it hits dry soil.&nbsp; How long it takes water to reach a 12-inch depth varies depending on the rate of water flow and soil.&nbsp; Record the amount of time it takes to reach 12 inches the first time the tree is watered.&nbsp; After that, simply water for that same amount of time.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: How to Assess Tree Health and Improve Survival

Screens are having a profound effect on our world and our children. Most experts in the early childhood field recommend no screen time for children under two years old. The only screen time that would be beneficial for a young child might include video chatting with important people in their lives. Screen time can affect children in many ways from developmental, behaviorally, and their physical health. Screen time often gets replaced by things that are important for children to experience. Just 10 Minutes is an initiative aimed at helping combat the effect of screen time in our lives and our relationships.

JustTenMinutes.org is a nonprofit initiative dedicated to helping families strengthen their relationships through daily, intentional, screen-free moments. The organization encourages parents and caregivers to set aside just 10 minutes each day for focused, undistracted connection with their children. These brief interactions—such as reading together, drawing, or sharing a favorite memory—are designed to nurture emotional growth, support brain development, and create lasting memories.

The initiative emphasizes the power of small, consistent actions. It provides research-backed insights into how short, meaningful interactions can have a profound impact on a child's development and a family's well-being. The organization also offers resources and activity ideas to help families make the most of their 10-minute connections.

JustTenMinutes.org collaborates with various partners, including healthcare organizations and community groups, to promote its message and expand its reach. Community partners such as Advent Health Kansas City Foundation, Kansas Head Start Association (KHSA), Kansas Parents as Teachers Association (KPATA) and Sing Play Love, indicating a broad network of support for its mission.

The website invites visitors to join its efforts by exploring activities, sharing experiences, and connecting with others who are committed to making meaningful moments a daily habit. Through its "Get Involved" section, JustTenMinutes.org provides opportunities for individuals and organizations to contribute to its mission of fostering stronger families and communities.

"Life moves quickly, and finding time for meaningful moments can feel challenging," says the organization's mission statement. "But what if you could make a significant impact in just 10 minutes a day?"

The initiative offers a variety of simple, research-backed activities designed to nurture emotional growth and build lasting memories. From nature art bracelets to finger counting games for toddlers, the website provides resources that are easy to integrate into daily routines. For more information or to get involved, visit JustTenMinutes.org.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Screens are having a profound effect on our world and our children. Most experts in the early childhood field recommend no screen time for children under two years old. The only screen time that would be beneficial for a young child might include video chatting with important people in their lives. Screen time can affect children in many ways from developmental, behaviorally, and their physical health. Screen time often gets replaced by things that are important for children to experience. Just 10 Minutes is an initiative aimed at helping combat the effect of screen time in our lives and our relationships.JustTenMinutes.org is a nonprofit initiative dedicated to helping families strengthen their relationships through daily, intentional, screen-free moments. The organization encourages parents and caregivers to set aside just 10 minutes each day for focused, undistracted connection with their children. These brief interactions—such as reading together, drawing, or sharing a favorite memory—are designed to nurture emotional growth, support brain development, and create lasting memories.The initiative emphasizes the power of small, consistent actions. It provides research-backed insights into how short, meaningful interactions can have a profound impact on a child's development and a family's well-being. The organization also offers resources and activity ideas to help families make the most of their 10-minute connections.JustTenMinutes.org collaborates with various partners, including healthcare organizations and community groups, to promote its message and expand its reach. Community partners such as Advent Health Kansas City Foundation, Kansas Head Start Association (KHSA), Kansas Parents as Teachers Association (KPATA) and Sing Play Love, indicating a broad network of support for its mission.The website invites visitors to join its efforts by exploring activities, sharing experiences, and connecting with others who are committed to making meaningful moments a daily habit. Through its "Get Involved" section, JustTenMinutes.org provides opportunities for individuals and organizations to contribute to its mission of fostering stronger families and communities."Life moves quickly, and finding time for meaningful moments can feel challenging," says the organization's mission statement. "But what if you could make a significant impact in just 10 minutes a day?"The initiative offers a variety of simple, research-backed activities designed to nurture emotional growth and build lasting memories. From nature art bracelets to finger counting games for toddlers, the website provides resources that are easy to integrate into daily routines. For more information or to get involved, visit JustTenMinutes.org.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Family connection through just 10 minutes a day

Barton County - Cottonwood District Wheat Variety Plot Field Day

Farmers on Wednesday May 21st starting at 8:30 a.m. will be the Barton County Cottonwood Extension District Wheat Variety Plot Field Day.&nbsp;

It is located North of Hoisington on HWY 281. Turn West on NW 190 Rd. (Galatia blacktop) go 1 mile, turn South onto NW 50th Ave. The farmer/cooperator is Tim Maier. In case of inclement weather, it will be held at the Galatia Coop, 101 Steinert.

Donuts, coffee and refreshments provided courtesy of sponsors. RSVP greatly appreciated bit.ly/KSRECottonwoodDistrictWheatPlotTours or call Brenda in the Great Bend office, 620-793-1910.

Ellis County - Cottonwood District Wheat Variety Plot Field Day

Wheat growers on Wednesday May 28th starting at 6:00 p.m. will be the Ellis County Cottonwood Extension District Wheat Variety Plot Field Day.&nbsp;

It is located at the Agricultural Research Center, Hays, 1232 240th Ave. It will be on the West side of county road 240th across from the buildings at the ag research center. In case of inclement weather, it will be held at the Agricultural Research Center auditorium.

Following the field day, a complimentary meal and refreshments will be provided by our sponsors. RSVP greatly appreciated for meal count bit.ly/KSRECottonwoodDistrictWheatPlotTours or call Theresa at 785-628-9430.

Barton County - Cottonwood District Wheat Variety Plot Field DayFarmers on Wednesday May 21st starting at 8:30 a.m. will be the Barton County Cottonwood Extension District Wheat Variety Plot Field Day.&nbsp;It is located North of Hoisington on HWY 281. Turn West on NW 190 Rd. (Galatia blacktop) go 1 mile, turn South onto NW 50th Ave. The farmer/cooperator is Tim Maier. In case of inclement weather, it will be held at the Galatia Coop, 101 Steinert.Donuts, coffee and refreshments provided courtesy of sponsors. RSVP greatly appreciated bit.ly/KSRECottonwoodDistrictWheatPlotTours or call Brenda in the Great Bend office, 620-793-1910.Ellis County - Cottonwood District Wheat Variety Plot Field DayWheat growers on Wednesday May 28th starting at 6:00 p.m. will be the Ellis County Cottonwood Extension District Wheat Variety Plot Field Day.&nbsp;It is located at the Agricultural Research Center, Hays, 1232 240th Ave. It will be on the West side of county road 240th across from the buildings at the ag research center. In case of inclement weather, it will be held at the Agricultural Research Center auditorium.Following the field day, a complimentary meal and refreshments will be provided by our sponsors. RSVP greatly appreciated for meal count bit.ly/KSRECottonwoodDistrictWheatPlotTours or call Theresa at 785-628-9430.

Barton & Ellis Co. Cottonwood District Wheat Variety Plot Field Days

Over the last several weeks, symptoms of wheat streak mosaic virus have been showing up in wheat fields across Kansas, including the Cottonwood District. This disease complex can be caused by several viruses, including wheat streak mosaic virus, Triticum mosaic virus, and wheat mosaic virus (high plains). These viruses are vectored by the wheat curl mite, a near-microscopic mite that survives between seasons on volunteer wheat and other grassy hosts. These grassy hosts serve as a “green bridge” for mites to survive from one wheat crop to the next. Infections may occur in the fall or spring, but fall infections typically result in the highest levels of yield loss. Although wheat streak mosaic infections can happen at any time, symptoms develop most rapidly at temperatures above 70°F. Symptoms have become more severe in Kansas over the last several weeks as temperatures have warmed. This article, is a condensed version of what was put into the K-State Agronomy eUpdate weekly newsletter. To read the full version just do a google search and also subscribe to the weekly email newsletter. Will a fungicide help with my wheat streak infection? No. There is no evidence that a fungicide application will do anything to stop the progression of wheat streak mosaic complex or preserve yield in infected fields. Fungicides are specifically formulated to kill diseases caused by fungi (leaf &amp; stripe rust, leaf spots, head scab, etc.) but have no activity against viral diseases like wheat streak mosaic. In addition, fields that have moderate to severe wheat streak mosaic infections will often have reduced yield potential that will diminish the economic return from a fungicide applied to control one of those other diseases (rust, leaf spots, or head scab).

Why is the wheat streak complex so severe and widely distributed this season? Although we are still trying to understand the extent of the damage across the state, says Kelsey Anderson Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist there are a few factors that came together this season that may have contributed to the outbreak. Wheat streak complex can be more severe in years where summer moisture that favors volunteer wheat establishment is followed by a warm fall that favors mite reproduction. In 2024, although August was relatively dry, precipitation in July and September would have supported late volunteer wheat emergence. Wheat curl mite populations prefer warm, dry weather and reproduce at high rates between 75-85°F. These mites only survive short periods (8-10 days) when conditions are warm, but during that time, they can lay up to 20 eggs. This rapid population growth can lead to a 25% increase in population size over the course of just two weeks. In 2024, Kansas experienced a very warm fall with higher-than-normal temperatures from September through November. These conditions may have sustained periods of time that were highly favorable for mite reproduction and movement across fields.

Is there anything I can do this season to help slow down the progression of the disease? No. Efforts to control wheat curl mites with foliar miticides and/or insecticidal seed treatments have never proven effective and have not been shown to reduce the spread or severity of the viruses.

What can we do to prepare for the 2025 planting season? The most critical way to prevent wheat streak complex infection is to control volunteer wheat after harvest and continue to control any secondary flushes of volunteer prior to planting. We also need to watch for hidden volunteer wheat in summer crops and cover crops. Although curl mites prefer wheat, they can also survive the summer on other grass species. Avoid planting wheat early to reduce the length of time mites have to increase their numbers and transmit disease.

Information provide by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Over the last several weeks, symptoms of wheat streak mosaic virus have been showing up in wheat fields across Kansas, including the Cottonwood District. This disease complex can be caused by several viruses, including wheat streak mosaic virus, Triticum mosaic virus, and wheat mosaic virus (high plains). These viruses are vectored by the wheat curl mite, a near-microscopic mite that survives between seasons on volunteer wheat and other grassy hosts. These grassy hosts serve as a “green bridge” for mites to survive from one wheat crop to the next. Infections may occur in the fall or spring, but fall infections typically result in the highest levels of yield loss. Although wheat streak mosaic infections can happen at any time, symptoms develop most rapidly at temperatures above 70°F. Symptoms have become more severe in Kansas over the last several weeks as temperatures have warmed. This article, is a condensed version of what was put into the K-State Agronomy eUpdate weekly newsletter. To read the full version just do a google search and also subscribe to the weekly email newsletter. Will a fungicide help with my wheat streak infection? No. There is no evidence that a fungicide application will do anything to stop the progression of wheat streak mosaic complex or preserve yield in infected fields. Fungicides are specifically formulated to kill diseases caused by fungi (leaf &amp; stripe rust, leaf spots, head scab, etc.) but have no activity against viral diseases like wheat streak mosaic. In addition, fields that have moderate to severe wheat streak mosaic infections will often have reduced yield potential that will diminish the economic return from a fungicide applied to control one of those other diseases (rust, leaf spots, or head scab).Why is the wheat streak complex so severe and widely distributed this season? Although we are still trying to understand the extent of the damage across the state, says Kelsey Anderson Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist there are a few factors that came together this season that may have contributed to the outbreak. Wheat streak complex can be more severe in years where summer moisture that favors volunteer wheat establishment is followed by a warm fall that favors mite reproduction. In 2024, although August was relatively dry, precipitation in July and September would have supported late volunteer wheat emergence. Wheat curl mite populations prefer warm, dry weather and reproduce at high rates between 75-85°F. These mites only survive short periods (8-10 days) when conditions are warm, but during that time, they can lay up to 20 eggs. This rapid population growth can lead to a 25% increase in population size over the course of just two weeks. In 2024, Kansas experienced a very warm fall with higher-than-normal temperatures from September through November. These conditions may have sustained periods of time that were highly favorable for mite reproduction and movement across fields.Is there anything I can do this season to help slow down the progression of the disease? No. Efforts to control wheat curl mites with foliar miticides and/or insecticidal seed treatments have never proven effective and have not been shown to reduce the spread or severity of the viruses.What can we do to prepare for the 2025 planting season? The most critical way to prevent wheat streak complex infection is to control volunteer wheat after harvest and continue to control any secondary flushes of volunteer prior to planting. We also need to watch for hidden volunteer wheat in summer crops and cover crops. Although curl mites prefer wheat, they can also survive the summer on other grass species. Avoid planting wheat early to reduce the length of time mites have to increase their numbers and transmit disease.Information provide by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: High levels of wheat streak mosaic virus in parts of Kansas

Ticks and the pathogens they transmit are a significant concern for both humans and animals alike. Controlling tick populations can be difficult because a large part of their lives are spent off the animal host or are on hosts we have little control over like deer, rabbits and other animals.&nbsp;Between feeding periods, ticks are found in brush or tall grasses, especially around water areas and streams. High humidity, the presence of protective leaf litter and animals moving through the area provide a perfect habitat for ticks.

Burning pastures in the Flint Hills can significantly reduce tick populations, with burning early in the spring while ticks are still overwintering being the most effective (Salazar et al., 2024). The impact of burning is immediate, with reduced tick numbers lasting the growing season after the burn. Female ticks lay thousands of eggs and tick populations can rebound very quickly if burning isn’t maintained. When burning, pay special attention to thickets and areas of dense plant growth. Eastern redcedars are a tick hot spot (Noden et al., 2021) and an area often visited by animals. Alarmingly, not only are more ticks found in these areas, but they are also carrying more pathogens than those collected from surrounding pasture (Noden et al., 2021). Keep grass around buildings short and bushes trimmed and off the ground.

For on animal tick control, fly tags can help control ear associated ticks like Gulf Coast and spinose ear ticks. These are not effective for tick species that are on the body of the animal, like the American dog tick, which transmits Anaplasmosis. Sprays can be effective if they reach areas where ticks are attached, and tick populations are not resistant. As seen with flies, rates of pesticide resistance in ticks are also increasing. Common tick attachment sites include areas under the tail, in folds of skin, under the belly/udder areas and dewlap. Pour-on’s can also be effective but be aware that those containing macrocyclic lactone group chemicals will impact your dung beetle populations.

Protect yourself and your family while outdoors too! Make sure you wear long pants tucked into socks and shirts with long sleeves, tucked into pants. Check yourself for ticks at the end of the day and remove any attached ticks as soon as possible. Dogs and cats should receive veterinarian prescribed tick control products. Be careful of ‘natural’ remedies found on the internet as these have not been tested for safety or efficacy. There has been a rise in garlic-based products for tick and flea control in dogs for sale on online retailers like Amazon. Garlic is not safe for dogs to consume and should not be used for flea and tick control.

More information on the most common ticks found in Kansas can be found here (<a target="_blank" href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/ticks-in-kansas_MF2653.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/ticks-in-kansas_MF2653.pdf</a>

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Ticks and the pathogens they transmit are a significant concern for both humans and animals alike. Controlling tick populations can be difficult because a large part of their lives are spent off the animal host or are on hosts we have little control over like deer, rabbits and other animals.&nbsp;Between feeding periods, ticks are found in brush or tall grasses, especially around water areas and streams. High humidity, the presence of protective leaf litter and animals moving through the area provide a perfect habitat for ticks.Burning pastures in the Flint Hills can significantly reduce tick populations, with burning early in the spring while ticks are still overwintering being the most effective (Salazar et al., 2024). The impact of burning is immediate, with reduced tick numbers lasting the growing season after the burn. Female ticks lay thousands of eggs and tick populations can rebound very quickly if burning isn’t maintained. When burning, pay special attention to thickets and areas of dense plant growth. Eastern redcedars are a tick hot spot (Noden et al., 2021) and an area often visited by animals. Alarmingly, not only are more ticks found in these areas, but they are also carrying more pathogens than those collected from surrounding pasture (Noden et al., 2021). Keep grass around buildings short and bushes trimmed and off the ground.For on animal tick control, fly tags can help control ear associated ticks like Gulf Coast and spinose ear ticks. These are not effective for tick species that are on the body of the animal, like the American dog tick, which transmits Anaplasmosis. Sprays can be effective if they reach areas where ticks are attached, and tick populations are not resistant. As seen with flies, rates of pesticide resistance in ticks are also increasing. Common tick attachment sites include areas under the tail, in folds of skin, under the belly/udder areas and dewlap. Pour-on’s can also be effective but be aware that those containing macrocyclic lactone group chemicals will impact your dung beetle populations.Protect yourself and your family while outdoors too! Make sure you wear long pants tucked into socks and shirts with long sleeves, tucked into pants. Check yourself for ticks at the end of the day and remove any attached ticks as soon as possible. Dogs and cats should receive veterinarian prescribed tick control products. Be careful of ‘natural’ remedies found on the internet as these have not been tested for safety or efficacy. There has been a rise in garlic-based products for tick and flea control in dogs for sale on online retailers like Amazon. Garlic is not safe for dogs to consume and should not be used for flea and tick control.More information on the most common ticks found in Kansas can be found here (<a target="_blank" href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/ticks-in-kansas_MF2653.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/ticks-in-kansas_MF2653.pdf</a>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Controlling tick populations

Change is a constant in every day life. Sometimes change is fun, sometimes hard, and nearly always challenging.

After almost nine years of working in the 4-H Youth Development program, I am beginning a move to Family and Community Wellness. This move continues my commitment to my goal of helping rural communities – and most importantly, MY rural communities – to thrive, not just survive!

While my heart will always beat a little 4-H green, I am excited about the potential in continuing established programs such as Stay Strong, Stay Healthy and SHICK (Senior Health Insurance Counseling for Kansas) and working with the Youth Entrepreneurship Challenge. Financial literacy for every age has been an important part of my professional world for many years and I look forward to additional training and experiences that will help me to expand that knowledge and resources across the Cottonwood Extension District.

For the next couple of months, I will still be focused on a positive learning experience for 4-H youth at the Barton County Fair! Come support the 120 4-H members during the fair June 25th through 30th. They have been working all year on livestock projects, foods and nutrition, photography, woodworking, and many more of the 50 available project areas! We use a process of consultative judging in many areas of 4-H and I love listening in as a 4-H member shares their challenges and learning experiences with a judge. I enjoy consultative judging so much that I judge at several area fairs after ours is complete.

Change is a part of the teaching youth to be resilient, flexible, and problem-solvers. While I know that my change impacts their 4-H experience, I hope that they always know that I am here to cheer them on, support a new 4-H agent when hired, and celebrate their successes and commiserate when things don’t go quite as planned. Every 4-H youth I have had the opportunity to work with become just a little bit one of “my kids”. I will continue to encourage them to live the 4-H Pledge every day:

I pledge my Head to clearer thinking (make good decisions)

My Heart to greater loyalty (be a good friend)

My Hands to larger service (be engaged in making our communities better)

And My Health to better living for my club, my community, my country, and my world.

Keep learning! Keep showing grace and kindness!

Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. " />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. </figcaption>
 </figure>Change is a constant in every day life. Sometimes change is fun, sometimes hard, and nearly always challenging.After almost nine years of working in the 4-H Youth Development program, I am beginning a move to Family and Community Wellness. This move continues my commitment to my goal of helping rural communities – and most importantly, MY rural communities – to thrive, not just survive!While my heart will always beat a little 4-H green, I am excited about the potential in continuing established programs such as Stay Strong, Stay Healthy and SHICK (Senior Health Insurance Counseling for Kansas) and working with the Youth Entrepreneurship Challenge. Financial literacy for every age has been an important part of my professional world for many years and I look forward to additional training and experiences that will help me to expand that knowledge and resources across the Cottonwood Extension District.For the next couple of months, I will still be focused on a positive learning experience for 4-H youth at the Barton County Fair! Come support the 120 4-H members during the fair June 25th through 30th. They have been working all year on livestock projects, foods and nutrition, photography, woodworking, and many more of the 50 available project areas! We use a process of consultative judging in many areas of 4-H and I love listening in as a 4-H member shares their challenges and learning experiences with a judge. I enjoy consultative judging so much that I judge at several area fairs after ours is complete.Change is a part of the teaching youth to be resilient, flexible, and problem-solvers. While I know that my change impacts their 4-H experience, I hope that they always know that I am here to cheer them on, support a new 4-H agent when hired, and celebrate their successes and commiserate when things don’t go quite as planned. Every 4-H youth I have had the opportunity to work with become just a little bit one of “my kids”. I will continue to encourage them to live the 4-H Pledge every day:I pledge my Head to clearer thinking (make good decisions)My Heart to greater loyalty (be a good friend)My Hands to larger service (be engaged in making our communities better)And My Health to better living for my club, my community, my country, and my world.Keep learning! Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision, or hearing disability.

BERAN: Changing positions in Cottonwood Extension

State forestry and horticulture experts are urging patience and persistence when trying to manage bagworms, noting that caterpillars may emerge from eggs from late spring through early summer, depending on weather conditions.

Shad Hufnagel, forest health coordinator with the Kansas Forest Service, and Raymond Cloyd, extension specialist in horticultural entomology with K-State Research and Extension, advise that homeowners scout for bagworms from early- to mid-May and apply insecticides when young bagworms are present.

Once bagworms are detected, they said, homeowners might need to treat with an insecticide weekly for up to four weeks.

Cloyd said that in addition to emergence over time, young bagworms can ‘blow in’ - called ‘ballooning’ - from neighboring plants on silken threads, thus increasing the importance of treating multiple times during the growing season.

“Once the caterpillars emerge from eggs, they begin feeding on the host tree or shrub, creating a protective bag, hence the common name,” Cloyd said. “The plant material fed upon is used to build a protective covering that provides protection from predators and insecticide treatments, which can influence the effectiveness of insecticide applications.”

Hufnagel added: “The larger and more robust the caterpillars and their cases become, the more difficult they are to control chemically.”

Bagworm feeding is commonly associated with such conifers as juniper, arborvitae, pine, and spruce, but Hufnagel said the caterpillars also feed on numerous deciduous host plants. Although defoliation of deciduous trees and shrubs typically does not result in long-term plant damage, extreme defoliation of conifers can cause significant plant stress and even plant mortality.

He said insecticides can be effective in mitigating damage to trees and shrubs. However, bagworm infestations are often cyclical; consequently, bagworm infestations may be low enough that spraying an insecticide may not be needed.

For increased effectiveness and to prevent bagworms from causing substantial plant damage, Hufnagel advises judicious treatment of windbreaks, Christmas trees, and ornamental landscape trees as soon as bagworms are present.

“Thorough coverage is important when treating for bagworms, including penetration into the interior plant canopy and upper branches,” he said. “Commercial treatments may be more effective for large trees or established windbreaks where applications from common household sprayers cannot reach the upper canopy of trees.”

Many insecticides are labeled for bagworms, but timing of application and thorough coverage will ensure the effectiveness of insecticides in managing bagworms. When bagworm caterpillars are small (1/8 to 1/4 of an inch long), products containing&nbsp;Bacillus thuringiensis&nbsp;subspecies&nbsp;kurstaki&nbsp;(Btk) or spinosad as the active ingredient can be effective in managing bagworms.

Cloyd said the recommended insecticides have minimal direct impact on beneficial insects compared to broad-spectrum insecticides, which could lead to outbreaks of spider mites or scale insects that can cause damage to treated trees and shrubs.

If insecticides are not applied when bagworm caterpillars are 1/8 to 1/4 of an inch in length, then broad-spectrum insecticides -- including those containing malathion, acephate, or cyfluthrin as the active ingredients -- can be applied. Be sure to read the product label and follow directions.

Hand removing and destroying bagworm bags is an option for smaller infestations.

For more information on controlling bagworms, reference the publication,&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3474.pdf">Bagworm: Insect Pest of Trees and Shrubs</a>, written by Cloyd.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>State forestry and horticulture experts are urging patience and persistence when trying to manage bagworms, noting that caterpillars may emerge from eggs from late spring through early summer, depending on weather conditions.Shad Hufnagel, forest health coordinator with the Kansas Forest Service, and Raymond Cloyd, extension specialist in horticultural entomology with K-State Research and Extension, advise that homeowners scout for bagworms from early- to mid-May and apply insecticides when young bagworms are present.Once bagworms are detected, they said, homeowners might need to treat with an insecticide weekly for up to four weeks.Cloyd said that in addition to emergence over time, young bagworms can ‘blow in’ - called ‘ballooning’ - from neighboring plants on silken threads, thus increasing the importance of treating multiple times during the growing season.“Once the caterpillars emerge from eggs, they begin feeding on the host tree or shrub, creating a protective bag, hence the common name,” Cloyd said. “The plant material fed upon is used to build a protective covering that provides protection from predators and insecticide treatments, which can influence the effectiveness of insecticide applications.”Hufnagel added: “The larger and more robust the caterpillars and their cases become, the more difficult they are to control chemically.”Bagworm feeding is commonly associated with such conifers as juniper, arborvitae, pine, and spruce, but Hufnagel said the caterpillars also feed on numerous deciduous host plants. Although defoliation of deciduous trees and shrubs typically does not result in long-term plant damage, extreme defoliation of conifers can cause significant plant stress and even plant mortality.He said insecticides can be effective in mitigating damage to trees and shrubs. However, bagworm infestations are often cyclical; consequently, bagworm infestations may be low enough that spraying an insecticide may not be needed.For increased effectiveness and to prevent bagworms from causing substantial plant damage, Hufnagel advises judicious treatment of windbreaks, Christmas trees, and ornamental landscape trees as soon as bagworms are present.“Thorough coverage is important when treating for bagworms, including penetration into the interior plant canopy and upper branches,” he said. “Commercial treatments may be more effective for large trees or established windbreaks where applications from common household sprayers cannot reach the upper canopy of trees.”Many insecticides are labeled for bagworms, but timing of application and thorough coverage will ensure the effectiveness of insecticides in managing bagworms. When bagworm caterpillars are small (1/8 to 1/4 of an inch long), products containing&nbsp;Bacillus thuringiensis&nbsp;subspecies&nbsp;kurstaki&nbsp;(Btk) or spinosad as the active ingredient can be effective in managing bagworms.Cloyd said the recommended insecticides have minimal direct impact on beneficial insects compared to broad-spectrum insecticides, which could lead to outbreaks of spider mites or scale insects that can cause damage to treated trees and shrubs.If insecticides are not applied when bagworm caterpillars are 1/8 to 1/4 of an inch in length, then broad-spectrum insecticides -- including those containing malathion, acephate, or cyfluthrin as the active ingredients -- can be applied. Be sure to read the product label and follow directions.Hand removing and destroying bagworm bags is an option for smaller infestations.For more information on controlling bagworms, reference the publication,&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3474.pdf">Bagworm: Insect Pest of Trees and Shrubs</a>, written by Cloyd.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Managing bagworms 

Effective weed control is essential for Kansas grain sorghum producers to achieve strong yields. One of the best management practices for effective weed control is planting grain sorghum into clean, weed-free fields. Grain sorghum planted in a weed-free field, coupled with a strong residual program up front, will start strong and outcompete late-emerging weeds. Also, the chances of chemical weed control failures after crop establishment are higher if grain sorghum is established in an already weed-infested field.

In dryland production systems of western Kansas, conservation tillage is a common practice. This practice helps retain more soil water and increases crop residue on the soil surface, which supports crop intensification. Higher residue amounts also benefit soil health by reducing soil erosion from wind and water, improving soil organic carbon accumulation, and enhancing soil structure. Conservation tillage systems rely on herbicides for effective preplant management of existing weeds, making subsequent weed management strategies more effective.

Preplant herbicide options ahead of grain sorghum are limited, and atrazine has been the basis of most chemical weed control programs in Kansas grain sorghum. Some of the options available can be found below.

Atrazine can be applied as early preplant, PPI, PRE, and POST. It has some activity on grasses like foxtails, but is considered a broadleaf herbicide. It will control susceptible populations of kochia, pigweeds, morningglories, mustards, and ragweeds.

2,4-D. For preplant burndown applications, low-volatile esters are more effective in controlling weeds and are preferably used over amine formulations. But, sorghum can be injured by carryover from preplant 2,4-D. Therefore, growers should follow label guidelines.

Dicamba provides control of susceptible emerged broadleaves and has a moderate residual control of germinating weeds (pigweeds, wild buckwheat, and lambsquarters). Mixtures of dicamba (8 to 16 oz/a) and atrazine (1 to 2 pints/a) in early spring are good options for kochia control.

Glyphosate provides a broad-spectrum control of glyphosate-susceptible weeds present in the field. Glyphosate resistance is widespread in the state, and the herbicide is often mixed with 2,4-D or dicamba for a broader spectrum and increased control.

Sharpen provides control of many broadleaf weeds like common lambsquarters, marestail, mustards, nightshade, Palmer amaranth, redroot pigweed, wild sunflower, and velvetleaf.

Gramoxone can only be handled and applied by certified applicators and is a nonselective, nonresidual contact herbicide often used for preplant burndown of weeds.

Reviton is a new group 14 (PPO-inhibiting) contact herbicide developed for nonselective broadleaf and grass weed control or suppression when applied to actively growing weeds.

Group 15 herbicides. Residual control of weeds that have not emerged can be achieved by including a Group 15 herbicide with a burndown application. S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum, others) can be applied up to 45 days before planting seed treated with Concep III safener. Similarly, if safened seed is used, acetochlor (Warrant, others) or dimethenamid-P (Outlook, others) can be applied. Products that contain pyroxasulfone (Zidua, others) are not labeled for use in grain sorghum.

The use of trade names is for clarity to readers and does not imply endorsement of a particular product, nor does exclusion imply non-approval. Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements and follow all label instructions. For more detailed information, see the “2025 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland” guide or check with your local K-State Research and Extension office for a paper copy.

Information provided by Jeremie Kouame, Weed Scientist – Agricultural Research Center, Hays.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Effective weed control is essential for Kansas grain sorghum producers to achieve strong yields. One of the best management practices for effective weed control is planting grain sorghum into clean, weed-free fields. Grain sorghum planted in a weed-free field, coupled with a strong residual program up front, will start strong and outcompete late-emerging weeds. Also, the chances of chemical weed control failures after crop establishment are higher if grain sorghum is established in an already weed-infested field.In dryland production systems of western Kansas, conservation tillage is a common practice. This practice helps retain more soil water and increases crop residue on the soil surface, which supports crop intensification. Higher residue amounts also benefit soil health by reducing soil erosion from wind and water, improving soil organic carbon accumulation, and enhancing soil structure. Conservation tillage systems rely on herbicides for effective preplant management of existing weeds, making subsequent weed management strategies more effective.Preplant herbicide options ahead of grain sorghum are limited, and atrazine has been the basis of most chemical weed control programs in Kansas grain sorghum. Some of the options available can be found below.Atrazine can be applied as early preplant, PPI, PRE, and POST. It has some activity on grasses like foxtails, but is considered a broadleaf herbicide. It will control susceptible populations of kochia, pigweeds, morningglories, mustards, and ragweeds.2,4-D. For preplant burndown applications, low-volatile esters are more effective in controlling weeds and are preferably used over amine formulations. But, sorghum can be injured by carryover from preplant 2,4-D. Therefore, growers should follow label guidelines.Dicamba provides control of susceptible emerged broadleaves and has a moderate residual control of germinating weeds (pigweeds, wild buckwheat, and lambsquarters). Mixtures of dicamba (8 to 16 oz/a) and atrazine (1 to 2 pints/a) in early spring are good options for kochia control.Glyphosate provides a broad-spectrum control of glyphosate-susceptible weeds present in the field. Glyphosate resistance is widespread in the state, and the herbicide is often mixed with 2,4-D or dicamba for a broader spectrum and increased control.Sharpen provides control of many broadleaf weeds like common lambsquarters, marestail, mustards, nightshade, Palmer amaranth, redroot pigweed, wild sunflower, and velvetleaf.Gramoxone can only be handled and applied by certified applicators and is a nonselective, nonresidual contact herbicide often used for preplant burndown of weeds.Reviton is a new group 14 (PPO-inhibiting) contact herbicide developed for nonselective broadleaf and grass weed control or suppression when applied to actively growing weeds.Group 15 herbicides. Residual control of weeds that have not emerged can be achieved by including a Group 15 herbicide with a burndown application. S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum, others) can be applied up to 45 days before planting seed treated with Concep III safener. Similarly, if safened seed is used, acetochlor (Warrant, others) or dimethenamid-P (Outlook, others) can be applied. Products that contain pyroxasulfone (Zidua, others) are not labeled for use in grain sorghum.The use of trade names is for clarity to readers and does not imply endorsement of a particular product, nor does exclusion imply non-approval. Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements and follow all label instructions. For more detailed information, see the “2025 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland” guide or check with your local K-State Research and Extension office for a paper copy.Information provided by Jeremie Kouame, Weed Scientist – Agricultural Research Center, Hays.

CAMPBELL: Get ahead of weeds - pre-plant herbicide options

You are probably asking yourself, “What is QPR?” QPR stands for Question, Persuade and Refer. Three steps anyone can learn to help prevent suicide. QPR is a suicide-prevention training designed to educate people from all walks of life on how to recognize the warning signs of suicide. QPR training helps people get comfortable asking the question "Are you thinking about suicide?" and then helping others get appropriate help. QPR is for anyone interested in helping someone who has thoughts of suicide.

Together with the Kansas Suicide Prevention Coalition, Monique and Alicia plan to host a QPR training May 30, 2025.

12 p.m. Friday, May 30 Fort Hays Tech North Central 2205 Wheatland Ave. Hays, KS 67601

To register: https://kansassuicidepreventioncoalition.org/training-registration/

The QPR mission is to reduce suicidal behaviors and save lives by providing innovative, practical and proven suicide prevention training. The signs of crisis are all around us. We believe that quality education empowers all people, regardless of their background to make a positive difference in the life of someone they know.

K-State Research and Extension is committed to helping the mental health crisis in Kansas by creating the Stress and Resiliency Transdisciplinary team. Our Stress and Resiliency team provides educational information about stress, stress management and resiliency, or one’s ability

to adapt positively to difficult experiences. Areas of focus include all types of stress and general mental health information, because stress impacts all of us – regardless of demographic.

Increasing awareness and people’s willingness to talk about mental health will encourage more Kansans to get the help they need. Another goal is to equip Kansans with tools and techniques that help them recognize and manage stress within their lives, families and communities. Our team also strives to educate Kansans about resiliency - how to enhance it and how to incorporate it into their daily lives.

In addition to the above training, we are available to present QPR to a wide variety of audiences. Some examples would include workplaces, schools, colleges and universities, faith communities, emergency departments and services, and other civic organizations that are interested in learning more about the mental health crisis and suicide prevention.

For more information about mental health, stress, stress management or to schedule a QPR training, please contact Cottonwood Extension District at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910. Or email Monique at moniquek@ksu.edu or Alica at aboor@ksu.edu

Alicia Boor is the Agriculture and Natural Resource Agent. You can reach her at 620-793-1910 or aboor@ksu.edu. Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/4/1744425566448.png" alt="written by: Alicia Boor and Monique Koerner - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor and Monique Koerner - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>You are probably asking yourself, “What is QPR?” QPR stands for Question, Persuade and Refer. Three steps anyone can learn to help prevent suicide. QPR is a suicide-prevention training designed to educate people from all walks of life on how to recognize the warning signs of suicide. QPR training helps people get comfortable asking the question "Are you thinking about suicide?" and then helping others get appropriate help. QPR is for anyone interested in helping someone who has thoughts of suicide.Together with the Kansas Suicide Prevention Coalition, Monique and Alicia plan to host a QPR training May 30, 2025.12 p.m. Friday, May 30 Fort Hays Tech North Central 2205 Wheatland Ave. Hays, KS 67601 To register: https://kansassuicidepreventioncoalition.org/training-registration/The QPR mission is to reduce suicidal behaviors and save lives by providing innovative, practical and proven suicide prevention training. The signs of crisis are all around us. We believe that quality education empowers all people, regardless of their background to make a positive difference in the life of someone they know.K-State Research and Extension is committed to helping the mental health crisis in Kansas by creating the Stress and Resiliency Transdisciplinary team. Our Stress and Resiliency team provides educational information about stress, stress management and resiliency, or one’s abilityto adapt positively to difficult experiences. Areas of focus include all types of stress and general mental health information, because stress impacts all of us – regardless of demographic.Increasing awareness and people’s willingness to talk about mental health will encourage more Kansans to get the help they need. Another goal is to equip Kansans with tools and techniques that help them recognize and manage stress within their lives, families and communities. Our team also strives to educate Kansans about resiliency - how to enhance it and how to incorporate it into their daily lives.In addition to the above training, we are available to present QPR to a wide variety of audiences. Some examples would include workplaces, schools, colleges and universities, faith communities, emergency departments and services, and other civic organizations that are interested in learning more about the mental health crisis and suicide prevention.For more information about mental health, stress, stress management or to schedule a QPR training, please contact Cottonwood Extension District at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910. Or email Monique at moniquek@ksu.edu or Alica at aboor@ksu.eduAlicia Boor is the Agriculture and Natural Resource Agent. You can reach her at 620-793-1910 or aboor@ksu.edu. Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

BOOR & KOERNER: Planned QPR Presentation

Before a student-athlete is allowed to join a sports team they have to complete an annual physical to make sure there aren’t any underlying conditions that could keep them from being able to fully participate.

For beef producers who want their herd to be successful during the breeding season, that means an annual breeding soundness exam, which includes a semen check and overall health assessment by a veterinarian.

Kansas State University Beef Cattle Institute experts recommend producers complete this assessment around six weeks ahead of the time bulls will be turned out on pasture with the females. They also recommend producers look at records on the bulls, assess their current body condition, and study the animal’s movement.

“When making a decision about a bull beyond conducting a breeding soundness exam, it is good to look at the bull’s records and look for any changes in the measurement of his scrotal circumference,” K-State veterinarian Bob Larson said.

He said that a decrease in scrotal circumference in a mature bull could indicate a significant issue that needs further investigation.

“If there is a problem, the testicles can either be a little softer or harder than normal, and there could also be sperm defects that will be noticed under a microscope,” Larson said.

At that six-week evaluation, it is important to assess the bull’s body condition, K-State beef cattle nutritionist Phillip Lancaster said.

“Going into the breeding season, the bulls should be at a body condition score six, which is a little above average,” Lancaster said. “We want them to be a little over-conditioned now because, during the breeding season, they will expel a lot of energy chasing females, causing them to lose weight.”

If bulls are in lighter condition, Lancaster recommends supplementing the bulls half to three-quarters of a percent of their body weight to get them to gain half a pound per day during the next 30 days.

“If the bulls are extra thin coming off grass in the summer, then the producer will need to get them back in condition next fall and winter,” Lancaster said.

Along with scrotal circumference, semen evaluation, and body condition, bulls should be routinely checked for feet and leg movement, K-State veterinarian Brian Lubbers said.

“If you are detecting upper limb lameness six weeks out, that is going to be hard to correct between now and pasture turnout,” Lubbers said. “Injuries can happen anytime, so bulls need to be continually assessed for their movement.”

To do that Lubbers recommends studying how the bulls walk coming to and leaving the chute.

“If the bull has a foreign body in the foot like a rock or nail, or a sole abscess, we can correct those now so that he will likely be sound in the next six weeks,” Lubbers said.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Before a student-athlete is allowed to join a sports team they have to complete an annual physical to make sure there aren’t any underlying conditions that could keep them from being able to fully participate.For beef producers who want their herd to be successful during the breeding season, that means an annual breeding soundness exam, which includes a semen check and overall health assessment by a veterinarian.Kansas State University Beef Cattle Institute experts recommend producers complete this assessment around six weeks ahead of the time bulls will be turned out on pasture with the females. They also recommend producers look at records on the bulls, assess their current body condition, and study the animal’s movement.“When making a decision about a bull beyond conducting a breeding soundness exam, it is good to look at the bull’s records and look for any changes in the measurement of his scrotal circumference,” K-State veterinarian Bob Larson said.He said that a decrease in scrotal circumference in a mature bull could indicate a significant issue that needs further investigation.“If there is a problem, the testicles can either be a little softer or harder than normal, and there could also be sperm defects that will be noticed under a microscope,” Larson said.At that six-week evaluation, it is important to assess the bull’s body condition, K-State beef cattle nutritionist Phillip Lancaster said.“Going into the breeding season, the bulls should be at a body condition score six, which is a little above average,” Lancaster said. “We want them to be a little over-conditioned now because, during the breeding season, they will expel a lot of energy chasing females, causing them to lose weight.”If bulls are in lighter condition, Lancaster recommends supplementing the bulls half to three-quarters of a percent of their body weight to get them to gain half a pound per day during the next 30 days.“If the bulls are extra thin coming off grass in the summer, then the producer will need to get them back in condition next fall and winter,” Lancaster said.Along with scrotal circumference, semen evaluation, and body condition, bulls should be routinely checked for feet and leg movement, K-State veterinarian Brian Lubbers said.“If you are detecting upper limb lameness six weeks out, that is going to be hard to correct between now and pasture turnout,” Lubbers said. “Injuries can happen anytime, so bulls need to be continually assessed for their movement.”To do that Lubbers recommends studying how the bulls walk coming to and leaving the chute.“If the bull has a foreign body in the foot like a rock or nail, or a sole abscess, we can correct those now so that he will likely be sound in the next six weeks,” Lubbers said.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Annual bull evaluations

Starting at age 30, our bodies naturally start to lose muscle mass. We lose about 3–5% every 10 years. You might not notice the effects at first. But over time, the reduced muscle mass leads to decreased strength. After a while, it can lead to a condition called sarcopenia.

With aging, you start losing muscle mass, muscle strength, and have some limitations with your activities.

Some muscle loss is expected with the natural aging process. But too much muscle loss can lead to mobility difficulties. Sarcopenia can make it harder to stand up from a chair, walk, open a jar, or carry groceries. It can also increase your risk of falling.

Certain factors may make muscle loss worse as you age. These include some chronic illnesses, a lack of exercise, and an unhealthy diet. Hormonal changes that occur during menopause can also contribute.

Researchers estimate that 10–20% of older adults have sarcopenia. But testing people for sarcopenia can be tricky. That’s because there isn’t a widely agreed-upon method to measure muscle loss. It’s also not clear exactly how much muscle someone can lose before it leads to disability or injury. So an NIH-funded team of experts recently set out to better define sarcopenia and its impact on people’s health.

The team analyzed data from several studies that looked at thousands of people aged 65 and older. They focused on three different measures of muscle health: grip strength, walking speed, and lean body mass. Those with weaker grip strength and slower walking speed (less than 2.6 feet per second) showed higher risk of falls, mobility limitations, hip fractures, and death. But lean body mass was not linked with these outcomes. As a result, the researchers recommended using grip strength and walking speed to help assess sarcopenia.

As muscle loss worsens, so can sarcopenia’s effects. Because sarcopenia increases your risk of falling, those who have it are nearly twice as likely to be hospitalized as those without it. Sarcopenia increases the risk of broken bones and the loss of independence with age. It can also make it more difficult for your body to fight certain diseases, like cancer.

You can take steps to prevent too much muscle loss and weakness as you age. Getting enough physical activity is key. In particular, you need to have resistance training because this is going to help build your strength. Resistance training can include activities like push-ups, squats, or lifting weights.

A healthy diet can also help prevent or manage sarcopenia. Your body needs protein to build and maintain muscle. Eating a diet rich in protein can keep your muscles healthy as you age. Experts suggest eating at least 1.2 grams of protein for every two pounds of body weight to treat or manage sarcopenia.

While more research is needed, some dietary supplements have shown promise for preventing muscle loss when combined with diet and exercise. These include amino acids, fish oil, vitamin D, selenium, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids.

If you think you might have sarcopenia, talk with your doctor. They can help you make a plan to prevent further muscle loss and preserve your health and independence.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>written by: Monique Koerner - Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Starting at age 30, our bodies naturally start to lose muscle mass. We lose about 3–5% every 10 years. You might not notice the effects at first. But over time, the reduced muscle mass leads to decreased strength. After a while, it can lead to a condition called sarcopenia.With aging, you start losing muscle mass, muscle strength, and have some limitations with your activities.Some muscle loss is expected with the natural aging process. But too much muscle loss can lead to mobility difficulties. Sarcopenia can make it harder to stand up from a chair, walk, open a jar, or carry groceries. It can also increase your risk of falling.Certain factors may make muscle loss worse as you age. These include some chronic illnesses, a lack of exercise, and an unhealthy diet. Hormonal changes that occur during menopause can also contribute.Researchers estimate that 10–20% of older adults have sarcopenia. But testing people for sarcopenia can be tricky. That’s because there isn’t a widely agreed-upon method to measure muscle loss. It’s also not clear exactly how much muscle someone can lose before it leads to disability or injury. So an NIH-funded team of experts recently set out to better define sarcopenia and its impact on people’s health.The team analyzed data from several studies that looked at thousands of people aged 65 and older. They focused on three different measures of muscle health: grip strength, walking speed, and lean body mass. Those with weaker grip strength and slower walking speed (less than 2.6 feet per second) showed higher risk of falls, mobility limitations, hip fractures, and death. But lean body mass was not linked with these outcomes. As a result, the researchers recommended using grip strength and walking speed to help assess sarcopenia.As muscle loss worsens, so can sarcopenia’s effects. Because sarcopenia increases your risk of falling, those who have it are nearly twice as likely to be hospitalized as those without it. Sarcopenia increases the risk of broken bones and the loss of independence with age. It can also make it more difficult for your body to fight certain diseases, like cancer.You can take steps to prevent too much muscle loss and weakness as you age. Getting enough physical activity is key. In particular, you need to have resistance training because this is going to help build your strength. Resistance training can include activities like push-ups, squats, or lifting weights.A healthy diet can also help prevent or manage sarcopenia. Your body needs protein to build and maintain muscle. Eating a diet rich in protein can keep your muscles healthy as you age. Experts suggest eating at least 1.2 grams of protein for every two pounds of body weight to treat or manage sarcopenia.While more research is needed, some dietary supplements have shown promise for preventing muscle loss when combined with diet and exercise. These include amino acids, fish oil, vitamin D, selenium, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids.If you think you might have sarcopenia, talk with your doctor. They can help you make a plan to prevent further muscle loss and preserve your health and independence.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Keep your muscles healthy as you age

It’s late April and the wheat crop is barreling into the flag leaf growth stages in many parts of the state. The rainy weather over the last week has growers wondering what the stripe rust outlook is now going forward. Some producers are likely considering the need for a flag leaf fungicide application. The good news is that, even though we’ve received some moisture, the risk for stripe rust in the state remains low, says Kelsey-Anderson Onofre, K-State Extension Plant Pathologist. Scouting efforts should continue over the next two weeks. In this article, Kelsey will walk through some of the reasons for the current low stripe rust risk and other diseases to be thinking about in wheat right now.

The risk of stripe rust in Kansas remains low for 2025 - on March 27, K-State reported that it was shaping up to be a low stripe rust year in Kansas. That trend still appears to be holding true. Stripe rust has been active at low levels in Texas since February, but conditions have not been favorable for disease development. This is important because stripe rust does not survive the winter in Kansas and needs to work its way up from the south annually. Low disease pressure in Texas means fewer spores are available to make their way north to Kansas. Additionally, at the time of this report, only trace levels of stripe rust were reported in Oklahoma. The first stripe rust detection in Kansas was recently reported on April 28 in Ford County. For reference, in years when stripe rust is an issue, it is generally detected in Kansas before April 15. With all of this in mind, we believe it will be difficult for stripe rust to establish and “catch up” at this point in the season, says Kelsey. Because of this, the risk of stripe rust remains low in the state. As a reminder, the probability of a positive return on a fungicide application greatly diminishes when disease pressure is absent. That said, producers should continue to scout and report any occurrences through the remainder of the season. These next two weeks will be critical for much of the state.

Should growers be worried about leaf rust? Reports from Texas indicate that leaf rust is active. As a reminder, leaf rust is a disease that typically shows up late in the season in Kansas (heading to flowering) due to its preference for slightly warmer temperatures. It is possible for leaf rust to occasionally survive the winter in Kansas. Watching for leaf rust development over the next few weeks will be important. Now is also a good time to check your variety resistance level to this disease, google “KS. Wheat Variety Guide 2024”.

Let’s turn our attention to the scab risk over the coming weeks - wheat fields planted into corn residue are at the highest risk. Wet weather over the next couple of weeks will be critical for determining scab risk in the state. As a reminder, scab infection occurs at flowering, but symptoms are often not visible for 14-21 days after infection. Because of this, you cannot scout for scab the way you would stripe rust or other foliar diseases. Fungicide decisions need to be made according to weather-based risk and the field’s yield potential. However, if wheat was not planted into corn residue, your risk of scab is low.

Fungicides are most effective against scab when applied at early flowering (Feekes 10.5.1), but can provide protection even when used later in the flowering window. It is very important to pay attention to pre-harvest intervals at this point of the season and follow guidelines provided on product labels.

Information provided by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, Extension Plant Pathologist.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>It’s late April and the wheat crop is barreling into the flag leaf growth stages in many parts of the state. The rainy weather over the last week has growers wondering what the stripe rust outlook is now going forward. Some producers are likely considering the need for a flag leaf fungicide application. The good news is that, even though we’ve received some moisture, the risk for stripe rust in the state remains low, says Kelsey-Anderson Onofre, K-State Extension Plant Pathologist. Scouting efforts should continue over the next two weeks. In this article, Kelsey will walk through some of the reasons for the current low stripe rust risk and other diseases to be thinking about in wheat right now.The risk of stripe rust in Kansas remains low for 2025 - on March 27, K-State reported that it was shaping up to be a low stripe rust year in Kansas. That trend still appears to be holding true. Stripe rust has been active at low levels in Texas since February, but conditions have not been favorable for disease development. This is important because stripe rust does not survive the winter in Kansas and needs to work its way up from the south annually. Low disease pressure in Texas means fewer spores are available to make their way north to Kansas. Additionally, at the time of this report, only trace levels of stripe rust were reported in Oklahoma. The first stripe rust detection in Kansas was recently reported on April 28 in Ford County. For reference, in years when stripe rust is an issue, it is generally detected in Kansas before April 15. With all of this in mind, we believe it will be difficult for stripe rust to establish and “catch up” at this point in the season, says Kelsey. Because of this, the risk of stripe rust remains low in the state. As a reminder, the probability of a positive return on a fungicide application greatly diminishes when disease pressure is absent. That said, producers should continue to scout and report any occurrences through the remainder of the season. These next two weeks will be critical for much of the state.Should growers be worried about leaf rust? Reports from Texas indicate that leaf rust is active. As a reminder, leaf rust is a disease that typically shows up late in the season in Kansas (heading to flowering) due to its preference for slightly warmer temperatures. It is possible for leaf rust to occasionally survive the winter in Kansas. Watching for leaf rust development over the next few weeks will be important. Now is also a good time to check your variety resistance level to this disease, google “KS. Wheat Variety Guide 2024”.Let’s turn our attention to the scab risk over the coming weeks - wheat fields planted into corn residue are at the highest risk. Wet weather over the next couple of weeks will be critical for determining scab risk in the state. As a reminder, scab infection occurs at flowering, but symptoms are often not visible for 14-21 days after infection. Because of this, you cannot scout for scab the way you would stripe rust or other foliar diseases. Fungicide decisions need to be made according to weather-based risk and the field’s yield potential. However, if wheat was not planted into corn residue, your risk of scab is low.Fungicides are most effective against scab when applied at early flowering (Feekes 10.5.1), but can provide protection even when used later in the flowering window. It is very important to pay attention to pre-harvest intervals at this point of the season and follow guidelines provided on product labels.Information provided by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, Extension Plant Pathologist.

CAMPBELL: Should you spray? Stripe rust & other wheat disease to watch

Over the last ten years, stripe rust has been one of the most damaging wheat diseases in Kansas. There are several factors that contribute to the development and severity of stripe rust in our region within a given year. The stripe rust pathogen typically does not survive in Kansas over the winter but can survive in Texas through the winter months and make its way back north as the weather warms in the spring. Because of this, weather conditions in Texas can be important indicators of how bad stripe rust will be in Kansas.

Our K-State Plant Pathologists has received reports that low levels of stripe and leaf rust were active in College Station, TX, and Waco, TX, in late February. Currently they have not received any reports of stripe rust in Oklahoma or Kansas. Historically, stripe rust detections in Kansas prior to April 15 have been associated with bad stripe rust years. Scouting efforts over the next few weeks will be very important.

What is the outlook for Kansas wheat? Conditions this fall/winter were dry in parts of Texas that are important for stripe rust overwintering. At K-State, they combine this information with several weather-based models to help forecast whether or not stripe rust will be widespread and yield limiting in Kansas. Right now, all models are indicating that the stripe rust risk is generally low for this year. Historically, years that begin like this have ended with lower-than-average yield losses in Kansas to this disease.

Of course, stripe rust severity in Kansas is still driven by weather conditions in the state in the late spring. Once stripe rust is detected in Kansas, cool evenings and extended periods of canopy moisture will be necessary for disease establishment at levels that would result in yield losses.

The disease situation can change rapidly, and it is important to continue to scout for signs of disease development as the season progresses. K-State Research &amp; Extension will continue to provide updates on stripe rust occurrence and weather outlook as we move toward critical growth stages for fungicide applications in Kansas over the next several weeks. Growers can also get these weekly updates by subscribing to the K-State Agronomy eUpdate newsletter, by googling it and subscribing.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Over the last ten years, stripe rust has been one of the most damaging wheat diseases in Kansas. There are several factors that contribute to the development and severity of stripe rust in our region within a given year. The stripe rust pathogen typically does not survive in Kansas over the winter but can survive in Texas through the winter months and make its way back north as the weather warms in the spring. Because of this, weather conditions in Texas can be important indicators of how bad stripe rust will be in Kansas.Our K-State Plant Pathologists has received reports that low levels of stripe and leaf rust were active in College Station, TX, and Waco, TX, in late February. Currently they have not received any reports of stripe rust in Oklahoma or Kansas. Historically, stripe rust detections in Kansas prior to April 15 have been associated with bad stripe rust years. Scouting efforts over the next few weeks will be very important.What is the outlook for Kansas wheat? Conditions this fall/winter were dry in parts of Texas that are important for stripe rust overwintering. At K-State, they combine this information with several weather-based models to help forecast whether or not stripe rust will be widespread and yield limiting in Kansas. Right now, all models are indicating that the stripe rust risk is generally low for this year. Historically, years that begin like this have ended with lower-than-average yield losses in Kansas to this disease.Of course, stripe rust severity in Kansas is still driven by weather conditions in the state in the late spring. Once stripe rust is detected in Kansas, cool evenings and extended periods of canopy moisture will be necessary for disease establishment at levels that would result in yield losses.The disease situation can change rapidly, and it is important to continue to scout for signs of disease development as the season progresses. K-State Research &amp; Extension will continue to provide updates on stripe rust occurrence and weather outlook as we move toward critical growth stages for fungicide applications in Kansas over the next several weeks. Growers can also get these weekly updates by subscribing to the K-State Agronomy eUpdate newsletter, by googling it and subscribing.If you detect any stripe rust please contact me, so we can use this information to update our surveillance maps for stipe rust detection. And of course, if you have any questions or need assistance please do not hesitate to reach out and contact me in the Cottonwood District office in Hays.Information provided by Kelsey Andersen Onofre and Erick DeWolf K-State Extension Plant Pathologists.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.