Water supply to rural residences and agricultural operations without rural or public water systems is usually obtained from a private well or surface water supply. In Kansas, more than 73,000 individuals rely on private wells for a water supply. When public and rural water systems that use well water are added to the private well numbers, 34.6% of the Kansas population relies on groundwater for their water supply.

Municipal and rural water systems must maintain water quality standards specified by local, state, or federal requirements; however, owners of private wells are responsible for the water quality of their wells. Permanent contamination of groundwater can decrease property values, affect human and animal health, and involve legal liability.

Testing water from private wells has shown that some wells do not meet the safe drinking water standards used for public water systems. The primary reasons for this reduction in water quality from private wells include:

· contamination sources upslope or near the well;

· failure to construct the well in accordance with current standards;

· inadequate well maintenance and service; and

· lack of protection from activities that risk contamination.

Following the guidelines for recommended separation distance and direction from potential contamination sources when locating a well can help protect private well water quality. When private wells are appropriately sited and constructed, routine maintenance is required to ensure wells continue to be safe. Wells that do not receive regular maintenance are more likely to produce unsafe water.

Detailed information about properly constructing a well in a safe location and maintenance guidelines for existing wells can be found in two recently updated publications from K-State Research and Extension, says Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist: Private Wells – Safe Location MF3667 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/private-wells-safe-location_MF3667

Private Well Maintenance and Protection MF3666 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/private-well-maintenance-and-protection_MF3666

Testing Private Water Systems MF3655 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/testing-private-water-systems_MF3655

Information provided by Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist, KCARE sedgett@ksu.edu

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Water supply to rural residences and agricultural operations without rural or public water systems is usually obtained from a private well or surface water supply. In Kansas, more than 73,000 individuals rely on private wells for a water supply. When public and rural water systems that use well water are added to the private well numbers, 34.6% of the Kansas population relies on groundwater for their water supply.Municipal and rural water systems must maintain water quality standards specified by local, state, or federal requirements; however, owners of private wells are responsible for the water quality of their wells. Permanent contamination of groundwater can decrease property values, affect human and animal health, and involve legal liability.Testing water from private wells has shown that some wells do not meet the safe drinking water standards used for public water systems. The primary reasons for this reduction in water quality from private wells include:· contamination sources upslope or near the well;· failure to construct the well in accordance with current standards;· inadequate well maintenance and service; and· lack of protection from activities that risk contamination.Following the guidelines for recommended separation distance and direction from potential contamination sources when locating a well can help protect private well water quality. When private wells are appropriately sited and constructed, routine maintenance is required to ensure wells continue to be safe. Wells that do not receive regular maintenance are more likely to produce unsafe water.Detailed information about properly constructing a well in a safe location and maintenance guidelines for existing wells can be found in two recently updated publications from K-State Research and Extension, says Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist: Private Wells – Safe Location MF3667 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/private-wells-safe-location_MF3667 Private Well Maintenance and Protection MF3666 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/private-well-maintenance-and-protection_MF3666 Testing Private Water Systems MF3655 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/testing-private-water-systems_MF3655Information provided by Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist, KCARE sedgett@ksu.eduStacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Private wells in Kansas - safe location and maintenance guidelines

Well over half of the farmland in Kansas is leased. Therefore, there are lots of different lease arrangements, factors to consider and places where misunderstandings can happen. Additionally, many leases are still oral leases that are “signed” with a handshake.

One of the best ways to create a better understanding between tenant and landlord in most cases is to have a written lease. Having a written lease can lead to many topics for discussion that otherwise might not be considered. These, would include but are not limited to:

In addition to the previously mentioned items, a written pasture lease for example can spell out responsibilities of both parties in regards to:

- Grazing capacity restrictions and beginning and ending date of grazing season

A bonus of a written lease is that it documents the terms of the business relationship in case the contract is questioned. This can be especially important if the land changes hands.

Obviously, it is not necessary to have a written lease in order to have good communication between tenant and landlord but it can be helpful in spelling things out and avoiding misunderstandings and hard feelings. There may be some cases when introducing the possibility of implementing a written lease might damage the business relationship. Whether you have a written lease or not, make sure those lines of communication are kept open, visit with each other at least a few times a year.

Local County &amp; District Extension Offices have several resources concerning leases, written leasing arrangement forms, cash rental rate averages, Kansas Agricultural Lease Law publication C-668, etc. Go to www.agmanager.info and click onto the Farm Management tab. If you have questions contact your local County or District Extension Office. I can be contacted in the Cottonwood District Great Bend Office at 620-793-1910, and Stacy Campbell in the Hays office 785-628-9430.

The Cottonwood District will be hosting two meetings over Farmland Leasing arrangements on Jan. 8, 2026. Stacy Campbell and Alicia Boor will go over the ends and outs of good arrangements. Kay Prather from Kansas Agriculture Mediation will also be in attendance to answer any legal questions you may have over leasing.

The first one will be held at the Cottonwood Extension Office, 3007 10th St. in Great Bend, at 9 a.m. Coffee and Doughnuts will be provided. The second one will be at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Hays, 601 Main, at 1 p.m., and light refreshments will be provided. These are possible with a generous sponsorship from First Kansas Bank. An RSVP is appreciated at 620-793-1910 by Jan. 7. We hope to see you there!

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Well over half of the farmland in Kansas is leased. Therefore, there are lots of different lease arrangements, factors to consider and places where misunderstandings can happen. Additionally, many leases are still oral leases that are “signed” with a handshake.One of the best ways to create a better understanding between tenant and landlord in most cases is to have a written lease. Having a written lease can lead to many topics for discussion that otherwise might not be considered. These, would include but are not limited to:- Hunting/fishing rights- Recreation access- Payment due dates- Termination proceduresIn addition to the previously mentioned items, a written pasture lease for example can spell out responsibilities of both parties in regards to:- Care of fences- Noxious weed control- Water supply maintenance- Grazing capacity restrictions and beginning and ending date of grazing seasonA bonus of a written lease is that it documents the terms of the business relationship in case the contract is questioned. This can be especially important if the land changes hands.Obviously, it is not necessary to have a written lease in order to have good communication between tenant and landlord but it can be helpful in spelling things out and avoiding misunderstandings and hard feelings. There may be some cases when introducing the possibility of implementing a written lease might damage the business relationship. Whether you have a written lease or not, make sure those lines of communication are kept open, visit with each other at least a few times a year.Local County &amp; District Extension Offices have several resources concerning leases, written leasing arrangement forms, cash rental rate averages, Kansas Agricultural Lease Law publication C-668, etc. Go to www.agmanager.info and click onto the Farm Management tab. If you have questions contact your local County or District Extension Office. I can be contacted in the Cottonwood District Great Bend Office at 620-793-1910, and Stacy Campbell in the Hays office 785-628-9430.The Cottonwood District will be hosting two meetings over Farmland Leasing arrangements on Jan. 8, 2026. Stacy Campbell and Alicia Boor will go over the ends and outs of good arrangements. Kay Prather from Kansas Agriculture Mediation will also be in attendance to answer any legal questions you may have over leasing.The first one will be held at the Cottonwood Extension Office, 3007 10th St. in Great Bend, at 9 a.m. Coffee and Doughnuts will be provided. The second one will be at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Hays, 601 Main, at 1 p.m., and light refreshments will be provided. These are possible with a generous sponsorship from First Kansas Bank. An RSVP is appreciated at 620-793-1910 by Jan. 7. We hope to see you there!Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Get it in writing - agriculture land leases

Once in a while we get asked, “how cold does it have to get to kill insects?” Perhaps it is important to understand why cold temperatures kill insects. Insects are unlike mammals and birds because they must generate their own heat (called ectotherms). Insects die when they are exposed to temperatures below the melting point of their body fluids. If they want to survive winter, they must avoid freezing or tolerate freezing. Over time, insects have developed several strategies to survive cold temperatures and none of them involve wearing fleece.

Some insects just move into human structures in the fall and keep warm until spring. A common example are the multicolored Asian lady beetles aggregating on and in houses every year. Even if they are protected inside, they will likely die before spring if they don’t get food and water. Some insects also migrate to warmer climates to avoid freezing. A classic example is monarch butterflies moving from Canada to Mexico every year. Sounds pretty good about now!

A lot of our persistent insects in Kansas have to overwinter outside, and two strategies have evolved to survive extreme conditions: freeze avoidance and freeze tolerance. Freeze-avoidant insects keep body fluids liquid and freeze-tolerant insects can handle the formation of internal ice. Wait a minute, what? I know…either strategy seems impossible.

The main strategy for insects living in the northern hemisphere, where we can have cold temperatures for long periods of time, is freeze avoidance. Freeze avoidance can be achieved a few ways. Sometimes insects enter a “dry” hibernation by getting rid of all the food and water in their body. That way, ice can’t form inside the body and kill them. Water needs food or dust particles in order to crystallize; water can cool down to -42°C without freezing if particles are absent. Other insects have a super waxy coating on the exoskeleton that protects against ice formation on the body. Amazingly, some freeze-avoidant insects also produce cryoprotectants, such as glycerol and sugar, to reduce the lethal freezing temperature of the body. So yes, cryoprotectants act like the antifreeze in your car. I can’t make this stuff up!

Most insects living in the southern hemisphere, where the climate is more variable, employ freeze tolerance. These insects can stand ice formation in the body. Some will actually initiate freezing their body at relatively high temperatures in order to prepare for a longer hibernation. An example of a freeze-tolerant insect is the woolly bear. [Side note: several winter festivals celebrate the woolly bears kinda like Groundhog's Day.]

No matter the overwintering strategy, all insects will eventually die if it gets cold enough. However, the lower lethal temperature is different for each species. Insects can overwinter in any life stage - some are belowground and some aboveground. It gets complicated quickly. And as you can see a lot of insects can withstand very cold temperatures. Find out more about how insects survive the winter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_winter_ecology

Information provided by Erin Hodgson, Iowa State University Extension Entomologists.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Once in a while we get asked, “how cold does it have to get to kill insects?” Perhaps it is important to understand why cold temperatures kill insects. Insects are unlike mammals and birds because they must generate their own heat (called ectotherms). Insects die when they are exposed to temperatures below the melting point of their body fluids. If they want to survive winter, they must avoid freezing or tolerate freezing. Over time, insects have developed several strategies to survive cold temperatures and none of them involve wearing fleece.Some insects just move into human structures in the fall and keep warm until spring. A common example are the multicolored Asian lady beetles aggregating on and in houses every year. Even if they are protected inside, they will likely die before spring if they don’t get food and water. Some insects also migrate to warmer climates to avoid freezing. A classic example is monarch butterflies moving from Canada to Mexico every year. Sounds pretty good about now!A lot of our persistent insects in Kansas have to overwinter outside, and two strategies have evolved to survive extreme conditions: freeze avoidance and freeze tolerance. Freeze-avoidant insects keep body fluids liquid and freeze-tolerant insects can handle the formation of internal ice. Wait a minute, what? I know…either strategy seems impossible.The main strategy for insects living in the northern hemisphere, where we can have cold temperatures for long periods of time, is freeze avoidance. Freeze avoidance can be achieved a few ways. Sometimes insects enter a “dry” hibernation by getting rid of all the food and water in their body. That way, ice can’t form inside the body and kill them. Water needs food or dust particles in order to crystallize; water can cool down to -42°C without freezing if particles are absent. Other insects have a super waxy coating on the exoskeleton that protects against ice formation on the body. Amazingly, some freeze-avoidant insects also produce cryoprotectants, such as glycerol and sugar, to reduce the lethal freezing temperature of the body. So yes, cryoprotectants act like the antifreeze in your car. I can’t make this stuff up!Most insects living in the southern hemisphere, where the climate is more variable, employ freeze tolerance. These insects can stand ice formation in the body. Some will actually initiate freezing their body at relatively high temperatures in order to prepare for a longer hibernation. An example of a freeze-tolerant insect is the woolly bear. [Side note: several winter festivals celebrate the woolly bears kinda like Groundhog's Day.]No matter the overwintering strategy, all insects will eventually die if it gets cold enough. However, the lower lethal temperature is different for each species. Insects can overwinter in any life stage - some are belowground and some aboveground. It gets complicated quickly. And as you can see a lot of insects can withstand very cold temperatures. Find out more about how insects survive the winter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_winter_ecologyInformation provided by Erin Hodgson, Iowa State University Extension Entomologists.

CAMPBELL: How do insects survive the winter?

Even if you are not planning any large purchases in the near future, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau recommends checking your credit report annually. The CFPB is a U.S. government agency that makes sure banks, lenders, and other financial companies treat you fairly.

There are several tools to handle this and the easiest is from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s website: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/credit-reports-and-scores/. From this secure site, you can access one, two, or all three of the reporting credit bureaus. They also include a reminder that this annual check doesn’t negatively impact your credit rating. It is an important tool to verify that the information reported about you is accurate.

What is the difference between a credit report and a credit score? Both are important! The report is just that – a report of your information and includes both open and closed accounts such as a car loan, mortgage, or credit card. Per the CFPB website, a credit score predicts how likely you are to pay back a loan on time. Companies use a mathematical formula—called a scoring model—to create your credit score from the information in your credit report. It is important to know that you do not have just “one” credit score and there are many credit scores available to you as well as to lenders. Any credit score depends on the data used to calculate it, and may differ depending on the scoring model, the source of your credit history, the type of loan product, and even the day when it was calculated.

K-State Extension also has a good publication that explains basic terms and provides a handy resource for checking your credit. It can be located at ksre.ksu.edu under Family Financial Resource or at https://bit.ly/48mMv6Y

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Michelle Beran - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Even if you are not planning any large purchases in the near future, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau recommends checking your credit report annually. The CFPB is a U.S. government agency that makes sure banks, lenders, and other financial companies treat you fairly.There are several tools to handle this and the easiest is from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s website: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/credit-reports-and-scores/. From this secure site, you can access one, two, or all three of the reporting credit bureaus. They also include a reminder that this annual check doesn’t negatively impact your credit rating. It is an important tool to verify that the information reported about you is accurate.What is the difference between a credit report and a credit score? Both are important! The report is just that – a report of your information and includes both open and closed accounts such as a car loan, mortgage, or credit card. Per the CFPB website, a credit score predicts how likely you are to pay back a loan on time. Companies use a mathematical formula—called a scoring model—to create your credit score from the information in your credit report. It is important to know that you do not have just “one” credit score and there are many credit scores available to you as well as to lenders. Any credit score depends on the data used to calculate it, and may differ depending on the scoring model, the source of your credit history, the type of loan product, and even the day when it was calculated.K-State Extension also has a good publication that explains basic terms and provides a handy resource for checking your credit. It can be located at ksre.ksu.edu under Family Financial Resource or at https://bit.ly/48mMv6YKeep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: Checking your credit report

As we turn the calendar to December and reflect on the year behind us, one theme continues to stand out across the Cottonwood Extension District: community matters. Not just as a concept, but as a lived experience; built through relationships, shared learning, and people willing to step forward and make a difference.

Cooperative Extension has existed in Kansas for more than a century, but its strength today is the same as it was in 1914: local people helping local people, supported by university research. And when you look closely, you’ll find Extension woven into the fabric of nearly every part of community life.

You see it in a 4-H member learning leadership skills for the first time while preparing a project for the county fair. You see it in a producer seeking support during drought or planning for next year’s pasture and forage needs. You see it in families who attend wellness or financial programs and leave with tools to improve their quality of life. And you see it in the countless volunteers who give time, talent, and heart to strengthen their communities.

Extension work is diverse; agriculture, youth development, health, family resources, community vitality, but it is all driven by the same belief: Knowledge is most powerful when it is shared.

In a world with search engines, apps, and endless online information, some might ask: Why do we still need Extension?

· Google can provide information, but it can’t provide connection.

· Technology can offer data, but it cannot replace trusted relationships.

· And online advice can be generic, but Extension is specific to Kansas, our climate, our challenges, and our way of life.

Extension doesn’t just deliver facts. It delivers understanding, context, and support grounded in real-world experience.

Even more importantly, Extension builds confidence, especially in young people. When a 4-H member gives their first speech, masters a skill, or discovers a new interest that may become a career, they’re experiencing something much bigger than a moment. They’re experiencing growth — the kind that stays with them long after awards and ribbons are forgotten.

As we prepare to enter a new year, I want to offer sincere gratitude to the Cottonwood District communities, partners, and volunteers who make this work meaningful. Your support ensures that Extension remains strong, relevant, and accessible.

And as always, we are here for you. Whether you’re producing food, raising a family, strengthening a community organization, or simply trying something new, Extension is your partner.

Because Extension isn’t just a service. It’s a relationship. It’s a commitment. And most of all, Extension is community.

Wishing you a season of peace, gratitude, and connection. We look forward to serving you in the new year.

Jay Harris, District Director for K-State Extension, Cottonwood District (Ellis and Barton Counties)

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/3/1710532154009.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>As we turn the calendar to December and reflect on the year behind us, one theme continues to stand out across the Cottonwood Extension District: community matters. Not just as a concept, but as a lived experience; built through relationships, shared learning, and people willing to step forward and make a difference.Cooperative Extension has existed in Kansas for more than a century, but its strength today is the same as it was in 1914: local people helping local people, supported by university research. And when you look closely, you’ll find Extension woven into the fabric of nearly every part of community life.You see it in a 4-H member learning leadership skills for the first time while preparing a project for the county fair. You see it in a producer seeking support during drought or planning for next year’s pasture and forage needs. You see it in families who attend wellness or financial programs and leave with tools to improve their quality of life. And you see it in the countless volunteers who give time, talent, and heart to strengthen their communities.Extension work is diverse; agriculture, youth development, health, family resources, community vitality, but it is all driven by the same belief: Knowledge is most powerful when it is shared.In a world with search engines, apps, and endless online information, some might ask: Why do we still need Extension?The answer is simple:· Google can provide information, but it can’t provide connection.· Technology can offer data, but it cannot replace trusted relationships.· And online advice can be generic, but Extension is specific to Kansas, our climate, our challenges, and our way of life.Extension doesn’t just deliver facts. It delivers understanding, context, and support grounded in real-world experience.Even more importantly, Extension builds confidence, especially in young people. When a 4-H member gives their first speech, masters a skill, or discovers a new interest that may become a career, they’re experiencing something much bigger than a moment. They’re experiencing growth — the kind that stays with them long after awards and ribbons are forgotten.As we prepare to enter a new year, I want to offer sincere gratitude to the Cottonwood District communities, partners, and volunteers who make this work meaningful. Your support ensures that Extension remains strong, relevant, and accessible.And as always, we are here for you. Whether you’re producing food, raising a family, strengthening a community organization, or simply trying something new, Extension is your partner.Because Extension isn’t just a service. It’s a relationship. It’s a commitment. And most of all, Extension is community.Wishing you a season of peace, gratitude, and connection. We look forward to serving you in the new year.Jay Harris, District Director for K-State Extension, Cottonwood District (Ellis and Barton Counties)

HARRIS: Extension Is Community - why local engagement matters

Armyworms are a recurring pest issue across Kansas, but several different species fall under the “armyworm” umbrella. Each species varies in its host plants, seasonal activity, and whether it overwinters in the state (Table 1). This article prepared by Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomology Specialist provides an overview of the major species of concern, with emphasis on the Fall Armyworm and Armyworm, which were the primary issues for Kansas producers in 2025. A brief summary of the Army Cutworm, which is not a true armyworm, is also included. Table 1. Armyworm species that can be found in Kansas.

Major Concerns in 2025: The two species that caused the greatest concern to Kansas producers in 2025 were: Fall armyworm &amp; armyworm (true armyworm). Summaries for each species follow.

Fall Armyworm key characteristics: · Generations: 2-3 per year in Kansas · Overwintering: Do not overwinter in Kansas. Moths migrate in during the spring and begin depositing eggs. · Host Range: Very wide. They feed on grasses and broadleaf plants; nearly any green plant can be affected. · Seasonal Movement: Typically migrate south again in October · Monitoring:

o Pheromone traps are available for adult Fall armyworm moths.

o Important note: Trap catches indicate when moths are flying, NOT how many larvae are present or feeding in the fields.

Identification: inverted Y on head capsule and four dark spots on the last abdominal segment. Armyworm key characteristics

· Generations: 2–3 per year in Kansas

· Overwintering: Yes. Overwinter in Kansas. No-till or reduced-till systems may favor overwintering survival.

· Host Range: Primarily grasses. Examples: wheat, brome, turf/lawns including golf courses, sorghum, and corn.

· Biological Control: Historically, parasitoids (especially tachinid flies and small parasitic wasps) helped suppress armyworm populations, but few have been observed in the past 3 years.

Identification: larvae are green to black with stripes of various colors. Head capsule is medium brown with dark markings.

ARMY CUTWORM (not a true Armyworm)

Biology and Seasonal Behavior · Adult moths (“miller moths”) migrate from the Rocky Mountains in early fall and deposit eggs into the soil. · Larvae hatch in the fall, feed until cold weather, and overwinter as partly grown larvae. · Feeding may resume anytime temperatures exceed 50°F, even during winter warm spells. · Primary damage occurs in early spring when several consecutive days exceed 50–60°F.

Identification: small larvae are light-colored with few distinguishable markings. As they grow, larvae become darker brown or grayish with varying degrees of mottling and several pale, dorsal stripes. The head capsule is darker brown with some mottling.

Damage - army cutworms can severely thin or eliminate stands of wheat, alfalfa, and rangeland grasses. Army cutworms were present in large numbers in 2020 and decimated areas of wheat fields and alfalfa fields in parts of Kansas. However, this was not the case in 2021, and only a few were reported in 2022. Army cutworms develop into “miller” moths, which were a nuisance in spring 2024 and a smaller nuisance in spring 2025.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Armyworms are a recurring pest issue across Kansas, but several different species fall under the “armyworm” umbrella. Each species varies in its host plants, seasonal activity, and whether it overwinters in the state (Table 1). This article prepared by Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomology Specialist provides an overview of the major species of concern, with emphasis on the Fall Armyworm and Armyworm, which were the primary issues for Kansas producers in 2025. A brief summary of the Army Cutworm, which is not a true armyworm, is also included. Table 1. Armyworm species that can be found in Kansas.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1764787825830.jpeg" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>Major Concerns in 2025: The two species that caused the greatest concern to Kansas producers in 2025 were: Fall armyworm &amp; armyworm (true armyworm). Summaries for each species follow.Fall Armyworm key characteristics: · Generations: 2-3 per year in Kansas · Overwintering: Do not overwinter in Kansas. Moths migrate in during the spring and begin depositing eggs. · Host Range: Very wide. They feed on grasses and broadleaf plants; nearly any green plant can be affected. · Seasonal Movement: Typically migrate south again in October · Monitoring:o Pheromone traps are available for adult Fall armyworm moths.o Important note: Trap catches indicate when moths are flying, NOT how many larvae are present or feeding in the fields.Identification: inverted Y on head capsule and four dark spots on the last abdominal segment. Armyworm key characteristics· Generations: 2–3 per year in Kansas· Overwintering: Yes. Overwinter in Kansas. No-till or reduced-till systems may favor overwintering survival.· Host Range: Primarily grasses. Examples: wheat, brome, turf/lawns including golf courses, sorghum, and corn.· Biological Control: Historically, parasitoids (especially tachinid flies and small parasitic wasps) helped suppress armyworm populations, but few have been observed in the past 3 years.Identification: larvae are green to black with stripes of various colors. Head capsule is medium brown with dark markings.ARMY CUTWORM (not a true Armyworm)Biology and Seasonal Behavior · Adult moths (“miller moths”) migrate from the Rocky Mountains in early fall and deposit eggs into the soil. · Larvae hatch in the fall, feed until cold weather, and overwinter as partly grown larvae. · Feeding may resume anytime temperatures exceed 50°F, even during winter warm spells. · Primary damage occurs in early spring when several consecutive days exceed 50–60°F.Identification: small larvae are light-colored with few distinguishable markings. As they grow, larvae become darker brown or grayish with varying degrees of mottling and several pale, dorsal stripes. The head capsule is darker brown with some mottling.Damage - army cutworms can severely thin or eliminate stands of wheat, alfalfa, and rangeland grasses. Army cutworms were present in large numbers in 2020 and decimated areas of wheat fields and alfalfa fields in parts of Kansas. However, this was not the case in 2021, and only a few were reported in 2022. Army cutworms develop into “miller” moths, which were a nuisance in spring 2024 and a smaller nuisance in spring 2025.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: The Armyworm Lineup - Who’s feeding in your field?

If you’re feeling more overwhelmed than usual this time of year, you’re certainly not alone. Many people report that the holiday season brings added pressure—extra expenses, tense family dynamics, tired and overstimulated children, cold weather and shorter days, final exams, concerts and events, relationship challenges, or even deep loneliness. Any one of these stressors is manageable on its own, but during the holidays they often hit all at once, making the season feel heavy and exhausting.

When stress rises, it’s important to lean on healthy coping strategies rather than falling back on habits that leave us feeling worse. Here are some ways to make the holiday season more enjoyable and less overwhelming:

1. Avoid Overscheduling The holidays bring a flurry of gatherings and events, but you don’t have to attend everything. Identify what activities truly bring you joy and prioritize those. Focus your time and energy on what feels meaningful rather than what you believe you’re “supposed” to do.

2. Simplify Travel and Reduce Time in the Car Travel can be especially draining this time of year. If you need to travel, simplify wherever you can—book direct flights when possible and reduce layovers. Driving from one event to the next can also be exhausting. Try limiting travel to one or two meaningful gatherings. Setting healthy boundaries helps protect your time and sanity.

3. Create a Realistic Budget Gift giving can be enjoyable but can also create financial strain. Establish a holiday budget now and commit to staying within it. You’re not obligated to overspend, and sticking to your limits will help prevent regret later on.

4. Be Mindful of Food and Alcohol Try to maintain healthy eating habits and practice moderation with holiday treats and alcohol. Too much sugar can disrupt hormones, blood sugar, and even mood. Choose balanced meals, drink responsibly, and stay well-hydrated to feel your best.

5. Enjoy Family—With Boundaries Spending time with family can be wonderful, but it can also be stressful. Take care of yourself by stepping away when needed—take a walk, call someone supportive, or find a quiet moment alone. Decide ahead of time what you can reasonably handle regarding travel, hosting, meals, or spending.

6. Make Time for Yourself Give yourself the gift of rest. Step away from the constant rushing, shopping, and preparing. Read a favorite book, watch a holiday movie, take a nap, or go for a bike ride. Limit screen time and prioritize genuine connection with the people around you. Your mental health will benefit from the pause.

7. Acknowledge Losses For many, the holidays intensify feelings of grief. Allow space for your emotions. You might adjust traditions to make them more manageable or incorporate the memory of a loved one into your celebrations in meaningful ways.

8. Maintain Healthy Routines Try to keep up with your usual self-care habits—sleep well, eat regularly, exercise, meditate, and get outside. Even in cold weather, fresh air and movement support both emotional and physical well-being. Staying active can be fun, too:

• Walk the neighborhood to enjoy holiday lights • Have a snowball fight with neighbors • Visit a Christmas tree farm • Go ice skating • Build a snowman • Take a nature walk or hike • Go sledding

Regular activity boosts your immune system and helps you feel healthier, calmer, and more resilient during the holidays.

9. Ask for Support When You Need It If this season is consistently difficult for you, turn to trusted friends or family. Share how you’re feeling and let them support you in setting boundaries and practicing self-care.

If you’re experiencing a mental health crisis, call or text 988, or connect with the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline for immediate support.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu

K-State Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>If you’re feeling more overwhelmed than usual this time of year, you’re certainly not alone. Many people report that the holiday season brings added pressure—extra expenses, tense family dynamics, tired and overstimulated children, cold weather and shorter days, final exams, concerts and events, relationship challenges, or even deep loneliness. Any one of these stressors is manageable on its own, but during the holidays they often hit all at once, making the season feel heavy and exhausting.When stress rises, it’s important to lean on healthy coping strategies rather than falling back on habits that leave us feeling worse. Here are some ways to make the holiday season more enjoyable and less overwhelming:1. Avoid Overscheduling The holidays bring a flurry of gatherings and events, but you don’t have to attend everything. Identify what activities truly bring you joy and prioritize those. Focus your time and energy on what feels meaningful rather than what you believe you’re “supposed” to do.2. Simplify Travel and Reduce Time in the Car Travel can be especially draining this time of year. If you need to travel, simplify wherever you can—book direct flights when possible and reduce layovers. Driving from one event to the next can also be exhausting. Try limiting travel to one or two meaningful gatherings. Setting healthy boundaries helps protect your time and sanity.3. Create a Realistic Budget Gift giving can be enjoyable but can also create financial strain. Establish a holiday budget now and commit to staying within it. You’re not obligated to overspend, and sticking to your limits will help prevent regret later on.4. Be Mindful of Food and Alcohol Try to maintain healthy eating habits and practice moderation with holiday treats and alcohol. Too much sugar can disrupt hormones, blood sugar, and even mood. Choose balanced meals, drink responsibly, and stay well-hydrated to feel your best.5. Enjoy Family—With Boundaries Spending time with family can be wonderful, but it can also be stressful. Take care of yourself by stepping away when needed—take a walk, call someone supportive, or find a quiet moment alone. Decide ahead of time what you can reasonably handle regarding travel, hosting, meals, or spending.6. Make Time for Yourself Give yourself the gift of rest. Step away from the constant rushing, shopping, and preparing. Read a favorite book, watch a holiday movie, take a nap, or go for a bike ride. Limit screen time and prioritize genuine connection with the people around you. Your mental health will benefit from the pause.7. Acknowledge Losses For many, the holidays intensify feelings of grief. Allow space for your emotions. You might adjust traditions to make them more manageable or incorporate the memory of a loved one into your celebrations in meaningful ways.8. Maintain Healthy Routines Try to keep up with your usual self-care habits—sleep well, eat regularly, exercise, meditate, and get outside. Even in cold weather, fresh air and movement support both emotional and physical well-being. Staying active can be fun, too: • Walk the neighborhood to enjoy holiday lights • Have a snowball fight with neighbors • Visit a Christmas tree farm • Go ice skating • Build a snowman • Take a nature walk or hike • Go sleddingRegular activity boosts your immune system and helps you feel healthier, calmer, and more resilient during the holidays.9. Ask for Support When You Need It If this season is consistently difficult for you, turn to trusted friends or family. Share how you’re feeling and let them support you in setting boundaries and practicing self-care.If you’re experiencing a mental health crisis, call or text 988, or connect with the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline for immediate support.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.eduK-State Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KOERNER: Methods to deal with added holiday stress

The Sorghum Connection Series, a collaboration between the Kansas Grain Sorghum Commission (KGSC), K-State Research &amp; Extension, and the K-State Department of Plant Pathology, announces its second year of a comprehensive winter educational series focused on enhancing the profitability of sorghum producers across the state.

Following this year’s field day events, which welcomed over 120 growers, Sorghum Connection offers an additional series of multiple one-day events across Central and Western Kansas. The events are scheduled for:

· December 3 at the South Hutchinson Community Building in Hutchinson

· December 4 at the Buffalo Bill Cultural Center in Oakley

· December 5 at the Hy-Plains Feedyard in Montezuma

Each event will begin with registration at 9:30 a.m. and will conclude at 2:30 p.m.

Attendees will receive valuable data-driven information from industry leaders from K-State, the United Sorghum Checkoff Program, and many others on key topics for both grain and forage sorghum, including, but not limited to:

· Effectively managing forage sorghum in water-limited silage

· Enhancing sorghum digestibility for cattle

· Strategies for optimum yield and profitability

The program also looks to the future of the sorghum crop system, covering advancements such as the application of spray drones in precision agriculture and highlighting breakthroughs in farmer-directed crop improvement.

There is no cost to attend; however, an RSVP is required. To register or learn more about these events, visit www.ksgrainsorghum.org/sorghum-connection.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>The Sorghum Connection Series, a collaboration between the Kansas Grain Sorghum Commission (KGSC), K-State Research &amp; Extension, and the K-State Department of Plant Pathology, announces its second year of a comprehensive winter educational series focused on enhancing the profitability of sorghum producers across the state.Following this year’s field day events, which welcomed over 120 growers, Sorghum Connection offers an additional series of multiple one-day events across Central and Western Kansas. The events are scheduled for:· December 3 at the South Hutchinson Community Building in Hutchinson· December 4 at the Buffalo Bill Cultural Center in Oakley· December 5 at the Hy-Plains Feedyard in MontezumaEach event will begin with registration at 9:30 a.m. and will conclude at 2:30 p.m.Attendees will receive valuable data-driven information from industry leaders from K-State, the United Sorghum Checkoff Program, and many others on key topics for both grain and forage sorghum, including, but not limited to:· Effectively managing forage sorghum in water-limited silage· Enhancing sorghum digestibility for cattle· Integrated weed management· Strategies for optimum yield and profitabilityThe program also looks to the future of the sorghum crop system, covering advancements such as the application of spray drones in precision agriculture and highlighting breakthroughs in farmer-directed crop improvement.There is no cost to attend; however, an RSVP is required. To register or learn more about these events, visit www.ksgrainsorghum.org/sorghum-connection.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Sorghum Connection launches second year of winter educational series

The beginning of the winter holiday season has begun, filled with food, family, friends and fun. I’d like to share some thoughts from Kansas State University family resource management specialist Elizabeth Kiss. She says that as celebrations are planned, it is important to consider the mental and financial stresses of the holiday season.

“One way to approach holidays is managing our time, energy and money,” Kiss said. “Things to think about are what's important to us as individuals and what is it that our family most enjoys about the holidays and really focus on those things, which for many families, is being together.”

Kiss said food is a large part of the holiday budget, including traditional meals such as turkey on Thanksgiving as well as serving food during parties or open houses, baking, and eating out.

Kiss added that holiday decorations -- such as plates, napkins and wrapping paper -- are important to include in the budget, but urges consumers to be cautious of the environmental impact of excessive paper products.

“I think we sometimes have unrealistic expectations of the holidays, and that can not only be stressful from a financial standpoint, but a mental standpoint as well,” Kiss said.

She adds: “The perfectionism and high standards that we place on ourselves, especially when it comes to food, can be draining. It is more about being together and less about all of the decorations and all of those things being perfect.”

Kiss said there is a need to keep a normal routine between celebrations, especially for children.

“This is a lot of stimulation for children, and they may be eating differently -- maybe more sweets than usual -- so keeping mealtimes at a regular time and keeping bedtime fairly regular is important,” Kiss said. “Also consider how much they can handle in terms of events and stimulation, what they're interested in doing or what they most enjoy.”

Board games and outdoor activities don’t cost a lot of money, she said.

Kiss also recommends making lists for all gifts and browsing before purchasing to be able to take advantage of good prices and not overspending or not following a plan.

“Research has reported that more than half of shoppers have already started gift shopping so they can recognize the deals, and so they spread expenses out a little bit in their budget,” Kiss said.

Kiss suggests paying more upfront and financing less to minimize debt in January; pay cash when available. Keeping receipts and minimizing credit card use can help shoppers stick to a budget.

“Make the holidays what you want the holidays to be and be comfortable with what you decide. Try and keep that stress level -- both mentally and financially -- as low as possible,” Kiss said.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. " />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. </figcaption>
 </figure>The beginning of the winter holiday season has begun, filled with food, family, friends and fun. I’d like to share some thoughts from Kansas State University family resource management specialist Elizabeth Kiss. She says that as celebrations are planned, it is important to consider the mental and financial stresses of the holiday season.“One way to approach holidays is managing our time, energy and money,” Kiss said. “Things to think about are what's important to us as individuals and what is it that our family most enjoys about the holidays and really focus on those things, which for many families, is being together.”Kiss said food is a large part of the holiday budget, including traditional meals such as turkey on Thanksgiving as well as serving food during parties or open houses, baking, and eating out.Kiss added that holiday decorations -- such as plates, napkins and wrapping paper -- are important to include in the budget, but urges consumers to be cautious of the environmental impact of excessive paper products.“I think we sometimes have unrealistic expectations of the holidays, and that can not only be stressful from a financial standpoint, but a mental standpoint as well,” Kiss said.She adds: “The perfectionism and high standards that we place on ourselves, especially when it comes to food, can be draining. It is more about being together and less about all of the decorations and all of those things being perfect.”Kiss said there is a need to keep a normal routine between celebrations, especially for children.“This is a lot of stimulation for children, and they may be eating differently -- maybe more sweets than usual -- so keeping mealtimes at a regular time and keeping bedtime fairly regular is important,” Kiss said. “Also consider how much they can handle in terms of events and stimulation, what they're interested in doing or what they most enjoy.”Board games and outdoor activities don’t cost a lot of money, she said.Kiss also recommends making lists for all gifts and browsing before purchasing to be able to take advantage of good prices and not overspending or not following a plan.“Research has reported that more than half of shoppers have already started gift shopping so they can recognize the deals, and so they spread expenses out a little bit in their budget,” Kiss said.Kiss suggests paying more upfront and financing less to minimize debt in January; pay cash when available. Keeping receipts and minimizing credit card use can help shoppers stick to a budget.“Make the holidays what you want the holidays to be and be comfortable with what you decide. Try and keep that stress level -- both mentally and financially -- as low as possible,” Kiss said.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: Managing holiday expectations to close out the year

By DALE HOGG Barton County Media Consultant

Good news met Barton County commissioners Monday morning as they met as the Board of Canvassers to canvass the ballots from the Nov. 4 general election.

Gathered in the County Clerk’s Office, they were told by County Clerk Bev Schmeidler the Nov. 6 audit of the Nov. 4 general election was once again clean. Since these random balloting checks were first implemented in 2019, “we’ve never had anything but a clean audit,” she said.

The Audit Board, a volunteer panel of four Barton County residents, looked over the results from two randomly selected precinct races – this election’s random selections were the Barton Community College Trustees (with seven candidates) and Great Bend City Council Ward 2 (with two candidates) races.

“They had to hand-count all the ballots to make sure the numbers were the same as the machines,” Schmeidler said.

Schmeidler said of the 17,048 registered voters in Barton County, 18.6 percent cast a ballot. “This is about normal”.

“Last year, with a presidential election, we had over 60% of our voters turnout.&nbsp; It would be incredible if we could meet or exceed that number in all elections.”

Commissioners Duane Reif, Tricia Schlessiger, Donna Zimmerman and Shawn Hutchinson, along with County Administrator Matt Patzner, reviewed 34 provisional ballots.

Voter Registration Clerk Darin DeWitt explained a provisional ballot allows a vote to be cast when a voter's eligibility is in question at the polling place. The ballot is considered valid only after the voter's registration issue is corrected or the required photo ID is provided before the official election canvas.

Reasons for provisional ballots varied, with the most common being a move within the county. Other reasons included rare instances of a voter lacking photo identification and minor administrative issues. Ultimately, 30 ballots were accepted, while four were rejected: one voter failed to present a photo ID and three were not registered in the county.

Schmeidler noted the canvass was held on Monday, the last possible day under state statute, because the commission did not meet on the Tuesday following the election due to Veterans Day.

The purpose of the canvass is to certify the election results. Until this was done, the election results had been unofficial.

The count Monday morning didn’t impact the outcome of any of the races from the November general election. The ballot included mayor and city council elections, BCC Trustees, the Ellinwood District Hospital Board, the Cottonwood Extension District, boards of education and a sales tax question for the City of Claflin.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/11/1763511838040.jpeg" alt="Barton County commissioners Duane Reif, Tricia Schlessiger, Donna Zimmerman and Shawn Hutchinson, and County Administrator Matt Patzner canvass the ballots from the Nov. 4 general election Monday morning in the County Clerk’s Office." />
 <figcaption>Barton County commissioners Duane Reif, Tricia Schlessiger, Donna Zimmerman and Shawn Hutchinson, and County Administrator Matt Patzner canvass the ballots from the Nov. 4 general election Monday morning in the County Clerk’s Office.</figcaption>
 </figure>By DALE HOGG Barton County Media ConsultantGood news met Barton County commissioners Monday morning as they met as the Board of Canvassers to canvass the ballots from the Nov. 4 general election.Gathered in the County Clerk’s Office, they were told by County Clerk Bev Schmeidler the Nov. 6 audit of the Nov. 4 general election was once again clean. Since these random balloting checks were first implemented in 2019, “we’ve never had anything but a clean audit,” she said.The Audit Board, a volunteer panel of four Barton County residents, looked over the results from two randomly selected precinct races – this election’s random selections were the Barton Community College Trustees (with seven candidates) and Great Bend City Council Ward 2 (with two candidates) races.“They had to hand-count all the ballots to make sure the numbers were the same as the machines,” Schmeidler said.Schmeidler said of the 17,048 registered voters in Barton County, 18.6 percent cast a ballot. “This is about normal”.“Last year, with a presidential election, we had over 60% of our voters turnout.&nbsp; It would be incredible if we could meet or exceed that number in all elections.”Canvassing the ballotsCommissioners Duane Reif, Tricia Schlessiger, Donna Zimmerman and Shawn Hutchinson, along with County Administrator Matt Patzner, reviewed 34 provisional ballots.Voter Registration Clerk Darin DeWitt explained a provisional ballot allows a vote to be cast when a voter's eligibility is in question at the polling place. The ballot is considered valid only after the voter's registration issue is corrected or the required photo ID is provided before the official election canvas.Reasons for provisional ballots varied, with the most common being a move within the county. Other reasons included rare instances of a voter lacking photo identification and minor administrative issues. Ultimately, 30 ballots were accepted, while four were rejected: one voter failed to present a photo ID and three were not registered in the county.Schmeidler noted the canvass was held on Monday, the last possible day under state statute, because the commission did not meet on the Tuesday following the election due to Veterans Day.The purpose of the canvass is to certify the election results. Until this was done, the election results had been unofficial.The count Monday morning didn’t impact the outcome of any of the races from the November general election. The ballot included mayor and city council elections, BCC Trustees, the Ellinwood District Hospital Board, the Cottonwood Extension District, boards of education and a sales tax question for the City of Claflin.

Barton Co. election audit comes up clean, once again, Nov. 4 votes finalized 

By MIRANDA HUSTON Horticulture Program Assistant K-State Extension - Cottonwood District

The Hays community got its hands dirty in the best way possible during a recent kokedama workshop held at the K-State Extension Center. The event invited plant lovers of all ages to learn the Japanese art of kokedama. Translation: “koke” meaning moss and “dama” meaning ball, which involves creating a soil ball wrapped in moss and twine to create a living plant sculpture that effectively regulates water usage. Although the promotion of this event occurred over a short amount of time, it was still well attended and all the students had a blast. &nbsp;

Participants were guided step-by-step through the process of crafting their own kokedama, blending creativity with practical horticulture knowledge. The atmosphere was lively and welcoming, with attendees sharing laughs, tips, and stories as they followed the masterful guidance of our instructor to shape and form their moss balls. &nbsp;

Our host Wei Li of Simple Morea was an amazing guide throughout the process. Based out of Wichita, Li is knowledgeable, charismatic, patient, and full of pride in the work he does. Throughout the class, Li made sure all participants were taken care of and had all of the help they needed to create the best sculpture possible, making a light and fun environment during the creative process. Li travels all across the United States to attend conferences, festivals, and plant shows to share his artistic and horticultural knowledge. At these events he displays and sells plants he has grown from propagation, all while sharing his knowledge over any houseplant you might have questions about. His true wealth of knowledge doesn't stop at kokedama and tropical plants, but he also offers classes on wall mounted plants and more variety of creative plant displays. Li also offers these classes as a service for corporate team-building seminars.&nbsp;

In addition to the hands-on class, a pop-up plant sale offered a variety of houseplants, including unique varieties of those you know and love but also rare varieties that are difficult to find. Li also sold pedestals and displays for our kokedama creations to add an additional flair in their presentation. These displays were designed and 3D printed all from Wei Li. A pleasant surprise product he offered for the coming cold-season was a collection of handcrafted knit and crochet winter hats and neck wraps in a wide display of colors, some designed and hand dyed by Li himself and assembled by his mother. I myself could not resist the plant sale and bought more plants to add to my ever-growing collection, and did a little Christmas shopping as well. &nbsp;

You can be involved in all of the fun next year as we plan to have him back and for a longer time! Wei Li wishes to return to Ellis County to showcase more of what he does and offer more delightful classes. Whether you’re a seasoned gardener or just plant-curious, events like these offer a fun, low-pressure way to explore new hobbies and connect with the local community. Organizers are already brainstorming for more workshops to come, so keep an eye out for future opportunities to create and take home a practical creation you can display and be proud of.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/11/1763401959894.jpeg" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>By MIRANDA HUSTON Horticulture Program Assistant K-State Extension - Cottonwood District The Hays community got its hands dirty in the best way possible during a recent kokedama workshop held at the K-State Extension Center. The event invited plant lovers of all ages to learn the Japanese art of kokedama. Translation: “koke” meaning moss and “dama” meaning ball, which involves creating a soil ball wrapped in moss and twine to create a living plant sculpture that effectively regulates water usage. Although the promotion of this event occurred over a short amount of time, it was still well attended and all the students had a blast. &nbsp;Participants were guided step-by-step through the process of crafting their own kokedama, blending creativity with practical horticulture knowledge. The atmosphere was lively and welcoming, with attendees sharing laughs, tips, and stories as they followed the masterful guidance of our instructor to shape and form their moss balls. &nbsp;Our host Wei Li of Simple Morea was an amazing guide throughout the process. Based out of Wichita, Li is knowledgeable, charismatic, patient, and full of pride in the work he does. Throughout the class, Li made sure all participants were taken care of and had all of the help they needed to create the best sculpture possible, making a light and fun environment during the creative process. Li travels all across the United States to attend conferences, festivals, and plant shows to share his artistic and horticultural knowledge. At these events he displays and sells plants he has grown from propagation, all while sharing his knowledge over any houseplant you might have questions about. His true wealth of knowledge doesn't stop at kokedama and tropical plants, but he also offers classes on wall mounted plants and more variety of creative plant displays. Li also offers these classes as a service for corporate team-building seminars.&nbsp;In addition to the hands-on class, a pop-up plant sale offered a variety of houseplants, including unique varieties of those you know and love but also rare varieties that are difficult to find. Li also sold pedestals and displays for our kokedama creations to add an additional flair in their presentation. These displays were designed and 3D printed all from Wei Li. A pleasant surprise product he offered for the coming cold-season was a collection of handcrafted knit and crochet winter hats and neck wraps in a wide display of colors, some designed and hand dyed by Li himself and assembled by his mother. I myself could not resist the plant sale and bought more plants to add to my ever-growing collection, and did a little Christmas shopping as well. &nbsp;You can be involved in all of the fun next year as we plan to have him back and for a longer time! Wei Li wishes to return to Ellis County to showcase more of what he does and offer more delightful classes. Whether you’re a seasoned gardener or just plant-curious, events like these offer a fun, low-pressure way to explore new hobbies and connect with the local community. Organizers are already brainstorming for more workshops to come, so keep an eye out for future opportunities to create and take home a practical creation you can display and be proud of.&nbsp;

Cottonwood Extension hosts kokedama plant workshop in Hays

Beneficial rains have brought much-needed moisture to the Kansas wheat crop. However, the moisture can also trigger winter annual weeds, especially in fields with poor wheat stands or where continuous wheat or wheat-fallow rotations are used.

Like wheat, winter annual grasses typically emerge in the fall (although early spring emergence is possible). They go dormant during the coldest months, then resume growth and produce seeds in the spring. The weedy brome species cheatgrass (also known as downy brome), Japanese brome, and cheat are among the grass weeds most commonly found in Kansas wheat. Jointed goatgrass and feral rye are also prevalent and are especially challenging to control. Cheat and feral rye are typically found in the eastern parts of the state, whereas cheatgrass and jointed goatgrass are more often found in the west. For specific information about postemergence herbicides for controlling winter annual grasses, refer to the K-State Agronomy eUpdate electronic newsletter by typing that into your internet browser.

Considerations for Herbicide Applications - as a general rule, fall applications will provide better control of these weeds than spring applications. However, it is important to remember that weeds must be actively growing for herbicides to be effective. Be aware of the temperatures in your area to ensure weeds are not dormant. One temperature guideline to consider using is low temperatures above freezing and high temperatures above 50°F for three to five days before and after the application. Delaying applications until spring, when herbicide can be mixed with topdress fertilizer, is an option, although this can lead to greater yield loss due to competition and reduced herbicide efficacy. Furthermore, spring applications may not meet crop rotation intervals. Always read the herbicide label to determine recropping intervals and adjuvant requirements. The growth stage is also important when applying several of these herbicides.

Other Options: Crop Rotation and Seed Destruction - crop rotation is an effective method of preventing winter annual weeds in wheat. One or more summer annual crops between wheat crops disrupts the life cycle of winter annual weeds, allowing for the use of other cultural and chemical methods for their control. Narrower row spacings or increased wheat seeding rates can make wheat more competitive with weeds. In dry environments, seeding wheat deeper into moist soil may allow wheat to emerge before weedy brome seeds that must germinate from dry soil nearer the soil surface. Alternatively, delaying planting until after the first flush of weedy grasses has emerged may also be an effective cultural management practice when moisture is abundant.

Seed destruction of some winter annual grasses (cheatgrass, feral rye, and jointed goatgrass) at wheat harvest may be a viable option to reduce the amount of weed seed that returns to the soil seedbank, which may reduce the density of winter annual grasses in the following seasons. More information on harvest weed seed destruction can be found at: https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/harvest-weed-seed-destruction-a-tool-for-managing-herbicide-resistant-weeds-601-1

Summary - several effective options exist to control weedy brome species. Jointed goatgrass and feral rye control options are more limited and will likely require planting either a Clearfield or CoAXium wheat variety. In fields where winter annual grasses are known to be a problem, cultural practices can be implemented to reduce their impact, such as using an herbicide-resistant wheat variety or rotating to a summer crop For additional information about these herbicides, see 2025 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, Rangeland, and Noncropland, K-State publication SRP-1190.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Beneficial rains have brought much-needed moisture to the Kansas wheat crop. However, the moisture can also trigger winter annual weeds, especially in fields with poor wheat stands or where continuous wheat or wheat-fallow rotations are used.Like wheat, winter annual grasses typically emerge in the fall (although early spring emergence is possible). They go dormant during the coldest months, then resume growth and produce seeds in the spring. The weedy brome species cheatgrass (also known as downy brome), Japanese brome, and cheat are among the grass weeds most commonly found in Kansas wheat. Jointed goatgrass and feral rye are also prevalent and are especially challenging to control. Cheat and feral rye are typically found in the eastern parts of the state, whereas cheatgrass and jointed goatgrass are more often found in the west. For specific information about postemergence herbicides for controlling winter annual grasses, refer to the K-State Agronomy eUpdate electronic newsletter by typing that into your internet browser.Considerations for Herbicide Applications - as a general rule, fall applications will provide better control of these weeds than spring applications. However, it is important to remember that weeds must be actively growing for herbicides to be effective. Be aware of the temperatures in your area to ensure weeds are not dormant. One temperature guideline to consider using is low temperatures above freezing and high temperatures above 50°F for three to five days before and after the application. Delaying applications until spring, when herbicide can be mixed with topdress fertilizer, is an option, although this can lead to greater yield loss due to competition and reduced herbicide efficacy. Furthermore, spring applications may not meet crop rotation intervals. Always read the herbicide label to determine recropping intervals and adjuvant requirements. The growth stage is also important when applying several of these herbicides.Other Options: Crop Rotation and Seed Destruction - crop rotation is an effective method of preventing winter annual weeds in wheat. One or more summer annual crops between wheat crops disrupts the life cycle of winter annual weeds, allowing for the use of other cultural and chemical methods for their control. Narrower row spacings or increased wheat seeding rates can make wheat more competitive with weeds. In dry environments, seeding wheat deeper into moist soil may allow wheat to emerge before weedy brome seeds that must germinate from dry soil nearer the soil surface. Alternatively, delaying planting until after the first flush of weedy grasses has emerged may also be an effective cultural management practice when moisture is abundant.Seed destruction of some winter annual grasses (cheatgrass, feral rye, and jointed goatgrass) at wheat harvest may be a viable option to reduce the amount of weed seed that returns to the soil seedbank, which may reduce the density of winter annual grasses in the following seasons. More information on harvest weed seed destruction can be found at: https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/harvest-weed-seed-destruction-a-tool-for-managing-herbicide-resistant-weeds-601-1Summary - several effective options exist to control weedy brome species. Jointed goatgrass and feral rye control options are more limited and will likely require planting either a Clearfield or CoAXium wheat variety. In fields where winter annual grasses are known to be a problem, cultural practices can be implemented to reduce their impact, such as using an herbicide-resistant wheat variety or rotating to a summer crop For additional information about these herbicides, see 2025 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, Rangeland, and Noncropland, K-State publication SRP-1190.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Winter annual grass control in winter wheat

Thanksgiving is now just two weeks ago. Below are some tips for a safe a tasty holiday:

Fresh or Frozen? · Allow 1 pound of turkey per person. · Fresh turkeys: Buy 1–2 days before cooking and keep refrigerated on a tray to catch drips. Do not buy fresh pre-stuffed turkeys—they can harbor bacteria. · Frozen turkeys: Keep frozen until ready to thaw. Best quality within one year. · Frozen pre-stuffed turkeys: Must display the USDA or State inspection mark. Do not thaw before cooking—cook from frozen and follow package directions. Allow 1¼ pounds per person.

Three safe methods: 1. Refrigerator (40 °F or below): Allow 24 hours per 4–5 pounds. · 4–12 lbs: 1–3 days · 12–16 lbs: 3–4 days · 16–20 lbs: 4–5 days · 20–24 lbs: 5–6 days Can stay refrigerated 1–2 days after thawing.

2. Cold Water: Allow 30 minutes per pound. Change water every 30 minutes. Cook immediately after thawing.

3. Microwave: Follow the microwave’s manual for size, power, and time. Cook immediately after thawing—do not refreeze or refrigerate.

Roasting Your Turkey · Set oven to 325 °F or higher. · Place turkey on a rack in a shallow roasting pan. · Stuffing is safest cooked separately to ensure even heating. If stuffing the turkey, fill loosely and cook immediately. Stuffing must reach 165 °F. · A whole turkey is safe when the innermost thigh, wing, and thickest breast reach 165 °F. · Let turkey rest 20 minutes before carving.

Approximate Cooking Times (Unstuffed, 325 °F): · 8–12 lbs: 2¾–3 hrs · 12–14 lbs: 3–3¾ hrs · 14–18 lbs: 3¾–4¼ hrs · 18–20 lbs: 4¼–4½ hrs · 20–24 lbs: 4½–5 hrs

If cooking from frozen, allow at least 50% longer.

Optional Tips · Tuck wing tips under shoulders for even cooking. · Add ½ cup water to the pan. · Use a foil tent for the first 1–1½ hours to prevent overbrowning. · Always clean hands, utensils, and surfaces after contact with raw turkey or juices.

Leftovers · Discard turkey, stuffing, or gravy left out over 2 hours (1 hour above 90 °F). · Refrigerate or freeze leftovers in shallow containers within 2 hours. · Use refrigerated leftovers within 3–4 days; frozen within 2–6 months.

Reheating · Oven: Set to 325 °F and heat turkey to 165 °F internal temperature. Add a little broth or water to keep moist. · Microwave: Cover and rotate food; ensure internal temperature reaches 165 °F.

Need Help? For safe cooking and storage guidance, contact: USDA Meat and Poultry Hotline 1-888-MPHotline (1-888-674-6854) 10 a.m. – 6 p.m. ET, Monday–Friday mphotline@usda.gov www.fsis.usda.gov

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Thanksgiving is now just two weeks ago. Below are some tips for a safe a tasty holiday:Fresh or Frozen? · Allow 1 pound of turkey per person. · Fresh turkeys: Buy 1–2 days before cooking and keep refrigerated on a tray to catch drips. Do not buy fresh pre-stuffed turkeys—they can harbor bacteria. · Frozen turkeys: Keep frozen until ready to thaw. Best quality within one year. · Frozen pre-stuffed turkeys: Must display the USDA or State inspection mark. Do not thaw before cooking—cook from frozen and follow package directions. Allow 1¼ pounds per person.Thawing Your TurkeyThree safe methods: 1. Refrigerator (40 °F or below): Allow 24 hours per 4–5 pounds. · 4–12 lbs: 1–3 days · 12–16 lbs: 3–4 days · 16–20 lbs: 4–5 days · 20–24 lbs: 5–6 days Can stay refrigerated 1–2 days after thawing.2. Cold Water: Allow 30 minutes per pound. Change water every 30 minutes. Cook immediately after thawing.3. Microwave: Follow the microwave’s manual for size, power, and time. Cook immediately after thawing—do not refreeze or refrigerate.Reminder: Remove giblets before cooking.Roasting Your Turkey · Set oven to 325 °F or higher. · Place turkey on a rack in a shallow roasting pan. · Stuffing is safest cooked separately to ensure even heating. If stuffing the turkey, fill loosely and cook immediately. Stuffing must reach 165 °F. · A whole turkey is safe when the innermost thigh, wing, and thickest breast reach 165 °F. · Let turkey rest 20 minutes before carving. Approximate Cooking Times (Unstuffed, 325 °F): · 8–12 lbs: 2¾–3 hrs · 12–14 lbs: 3–3¾ hrs · 14–18 lbs: 3¾–4¼ hrs · 18–20 lbs: 4¼–4½ hrs · 20–24 lbs: 4½–5 hrsIf cooking from frozen, allow at least 50% longer.Optional Tips · Tuck wing tips under shoulders for even cooking. · Add ½ cup water to the pan. · Use a foil tent for the first 1–1½ hours to prevent overbrowning. · Always clean hands, utensils, and surfaces after contact with raw turkey or juices.Leftovers · Discard turkey, stuffing, or gravy left out over 2 hours (1 hour above 90 °F). · Refrigerate or freeze leftovers in shallow containers within 2 hours. · Use refrigerated leftovers within 3–4 days; frozen within 2–6 months.Reheating · Oven: Set to 325 °F and heat turkey to 165 °F internal temperature. Add a little broth or water to keep moist. · Microwave: Cover and rotate food; ensure internal temperature reaches 165 °F.Need Help? For safe cooking and storage guidance, contact: USDA Meat and Poultry Hotline 1-888-MPHotline (1-888-674-6854) 10 a.m. – 6 p.m. ET, Monday–Friday mphotline@usda.gov www.fsis.usda.gov

KOERNER: Let’s talk turkey — safe roasting tips

One of the ways that I have an opportunity to give back in my communities is by serving on the Golden Belt Community Foundation Board. While you have the opportunity to give to one of your favorite 126 organizations from now until Giving Tuesday on December 2, you can absolutely donate to those organizations all year!

I appreciate that organizations like community foundations exist because they allow donors to contribute amounts that work in their budget to compile with everyone else’s small amount to do great work!

In addition, right now our food pantries and food banks are doing critical work across our communities. Can I fund a whole day or week? No but I can add a few extra items to drop off to help others.

Do I have extra coats taking up space in a closet that haven’t been worn for a couple of years? I get to remove some clutter from my home and benefit someone else! Several years ago, a closet clean-out by one of my adult children resulted in a bag of gently worn shoes that no longer fit. We were able to donate these to a center who made sure that each pair had a new home.

Our family lived on tight budgets for several years and one of my favorite activities during that time was to help my kids understand that even though we didn’t have a lot, there were others in much tougher circumstances. This led to good activities of regularly going through toy boxes and donating books and toys to our library and other organizations.

Yes, please check out the opportunities for Giving Tuesday in your communities and, especially the Golden Belt Community Foundation which serves four counties. But also, look for small and large ways that you can give every day – holding a door, sharing a smile or a wave, volunteering at your church or civic organization, and perhaps donating to a cause that is near and dear to your heart.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. " />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. </figcaption>
 </figure>One of the ways that I have an opportunity to give back in my communities is by serving on the Golden Belt Community Foundation Board. While you have the opportunity to give to one of your favorite 126 organizations from now until Giving Tuesday on December 2, you can absolutely donate to those organizations all year!I appreciate that organizations like community foundations exist because they allow donors to contribute amounts that work in their budget to compile with everyone else’s small amount to do great work!In addition, right now our food pantries and food banks are doing critical work across our communities. Can I fund a whole day or week? No but I can add a few extra items to drop off to help others.Do I have extra coats taking up space in a closet that haven’t been worn for a couple of years? I get to remove some clutter from my home and benefit someone else! Several years ago, a closet clean-out by one of my adult children resulted in a bag of gently worn shoes that no longer fit. We were able to donate these to a center who made sure that each pair had a new home.Our family lived on tight budgets for several years and one of my favorite activities during that time was to help my kids understand that even though we didn’t have a lot, there were others in much tougher circumstances. This led to good activities of regularly going through toy boxes and donating books and toys to our library and other organizations.Yes, please check out the opportunities for Giving Tuesday in your communities and, especially the Golden Belt Community Foundation which serves four counties. But also, look for small and large ways that you can give every day – holding a door, sharing a smile or a wave, volunteering at your church or civic organization, and perhaps donating to a cause that is near and dear to your heart.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: Giving Tuesday and every day

By MIKE COURSON Great Bend Post

Franklin D. Roosevelt once said the greatest threat to democracy is indifference. Polling numbers in non-presidential years have suffered in recent elections. Today is the day to change that. Polling locations around Barton County will be open from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Check Great Bend Post.com tonight for unofficial election results.

Voters in Great Bend's first ward will use the Great Bend Activity Center, 2715 18th Street. Voters in the second ward can cast their ballots at Prince of Peace Parish, 4100 Broadway Ave. Ward three voters can head to Grace Community Church, 210 McKinley, and fourth-ward voters will use the Great Bend Rec's Burnside Room, 1214 Stone.

All Hoisington voters can vote in the meeting room at the Hoisington Activity Center. That will also be the location for township elections in the northern part of the county. Voters in Claflin can vote in township races at the Immaculate Conception Parish Hall, 110 E. Williamson. Township elections near Ellinwood will be held at the St. Joseph Parish Center, 110 W. 2nd in Ellinwood, and Great Bend Township A will have its election at the Barton County Sheriff's Firing Range, 396 NE 30 Road. Township elections near Pawnee Rock will be at the Faith Community Church Family Center, 293 W. Barton County Road B.

Ballot drop boxes are located behind Central Kansas Community Corrections, 1208 Kansas Ave. in Great Bend. Enter the alley behind the movie theater and use the driver's side of the vehicle to drop the ballot off. The Hoisington City Building, 109 E. First Street, also has a drop box next to the utility drop box. No postage is required for either drop box.

The 2025 General Election includes races for mayor, city council, school board, Barton Community College Board of Trustees, Ellinwood Hospital District, and Cottonwood Extension District.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1748883874550.jpeg" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>By MIKE COURSON Great Bend PostFranklin D. Roosevelt once said the greatest threat to democracy is indifference. Polling numbers in non-presidential years have suffered in recent elections. Today is the day to change that. Polling locations around Barton County will be open from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Check Great Bend Post.com tonight for unofficial election results.Voters in Great Bend's first ward will use the Great Bend Activity Center, 2715 18th Street. Voters in the second ward can cast their ballots at Prince of Peace Parish, 4100 Broadway Ave. Ward three voters can head to Grace Community Church, 210 McKinley, and fourth-ward voters will use the Great Bend Rec's Burnside Room, 1214 Stone.All Hoisington voters can vote in the meeting room at the Hoisington Activity Center. That will also be the location for township elections in the northern part of the county. Voters in Claflin can vote in township races at the Immaculate Conception Parish Hall, 110 E. Williamson. Township elections near Ellinwood will be held at the St. Joseph Parish Center, 110 W. 2nd in Ellinwood, and Great Bend Township A will have its election at the Barton County Sheriff's Firing Range, 396 NE 30 Road. Township elections near Pawnee Rock will be at the Faith Community Church Family Center, 293 W. Barton County Road B.Ballot drop boxes are located behind Central Kansas Community Corrections, 1208 Kansas Ave. in Great Bend. Enter the alley behind the movie theater and use the driver's side of the vehicle to drop the ballot off. The Hoisington City Building, 109 E. First Street, also has a drop box next to the utility drop box. No postage is required for either drop box.The 2025 General Election includes races for mayor, city council, school board, Barton Community College Board of Trustees, Ellinwood Hospital District, and Cottonwood Extension District.

ELECTION DAY: Polling locations in Barton County open from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.

With over 80 years of experience serving producers, the Kansas Farm Management Association (KFMA) maintains a long-term commitment to Kansas agriculture, by building strong relationships with ag producers. Twenty-four KFMA economists, strategically located around the state who are part of the Department of K-State Agricultural Economics, comprise the professional staff of the KFMA program. The economists/fieldmen work cooperatively with farm families to provide members with production and financial management information for use in decision making.

The primary goal of the KFMA program is to provide each member with information that can be used to help make farm and family decisions. KFMA Economists assist producers by providing the following information and services:

· Accrual basis whole-farm and enterprise analysis

· Financial benchmarks for comparing performance with similar farms

· Integrated tax planning, marketing and asset investment strategies

· Assistance with estate planning and farm succession planning

· Guidance for business entity and structure planning

If you would like further information about becoming a member of KFMA visit https://www.agmanager.info/kfma or contact Mark Dikeman, KFMA Director at 785-532-0516, dikemanm@ksu.edu or you can contact your local County or District Extension Office and they can put you in contact too with KFMA.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>With over 80 years of experience serving producers, the Kansas Farm Management Association (KFMA) maintains a long-term commitment to Kansas agriculture, by building strong relationships with ag producers. Twenty-four KFMA economists, strategically located around the state who are part of the Department of K-State Agricultural Economics, comprise the professional staff of the KFMA program. The economists/fieldmen work cooperatively with farm families to provide members with production and financial management information for use in decision making.The primary goal of the KFMA program is to provide each member with information that can be used to help make farm and family decisions. KFMA Economists assist producers by providing the following information and services:· Sound farm accounting systems· On-farm visits· Accrual basis whole-farm and enterprise analysis· Financial benchmarks for comparing performance with similar farms· Year-end tax planning and management· Integrated tax planning, marketing and asset investment strategies· Assistance with estate planning and farm succession planning· Guidance for business entity and structure planning· Improved decision makingIf you would like further information about becoming a member of KFMA visit https://www.agmanager.info/kfma or contact Mark Dikeman, KFMA Director at 785-532-0516, dikemanm@ksu.edu or you can contact your local County or District Extension Office and they can put you in contact too with KFMA.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Kansas Farm Management Association continues to serve ag community

Are you curious about coyotes and their role in Kansas’ ecosystem? The public is invited to attend Coyote Biology &amp; Management, a free educational program presented by Drew Ricketts, Extension Wildlife, Horticulture, and Natural Resources Specialist at Kansas State University.

This informative session will explore a wide range of topics, including coyote biology, history, management techniques, trapping, calling methods, and more. Whether you’re a hunter, trapper, landowner, or simply interested in wildlife, this program will deepen your understanding of coyote behavior and effective management strategies.

The program will be held on Thursday, Nov. 6 at 7 p.m. at the Kansas Wetlands Education Center, located at 592 NE K-156 Hwy.

Are you curious about coyotes and their role in Kansas’ ecosystem? The public is invited to attend Coyote Biology &amp; Management, a free educational program presented by Drew Ricketts, Extension Wildlife, Horticulture, and Natural Resources Specialist at Kansas State University.This informative session will explore a wide range of topics, including coyote biology, history, management techniques, trapping, calling methods, and more. Whether you’re a hunter, trapper, landowner, or simply interested in wildlife, this program will deepen your understanding of coyote behavior and effective management strategies.The program will be held on Thursday, Nov. 6 at 7 p.m. at the Kansas Wetlands Education Center, located at 592 NE K-156 Hwy.This event is free and open to the public and is sponsored by K-State Extension Cottonwood District, Kansas Wetlands Education Center, and the Great Bend Recreation Commission.For more information, please contact the Kansas Wetlands Education Center at 877-243-9268 or the Great Bend Rec at 620-793-3755.