Variety selection is one of the most important decisions that a grower can make to ensure success on their farm. Now is the time when wheat producers across Kansas are reviewing yield data and making decisions about the varieties they will plant in the fall. Although yield is always a top priority, disease and insect resistance, along with appropriate agronomic traits, can buffer against crop losses. In addition, genetic resistance to diseases and insect pests can be the most effective, economical, and environmentally sound method for control.

The Kansas Wheat Variety Guide 2026 from K-State Research and Extension has now been released for this year. Agronomic characteristics, disease, and pest resistance information are included, as well as profiles that highlight some more common or new varieties for the state of Kansas.

Updates this year include the addition of variety profiles for varieties KS Tradition and KS Flintlock, along with the addition of AP Sunbird and Orange Blossom CL+.

Ratings in this publication represent results from field and greenhouse evaluations by public and private wheat researchers at multiple locations over multiple years.

An electronic version of the Wheat Variety Disease and Insect Ratings 2026 publication MF991 can be found here: https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF991.pdf

Or drop by our offices in Great Bend 3007 10th Street, and 601 Main Street Hays for a copy.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Variety selection is one of the most important decisions that a grower can make to ensure success on their farm. Now is the time when wheat producers across Kansas are reviewing yield data and making decisions about the varieties they will plant in the fall. Although yield is always a top priority, disease and insect resistance, along with appropriate agronomic traits, can buffer against crop losses. In addition, genetic resistance to diseases and insect pests can be the most effective, economical, and environmentally sound method for control.The Kansas Wheat Variety Guide 2026 from K-State Research and Extension has now been released for this year. Agronomic characteristics, disease, and pest resistance information are included, as well as profiles that highlight some more common or new varieties for the state of Kansas.Updates this year include the addition of variety profiles for varieties KS Tradition and KS Flintlock, along with the addition of AP Sunbird and Orange Blossom CL+.Ratings in this publication represent results from field and greenhouse evaluations by public and private wheat researchers at multiple locations over multiple years.An electronic version of the Wheat Variety Disease and Insect Ratings 2026 publication MF991 can be found here: https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF991.pdfOr drop by our offices in Great Bend 3007 10th Street, and 601 Main Street Hays for a copy.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Kansas Wheat Variety Guide 2026 now available

Changes in income, increased expenses, and other financial stresses can be overwhelming.

We have several publications available through K-State Extension that can help identify opportunities and provide insight into coping with and handling tough financial times.

One of these is “When Your Income Drops: Coping With Stress”, which was updated in 2025 and includes some ways to understand and help in addressing financial situations. None of us handle finances or financial stress in the exact same way. This can create additional stress within a household when all are not on the same page. This publication is part of a series which include additional topics such as “Making Ends Meet”, “Don’t Panic; Take Control”, and “Sharpening Survival Skills”.

Another publication that can be useful for any household is “How Are You Doing? A Financial Checkup”. It notes that a financial checkup is just as important as a physical checkup and can help identify problems, chart progress, and outline action steps to achieve goals. It is a great tool for helping with a household discussion about priorities and financial management. It covers great information highlighting a tax checkup, credit checkup, insurance checkup, a retirement checkup, and an investment checkup.

“Healthy Connections: Family Meals in a Snap” provides information about the numerous benefits of cooking at home, including better nutrition, saving money, and strengthening family bonds.

Let us know if we can provide a resource or guide to help your family in navigating financial stresses.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District " />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District </figcaption>
 </figure>Changes in income, increased expenses, and other financial stresses can be overwhelming.We have several publications available through K-State Extension that can help identify opportunities and provide insight into coping with and handling tough financial times.One of these is “When Your Income Drops: Coping With Stress”, which was updated in 2025 and includes some ways to understand and help in addressing financial situations. None of us handle finances or financial stress in the exact same way. This can create additional stress within a household when all are not on the same page. This publication is part of a series which include additional topics such as “Making Ends Meet”, “Don’t Panic; Take Control”, and “Sharpening Survival Skills”.Another publication that can be useful for any household is “How Are You Doing? A Financial Checkup”. It notes that a financial checkup is just as important as a physical checkup and can help identify problems, chart progress, and outline action steps to achieve goals. It is a great tool for helping with a household discussion about priorities and financial management. It covers great information highlighting a tax checkup, credit checkup, insurance checkup, a retirement checkup, and an investment checkup.“Healthy Connections: Family Meals in a Snap” provides information about the numerous benefits of cooking at home, including better nutrition, saving money, and strengthening family bonds.Let us know if we can provide a resource or guide to help your family in navigating financial stresses.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: K-State Extension offers several publications about financial stresses

As an Ag agent for KSRE over these past 13 years, I have made countless home visits for individuals with tree issues. There are many reasons a tree can have problems. The drought we are living through along with the heat has taken its toll on our trees. The other extreme of heavy rains and flooding that we occasionally have can also cause significant damage to our trees. These environmental conditions are unpreventable but, giving your tree a little extra TLC for some time after can help your tree stay healthy for a long time after such events.

If your tree falters and dies what should you do? What type of tree should be the replacement? Here are some observations I have seen over time to help you find the right tree for the area you want to plant.

First of all, take a look at the site you wish to plant and observe the surroundings. How close to buildings are you? Are there powerlines above that area? What other obstacles will the tree encounter as it grows? One example is powerlines. If you have some in the area you wish to plant, you will want to chose a tree that won’t grow as tall as to interfere with them.

Soil type is also important. Most trees prefer moist, well drained soils. Knowing your soil type and how your landscape is in various conditions will help you find a tree that will thrive in your yard.Another question you need to address: what types of diseases and what insects are prone to the type of tree you are looking to plant? 

The Red Maple for example is a popular choice for a landscape tree with its vibrant fall color but, the tree has several issues in our area. The soil pH in our region tends to be high causing iron to be tied up chemically. As maples need more iron than other trees, they become chlorotic. This hinders chlorophyll production and causes the leaves to turn yellow. This in turn causes the tree to be unable to make its own nutrients and eventually cause the tree to decline and die. If you want a Maple tree be prepared to treat the tree with an iron supplement as it ages and shows symptoms. 

Maples also tend to have poor branching, so early pruning and extra care as its ages is very important to have a tree that will be around for years to come.

The Kansas Forest Service has a publication for each region of Kansas that rates trees for environmental and landscape attributes to help you select the right tree for the place you want to plant. To access the one for Northwest Kansas, including Barton and Ellis Counties got to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kansasforests.org/community_forestry/community_docs/NW%20Preferred%20Trees122016.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.kansasforests.org/community_forestry/community_docs/NW%20Preferred%20Trees122016.pdf</a>&nbsp;or call our offices and we can get a copy to you.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<a></a>K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>As an Ag agent for KSRE over these past 13 years, I have made countless home visits for individuals with tree issues. There are many reasons a tree can have problems. The drought we are living through along with the heat has taken its toll on our trees. The other extreme of heavy rains and flooding that we occasionally have can also cause significant damage to our trees. These environmental conditions are unpreventable but, giving your tree a little extra TLC for some time after can help your tree stay healthy for a long time after such events.If your tree falters and dies what should you do? What type of tree should be the replacement? Here are some observations I have seen over time to help you find the right tree for the area you want to plant.First of all, take a look at the site you wish to plant and observe the surroundings. How close to buildings are you? Are there powerlines above that area? What other obstacles will the tree encounter as it grows? One example is powerlines. If you have some in the area you wish to plant, you will want to chose a tree that won’t grow as tall as to interfere with them.Soil type is also important. Most trees prefer moist, well drained soils. Knowing your soil type and how your landscape is in various conditions will help you find a tree that will thrive in your yard.Another question you need to address: what types of diseases and what insects are prone to the type of tree you are looking to plant? The Red Maple for example is a popular choice for a landscape tree with its vibrant fall color but, the tree has several issues in our area. The soil pH in our region tends to be high causing iron to be tied up chemically. As maples need more iron than other trees, they become chlorotic. This hinders chlorophyll production and causes the leaves to turn yellow. This in turn causes the tree to be unable to make its own nutrients and eventually cause the tree to decline and die. If you want a Maple tree be prepared to treat the tree with an iron supplement as it ages and shows symptoms. Maples also tend to have poor branching, so early pruning and extra care as its ages is very important to have a tree that will be around for years to come.The Kansas Forest Service has a publication for each region of Kansas that rates trees for environmental and landscape attributes to help you select the right tree for the place you want to plant. To access the one for Northwest Kansas, including Barton and Ellis Counties got to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kansasforests.org/community_forestry/community_docs/NW%20Preferred%20Trees122016.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.kansasforests.org/community_forestry/community_docs/NW%20Preferred%20Trees122016.pdf</a>&nbsp;or call our offices and we can get a copy to you.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.<a></a>K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Things to consider when choosing a replacement tree

A while back someone came into the Cottonwood Extension office with a tiny insect, asking what it is. Fortunately, it had a distinctive long snout. So that meant it was a weevil and I was able to narrow it down considerably and identify it as a rice weevil.

Now as I try to think of my next news article, bingo why not write about pantry or stored product pest. Some of the more common pantry or kitchen insect pests are probably the Indian meal moth, sawtoothed grain beetles, and flour beetles.

Several insects, commonly referred to as pantry or kitchen pests, infest dry or stored food products in the home. Most are either beetles or moths. In the case of beetles, both the adult and larval stages may be damaging while only the larvae of moths are destructive. Infestations may be noted when these insects are found in some products, but more commonly when the adults are seen crawling or flying about the kitchen or pantry.

Since most of these insects are of tropical or semi-tropical origin, they live and breed best under warm, humid conditions – conditions often found in kitchen cupboards. Since most do not hibernate, reproduction is continuous throughout the year and populations can build up rapidly if they are left undisturbed.

Inspection - always keep in mind that many pantry pests are strong fliers and that their larvae can crawl some distance from a source of infestation. The source of infestation is usually limited to a small area such as the kitchen, or a single cabinet, or a single susceptible product. Before you attempt control, find out this source and eliminate it.

This is not always an easy job. Check all the materials mentioned as susceptible products. Do not overlook the fact that a sealed container may be infested because the lid may be loose enough to allow pantry pests.

Sterilization - it is possible to kill pantry pests by putting lightly infested packages in the refrigerator freezer compartment for a least two or three days.

Sanitation - periodically clean all shelves in storage areas. Many pantry pests can breed in food particles that spill or sift from packages and accumulate in cracks and corners. The insects can then infest food packages on the shelves later.

Buy only small quantities of foods susceptible to infestation, especially in the summer. Carefully examine these foods when you get them to be sure they are free of pests.

Whenever possible, dry foods can be stored in clean glass or metal containers with tight fitting lids. (Empty coffee cans with plastic lids make excellent storage containers.) Clean containers thoroughly before placing fresh food in them. Never leave them undisturbed for long periods of time. Storing these food products in the refrigerator or freezer will prevent infestation.

Insecticides - are not recommended for use against pantry pests.

This article is not intended to provoke panic, but just an FYI for folks to be aware of and keep in mind. If you have any questions give us a call at the Cottonwood Extension Office.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>A while back someone came into the Cottonwood Extension office with a tiny insect, asking what it is. Fortunately, it had a distinctive long snout. So that meant it was a weevil and I was able to narrow it down considerably and identify it as a rice weevil.Now as I try to think of my next news article, bingo why not write about pantry or stored product pest. Some of the more common pantry or kitchen insect pests are probably the Indian meal moth, sawtoothed grain beetles, and flour beetles.Several insects, commonly referred to as pantry or kitchen pests, infest dry or stored food products in the home. Most are either beetles or moths. In the case of beetles, both the adult and larval stages may be damaging while only the larvae of moths are destructive. Infestations may be noted when these insects are found in some products, but more commonly when the adults are seen crawling or flying about the kitchen or pantry.Since most of these insects are of tropical or semi-tropical origin, they live and breed best under warm, humid conditions – conditions often found in kitchen cupboards. Since most do not hibernate, reproduction is continuous throughout the year and populations can build up rapidly if they are left undisturbed.Inspection - always keep in mind that many pantry pests are strong fliers and that their larvae can crawl some distance from a source of infestation. The source of infestation is usually limited to a small area such as the kitchen, or a single cabinet, or a single susceptible product. Before you attempt control, find out this source and eliminate it.This is not always an easy job. Check all the materials mentioned as susceptible products. Do not overlook the fact that a sealed container may be infested because the lid may be loose enough to allow pantry pests.Sterilization - it is possible to kill pantry pests by putting lightly infested packages in the refrigerator freezer compartment for a least two or three days.Sanitation - periodically clean all shelves in storage areas. Many pantry pests can breed in food particles that spill or sift from packages and accumulate in cracks and corners. The insects can then infest food packages on the shelves later.Buy only small quantities of foods susceptible to infestation, especially in the summer. Carefully examine these foods when you get them to be sure they are free of pests.Whenever possible, dry foods can be stored in clean glass or metal containers with tight fitting lids. (Empty coffee cans with plastic lids make excellent storage containers.) Clean containers thoroughly before placing fresh food in them. Never leave them undisturbed for long periods of time. Storing these food products in the refrigerator or freezer will prevent infestation.Insecticides - are not recommended for use against pantry pests.This article is not intended to provoke panic, but just an FYI for folks to be aware of and keep in mind. If you have any questions give us a call at the Cottonwood Extension Office.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Pantry pests and the best methods to control them

Suicide is a preventable mental health crisis. As of 2022, Kansas ranked 17th in the nation for suicides. It was also the second leading cause of death for ages 10-44. And sadly overall, it is the 10th leading cause of death in our State. 

Every person knows someone that has either attempted or completed a suicide. With work to destigmatize mental health problems surrounding suicide, we can make inroads to reduce both attempted and completed suicides.

Knowing the signs someone is struggling is an important first step. On many occasions, a change in behavior or lack of interest in things they normally enjoy are key indicators. Someone who is struggling may also be anxious or worried. They may mention that they are unhappy or seem quieter or more withdrawn than normal. They may be sleeping more than normal, or are having issues with sleep. They may talk about wanting to die or that life would be better off without them. They may be giving personal items away, and expressing wanting it all to end. These are all major indicators that a person may be suicidal and may need immediate help.

Whether this is for you, or for someone you know, remembering ways to get help are so important. Asking a friend or loved one about suicide will NOT put the thought into their head or increase their risk of dying by suicide.&nbsp;

If you or someone you know has mentioned or is experiencing suicidal thoughts or behaviors and need assistance, please call the National Crisis and Suicide Hotlineat 988.

You can use this number to call (or text) and the hotline is staffed 24/7. You or your loved ones do not have to be actively suicidal to call or text this number. But, if you are in a mental health crisis and in of need of assistance, the hotline is definitely there for you.Everyone has an opportunity to help prevent suicide. 

If interested in suicide prevention training opportunities, such as Question, Persuade, Refer: Suicide Prevention&nbsp;(QPR) or Mental Health First Aid (MHFA), please contact me at 620-793-1910, or by email at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>and I can help you get trainings set up.&nbsp;&nbsp;Here are additional resources:

<a href="https://thecentergb.org/" target="_blank">https://thecentergb.org/</a>

<a href="https://thecentergb.org/" target="_blank"></a>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Suicide is a preventable mental health crisis. As of 2022, Kansas ranked 17th in the nation for suicides. It was also the second leading cause of death for ages 10-44. And sadly overall, it is the 10th leading cause of death in our State. Every person knows someone that has either attempted or completed a suicide. With work to destigmatize mental health problems surrounding suicide, we can make inroads to reduce both attempted and completed suicides.Knowing the signs someone is struggling is an important first step. On many occasions, a change in behavior or lack of interest in things they normally enjoy are key indicators. Someone who is struggling may also be anxious or worried. They may mention that they are unhappy or seem quieter or more withdrawn than normal. They may be sleeping more than normal, or are having issues with sleep. They may talk about wanting to die or that life would be better off without them. They may be giving personal items away, and expressing wanting it all to end. These are all major indicators that a person may be suicidal and may need immediate help.Whether this is for you, or for someone you know, remembering ways to get help are so important. Asking a friend or loved one about suicide will NOT put the thought into their head or increase their risk of dying by suicide.&nbsp;If you or someone you know has mentioned or is experiencing suicidal thoughts or behaviors and need assistance, please call the National Crisis and Suicide Hotlineat 988. You can use this number to call (or text) and the hotline is staffed 24/7. You or your loved ones do not have to be actively suicidal to call or text this number. But, if you are in a mental health crisis and in of need of assistance, the hotline is definitely there for you.Everyone has an opportunity to help prevent suicide. If interested in suicide prevention training opportunities, such as Question, Persuade, Refer: Suicide Prevention&nbsp;(QPR) or Mental Health First Aid (MHFA), please contact me at 620-793-1910, or by email at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>and I can help you get trainings set up.&nbsp;&nbsp;Here are additional resources:National Resources&nbsp;<ul>
 <li><a href="https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/" target="_blank">https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/</a> &nbsp;</li><li><a href="https://www.sprc.org/" target="_blank">https://www.sprc.org/</a> &nbsp;</li><li><a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/childrens-awareness-day/past-events/2019/resources-suicide-prevention" target="_blank">https://www.samhsa.gov/childrens-awareness-day/past-events/2019/resources-suicide-prevention</a> &nbsp;</li>
 </ul>&nbsp;State Resources&nbsp;<ul>
 <li><a href="https://www.sprc.org/states/kansas" target="_blank">https://www.sprc.org/states/kansas</a> &nbsp;</li><li><a href="https://www.ksphq.org/" target="_blank">https://www.ksphq.org/</a> &nbsp;</li>
 </ul>&nbsp;Local Resources&nbsp;<ul>
 <li>High Plains Mental Health Center.&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://hpmhc.com/" target="_blank">https://hpmhc.com/</a></li><li>The Center for Counseling and Consultation. 24/7 Crisis line –620-792-2544 or 800-875-8544&nbsp;</li>
 </ul><a href="https://thecentergb.org/" target="_blank">https://thecentergb.org/</a><a href="https://thecentergb.org/" target="_blank"></a>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Remember available resources during Suicide Prevention Month

For many years, taking 24-inch soil profile-N samples in the fall has been a recommended practice for making an N recommendation for winter wheat. However, due to the mobility of nitrate-N in the soil, soil test values observed in the fall may differ from those observed in the spring, particularly on soils prone to leaching. Because many producers wait until spring green-up to make their N application, does soil sampling in the fall for nitrate really provide useful information for N management in wheat? That is a legitimate question.

What Research Shows - in K-State trials where no N fertilizer was applied, there was a strong positive relationship between fall nitrate-N levels and final wheat yield.

When fall nitrate-N levels were low, wheat yields responded well to fertilizer. When nitrate-N levels exceeded 80–100 lb/acre, additional spring-applied N rarely increased yield. In short, fall nitrate-N levels are a reliable predictor of whether or not a crop will benefit from additional N fertilizer. This makes fall soil sampling an important tool for maximizing yield and efficiency.

When soil sampling for N is not done, the K-State fertilizer recommendation formula defaults to a standard value of 30 lb/acre available N. In this particular dataset, the average profile N level was 39 lb N/acre. However, the N level at individual sites ranged from 11 to 197 lbs N/acre. Most recommendation systems default to a standardized set of N recommendations based on the yield goal and/or the cost of N.

Take Home Message - without soil sampling or some other method of estimating available N, such as crop sensing, N recommendations will be inaccurate. Failure to account for the N present in the soil wastes a valuable resource. It can result in excess foliage, increased plant disease, inefficient use of soil water, and reduced yield.

Fall soil profile testing for nitrate-N continues to play a valuable role in efficient N management for winter wheat in Kansas. It’s a cost-effective way to fine-tune your fertilizer program, avoid unnecessary inputs, and protect both yield and the environment.

Information provided by Dorivar Ruiz Diaz, K-State Extension Nutrient Management Specialist.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>For many years, taking 24-inch soil profile-N samples in the fall has been a recommended practice for making an N recommendation for winter wheat. However, due to the mobility of nitrate-N in the soil, soil test values observed in the fall may differ from those observed in the spring, particularly on soils prone to leaching. Because many producers wait until spring green-up to make their N application, does soil sampling in the fall for nitrate really provide useful information for N management in wheat? That is a legitimate question.What Research Shows - in K-State trials where no N fertilizer was applied, there was a strong positive relationship between fall nitrate-N levels and final wheat yield.When fall nitrate-N levels were low, wheat yields responded well to fertilizer. When nitrate-N levels exceeded 80–100 lb/acre, additional spring-applied N rarely increased yield. In short, fall nitrate-N levels are a reliable predictor of whether or not a crop will benefit from additional N fertilizer. This makes fall soil sampling an important tool for maximizing yield and efficiency.When soil sampling for N is not done, the K-State fertilizer recommendation formula defaults to a standard value of 30 lb/acre available N. In this particular dataset, the average profile N level was 39 lb N/acre. However, the N level at individual sites ranged from 11 to 197 lbs N/acre. Most recommendation systems default to a standardized set of N recommendations based on the yield goal and/or the cost of N.Take Home Message - without soil sampling or some other method of estimating available N, such as crop sensing, N recommendations will be inaccurate. Failure to account for the N present in the soil wastes a valuable resource. It can result in excess foliage, increased plant disease, inefficient use of soil water, and reduced yield.Fall soil profile testing for nitrate-N continues to play a valuable role in efficient N management for winter wheat in Kansas. It’s a cost-effective way to fine-tune your fertilizer program, avoid unnecessary inputs, and protect both yield and the environment.Information provided by Dorivar Ruiz Diaz, K-State Extension Nutrient Management Specialist.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Soil fertility and wheat production-profile nitrate levels

Drought-stressed crops tend to accumulate high nitrate levels in the lower leaves and stalk of the plant. Crops such as forage and grain sorghum, sudangrass, hybrid sorghum-sudan, and pearl millet are notorious accumulators. Nitrates accumulate in the lower portion of these plants when stresses reduce crop yields to less than expected, based on the supplied nitrogen fertility level. 

Nitrate toxicity in livestock is caused by its absorption into the bloodstream and binding to hemoglobin, rendering it unable to carry oxygen throughout the body. The result is eventual asphyxiation and death.&nbsp;Animals under stress (sick, hungry, lactating, or pregnant) are more susceptible to nitrate toxicity than healthy animals. Toxicity is related to the total amount of forage consumed and how quickly it is eaten. 

Symptoms of toxicity may appear within a few hours after eating or not for several days. Signs include reduced appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, and runny eyes.

It is wise for producers to test their drought-stricken forage prior to harvest. Nitrate testing can be done through several labs, including the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/outreach-and-services/soil-testing-lab/plant-forage-grain-analysis/producers.html" target="_blank">K-State Soil Testing Laboratory</a>. Not all labs use the same testing procedure so be sure to use the scale provided by the testing lab. Harvesting the forage 6-to-12 inches above the ground to avoid the highest concentrations of nitrate in the plant is a good practice.

Producers should collect a good representative forage sample above this cutting height to get an accurate determination of the nitrate concentration. It's important to consider factors like actual nitrate concentration, storing and feeding methods, and forage availability, as these can significantly impact the safety of your livestock. Toxicity is related to the total amount of nitrate in the diet and how quickly it is eaten. Generally, if forages contain more than 6,000 ppm nitrate, they should be considered potentially toxic.

Depending on the planned feeding method, a producer may wish to test different parts of the plant. If wrapping the forage into a bale and feeding it directly to livestock, a producer may want to test the lowest part of the stalk to determine the greatest risk of nitrate forage that the animal could ingest. 

If a producer was planning on grinding the bale, a whole plant sample above what will be left in the field may be a more accurate representation of what will be eaten. High-nitrate forages chopped for silage and properly ensiled are a safer option for livestock feeding. During the ensiling process, potentially 50 percent of the nitrates in the forage will be metabolized by the microbes and can vastly reduce the risk of poisoning.

Grazing high nitrate forages can be a dangerous practice. This option requires very careful management. Grazing pressure should be limited so that animals do not consume the parts of the plant forage testing has shown to be dangerous. Although animals tend to consume the leaves and the top portions of the plant, which contain less nitrates, the risk of consuming a high-nitrate portion of the plant still exists. In addition, the longer the animal is left on a field and the more that animal is forced to eat the remaining forage at the lower portions of the plant, the greater the risk of nitrate poisoning.&nbsp;

K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Drought-stressed crops tend to accumulate high nitrate levels in the lower leaves and stalk of the plant. Crops such as forage and grain sorghum, sudangrass, hybrid sorghum-sudan, and pearl millet are notorious accumulators. Nitrates accumulate in the lower portion of these plants when stresses reduce crop yields to less than expected, based on the supplied nitrogen fertility level. Nitrate toxicity in livestock is caused by its absorption into the bloodstream and binding to hemoglobin, rendering it unable to carry oxygen throughout the body. The result is eventual asphyxiation and death.&nbsp;Animals under stress (sick, hungry, lactating, or pregnant) are more susceptible to nitrate toxicity than healthy animals. Toxicity is related to the total amount of forage consumed and how quickly it is eaten. Symptoms of toxicity may appear within a few hours after eating or not for several days. Signs include reduced appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, and runny eyes.It is wise for producers to test their drought-stricken forage prior to harvest. Nitrate testing can be done through several labs, including the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/outreach-and-services/soil-testing-lab/plant-forage-grain-analysis/producers.html" target="_blank">K-State Soil Testing Laboratory</a>. Not all labs use the same testing procedure so be sure to use the scale provided by the testing lab. Harvesting the forage 6-to-12 inches above the ground to avoid the highest concentrations of nitrate in the plant is a good practice. Producers should collect a good representative forage sample above this cutting height to get an accurate determination of the nitrate concentration. It's important to consider factors like actual nitrate concentration, storing and feeding methods, and forage availability, as these can significantly impact the safety of your livestock. Toxicity is related to the total amount of nitrate in the diet and how quickly it is eaten. Generally, if forages contain more than 6,000 ppm nitrate, they should be considered potentially toxic.Depending on the planned feeding method, a producer may wish to test different parts of the plant. If wrapping the forage into a bale and feeding it directly to livestock, a producer may want to test the lowest part of the stalk to determine the greatest risk of nitrate forage that the animal could ingest. If a producer was planning on grinding the bale, a whole plant sample above what will be left in the field may be a more accurate representation of what will be eaten. High-nitrate forages chopped for silage and properly ensiled are a safer option for livestock feeding. During the ensiling process, potentially 50 percent of the nitrates in the forage will be metabolized by the microbes and can vastly reduce the risk of poisoning.Grazing high nitrate forages can be a dangerous practice. This option requires very careful management. Grazing pressure should be limited so that animals do not consume the parts of the plant forage testing has shown to be dangerous. Although animals tend to consume the leaves and the top portions of the plant, which contain less nitrates, the risk of consuming a high-nitrate portion of the plant still exists. In addition, the longer the animal is left on a field and the more that animal is forced to eat the remaining forage at the lower portions of the plant, the greater the risk of nitrate poisoning.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Watching nitrate levels in drought-stressed crops

Variety selection is one of the most important decisions that a grower can make to ensure success on their farm. Now is the time when wheat producers across Kansas are reviewing yield data and making decisions about the varieties they will plant in the fall. Although yield is always a top priority, disease, and insect resistance, along with appropriate agronomic traits, can buffer against crop losses. In addition, genetic resistance to diseases and insect pests can be the most effective, economical, and environmentally sound method for control.

The Kansas Wheat Variety Guide 2026 from K-State Extension, will soon be released. Agronomic characteristics, disease, and pest resistance information are included, as well as profiles that highlight some more common or new varieties for the state of Kansas. Ratings in this publication represent results from field and greenhouse evaluations by public and private wheat breeders and researchers at multiple locations over multiple years.

A few other resources available to assist farmers with wheat variety selection is the Kansas Wheat Variety Performance Tests that are conducted around the state at K-State Experiment Stations and in other locations. These variety performance tests are replicated, each variety is randomly planted three or four times in different locations in the field to increase accuracy of the yield data. That information along with all the other resources referenced in this article can be accessed from our Cottonwood Extension District web site at www.cottonwood.ksu.edu click onto the “Crops and Livestock” button then click onto “Test Plot Results” tab for local variety test plot information. To reference the KS. Wheat Variety Guide and Wheat Trials Database click back to the Crops and Livestock page and scroll down to “Hot Topics.”

The Wheat Trials Database under Hot Topics is a decision tool that provides complete access to variety information and data from university variety trials in Colorado and several other Great Plains states including Kansas. The database also includes private company trial data (Limagrain Cereal Seeds, Syngenta-Agripro). The database may be used to find up-to-date wheat variety information, display data from individual trial locations, generate summaries across multiple trial locations and years, and generate head-to-head comparisons for varieties of interest. For example, you can do a multiple location trail summary over multiple years and click the regions of Kansas you want, and then with a click of a button you have that information summary before you. It is a powerful and easy tool to use!

Fall Field Day Announced for Hays Agricultural Research Center - Aug. 26 Registration begins at 8 a.m., with field tours starting at 9 a.m. Presentations will address nitrogen management, enhanced-efficiency fertilizers and biostimulants in grain sorghum; sorghum weed and disease management, crop productivity/systems, profitability and soil health in integrated crop-livestock systems; pearl millet forage value; finishing beef cattle research; and residual herbicide programs. Lunch will be served at 12:30 p.m. Registration is appreciated https://wkrec.org/events/

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Variety selection is one of the most important decisions that a grower can make to ensure success on their farm. Now is the time when wheat producers across Kansas are reviewing yield data and making decisions about the varieties they will plant in the fall. Although yield is always a top priority, disease, and insect resistance, along with appropriate agronomic traits, can buffer against crop losses. In addition, genetic resistance to diseases and insect pests can be the most effective, economical, and environmentally sound method for control.The Kansas Wheat Variety Guide 2026 from K-State Extension, will soon be released. Agronomic characteristics, disease, and pest resistance information are included, as well as profiles that highlight some more common or new varieties for the state of Kansas. Ratings in this publication represent results from field and greenhouse evaluations by public and private wheat breeders and researchers at multiple locations over multiple years.A few other resources available to assist farmers with wheat variety selection is the Kansas Wheat Variety Performance Tests that are conducted around the state at K-State Experiment Stations and in other locations. These variety performance tests are replicated, each variety is randomly planted three or four times in different locations in the field to increase accuracy of the yield data. That information along with all the other resources referenced in this article can be accessed from our Cottonwood Extension District web site at www.cottonwood.ksu.edu click onto the “Crops and Livestock” button then click onto “Test Plot Results” tab for local variety test plot information. To reference the KS. Wheat Variety Guide and Wheat Trials Database click back to the Crops and Livestock page and scroll down to “Hot Topics.”The Wheat Trials Database under Hot Topics is a decision tool that provides complete access to variety information and data from university variety trials in Colorado and several other Great Plains states including Kansas. The database also includes private company trial data (Limagrain Cereal Seeds, Syngenta-Agripro). The database may be used to find up-to-date wheat variety information, display data from individual trial locations, generate summaries across multiple trial locations and years, and generate head-to-head comparisons for varieties of interest. For example, you can do a multiple location trail summary over multiple years and click the regions of Kansas you want, and then with a click of a button you have that information summary before you. It is a powerful and easy tool to use!Fall Field Day Announced for Hays Agricultural Research Center - Aug. 26 Registration begins at 8 a.m., with field tours starting at 9 a.m. Presentations will address nitrogen management, enhanced-efficiency fertilizers and biostimulants in grain sorghum; sorghum weed and disease management, crop productivity/systems, profitability and soil health in integrated crop-livestock systems; pearl millet forage value; finishing beef cattle research; and residual herbicide programs. Lunch will be served at 12:30 p.m. Registration is appreciated https://wkrec.org/events/Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Extension's Kansas Wheat Variety Guide 2026 coming soon

Extension Offices originally focused on agriculture, home economics, and 4-H. The first successful Extension Master Gardener (EMG) program began in 1972 at Washington State University in the greater Seattle area, created in response to growing demand for urban horticulture and gardening assistance. Today, EMG programs operate in all 50 states and eight Canadian provinces.

More than 85,000 active volunteers provide science-based horticulture and environmental education throughout the United States. The Barton County Chapter held its first class in 2018.

The Extension Master Gardener Program combines horticultural education with community service. Participants receive training in gardening and environmental topics relevant to home gardeners, then share their knowledge and skills through volunteer efforts. By providing leadership, education, and direct support, A Kansas EMG helps extend the research-based resources of Kansas State University to communities throughout the state, enhancing the quality of life for Kansans.

Characteristics of a Potential BCEMG: - Has basic Interest in gardening, enthusiasm for acquiring and sharing knowledge

- Has a commitment to volunteerism and community improvement

- Is a Barton County resident or a resident of a neighboring county without an EMG program

- Has a high school diploma or equivalent

- Can read and comprehend an extensive collection of support materials and references

- Has an interest in any area of home horticulture

- Has the time and desire to donate volunteer hours to Cottonwood Extension District Horticultural programs

- Supports the objectives of Cottonwood Extension District

Participation Guidelines are on the Extension Master Gardener Program Application Form available at the Cottonwood Extension District Office at 3007 10th Street, Great Bend, and online at www.cottonwood.k-state.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1749485022753.jpeg" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>Extension Offices originally focused on agriculture, home economics, and 4-H. The first successful Extension Master Gardener (EMG) program began in 1972 at Washington State University in the greater Seattle area, created in response to growing demand for urban horticulture and gardening assistance. Today, EMG programs operate in all 50 states and eight Canadian provinces.More than 85,000 active volunteers provide science-based horticulture and environmental education throughout the United States. The Barton County Chapter held its first class in 2018.The Extension Master Gardener Program combines horticultural education with community service. Participants receive training in gardening and environmental topics relevant to home gardeners, then share their knowledge and skills through volunteer efforts. By providing leadership, education, and direct support, A Kansas EMG helps extend the research-based resources of Kansas State University to communities throughout the state, enhancing the quality of life for Kansans.Characteristics of a Potential BCEMG: - Has basic Interest in gardening, enthusiasm for acquiring and sharing knowledge- Has a commitment to volunteerism and community improvement- Is a Barton County resident or a resident of a neighboring county without an EMG program- Has a high school diploma or equivalent- Can read and comprehend an extensive collection of support materials and references- Has an interest in any area of home horticulture- Wants to learn and acquire new skills- Has the time and desire to donate volunteer hours to Cottonwood Extension District Horticultural programs- Supports the objectives of Cottonwood Extension DistrictParticipation Guidelines are on the Extension Master Gardener Program Application Form available at the Cottonwood Extension District Office at 3007 10th Street, Great Bend, and online at www.cottonwood.k-state.edu.

Applications being accepted for Cottonwood District Master Gardener Program

Cool-season grasses, like the tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass lawns common to many parts of Kansas, have had about enough of summer.

The state’s high temperatures – 100 degrees and higher in many parts – and sporadic rainfall often cause cool-season varieties to become thin by summer’s end. September typically signals a good time to replenish those stands, said Kansas State University horticulture expert Matt McKernan.

“When overseeding, start by mowing the grass short (1 to 1 ½ inches) and removing the clippings,” he said. “This will make it easier to achieve good seed-soil contact and increase the amount of light that will reach the young seedlings.”

Then, he says, check the lawn’s layer of thatch – an organic layer of dead and living shoots, stems and roots that develops between the zone of green vegetation and the soil surface.

“Normally, we’d want ¼ inch of thatch or less when overseeding,” McKernan said. “If the thatch layer is ¾ inch or more, it is usually easier to use a sod cutter to remove it and start over with a new lawn. A power rake can be used to reduce a thatch layer that is less than ¾ inch, but more than ¼ inch.”

Preparing the soil Once thatch is under control, McKernan said homeowners can use a hand rake to roughen up soil in small areas. For larger areas, he suggests either a verticutter, slit seeder or core aerator machine.

“A verticutter machine has solid vertical blades that can be set to cut furrows into the soil that seed can later be broadcast into,” he said. “A slit seeder is a verticutter machine with a seed hopper added so the soil prep and seeding operation are combined.”

By contrast, a core aerator literally punches holes in the soil, depositing the cores on the surface of the ground.

“Each hole produces an excellent environment for seed germination and growth,” McKernan said. “Make 3-4 passes with the core aerator to ensure enough holes for the seed, with holes ideally spaced approximately every 3 inches.”

A core aerator also reduces the amount of water needed to germinate the seed. Aeration increases the water infiltration rate, decreases compaction and increases the amount of oxygen in the soil.

“Of the three methods (for large areas), the slit seeder is favored for obtaining good seed to soil contact,” McKernan said. “However, if watering is difficult or soil conditions are poor, core aeration may be a better option.”

McKernan noted that fertilizer should be applied to the lawn at rates suggested on the bag, regardless of which overseeding method is used.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Cool-season grasses, like the tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass lawns common to many parts of Kansas, have had about enough of summer.The state’s high temperatures – 100 degrees and higher in many parts – and sporadic rainfall often cause cool-season varieties to become thin by summer’s end. September typically signals a good time to replenish those stands, said Kansas State University horticulture expert Matt McKernan.“When overseeding, start by mowing the grass short (1 to 1 ½ inches) and removing the clippings,” he said. “This will make it easier to achieve good seed-soil contact and increase the amount of light that will reach the young seedlings.”Then, he says, check the lawn’s layer of thatch – an organic layer of dead and living shoots, stems and roots that develops between the zone of green vegetation and the soil surface.“Normally, we’d want ¼ inch of thatch or less when overseeding,” McKernan said. “If the thatch layer is ¾ inch or more, it is usually easier to use a sod cutter to remove it and start over with a new lawn. A power rake can be used to reduce a thatch layer that is less than ¾ inch, but more than ¼ inch.”Preparing the soil Once thatch is under control, McKernan said homeowners can use a hand rake to roughen up soil in small areas. For larger areas, he suggests either a verticutter, slit seeder or core aerator machine.“A verticutter machine has solid vertical blades that can be set to cut furrows into the soil that seed can later be broadcast into,” he said. “A slit seeder is a verticutter machine with a seed hopper added so the soil prep and seeding operation are combined.”By contrast, a core aerator literally punches holes in the soil, depositing the cores on the surface of the ground.“Each hole produces an excellent environment for seed germination and growth,” McKernan said. “Make 3-4 passes with the core aerator to ensure enough holes for the seed, with holes ideally spaced approximately every 3 inches.”A core aerator also reduces the amount of water needed to germinate the seed. Aeration increases the water infiltration rate, decreases compaction and increases the amount of oxygen in the soil.“Of the three methods (for large areas), the slit seeder is favored for obtaining good seed to soil contact,” McKernan said. “However, if watering is difficult or soil conditions are poor, core aeration may be a better option.”McKernan noted that fertilizer should be applied to the lawn at rates suggested on the bag, regardless of which overseeding method is used.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Lawn tips as the fall season approaches and the weather cools

One of my favorite parts of 4-H Project Records is the financial section. That might seem a bit odd but it helps 4-H members begin to understand that there are real costs associated with most activities.

For a beef project, those costs include the cost of the animal, the cost of feed and veterinary visits, as well as equipment and tack needed to show. Even if the animal or feed is a gift, there is a cost associated with it!

For a photography project, costs can include a camera, printing costs, and attending a photography class or workshop.

For other activities, do you help your child understand the cost of participation? This could be dance, summer rec sports, traveling teams, or theatre productions. Add in potential costs of travel, hotel rooms, livestock show entry fees, and equipment, and it can add up fast.

I know of several 4-H youth who are responsible for farm chores or have other jobs to help earn an animal or feed for their project or to help fund other camps and activities that are important to them.

Like it or not, we all have to make family budget decisions on activities to see what works and it is hard to say no or to limit to one or two activities each year.

Yes, there are immeasurable benefits such as learning skills, taking on challenges, growing in confidence and leadership, and that can help lead to scholarships and networking. However, there is a balance needed that can be hard to navigate.

Do we want to protect our kids from the hard discussions? Sure, but having smaller discussions now can help when it comes to discussing bigger issues such as purchasing a car or paying for an education.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>One of my favorite parts of 4-H Project Records is the financial section. That might seem a bit odd but it helps 4-H members begin to understand that there are real costs associated with most activities.For a beef project, those costs include the cost of the animal, the cost of feed and veterinary visits, as well as equipment and tack needed to show. Even if the animal or feed is a gift, there is a cost associated with it!For a photography project, costs can include a camera, printing costs, and attending a photography class or workshop.For other activities, do you help your child understand the cost of participation? This could be dance, summer rec sports, traveling teams, or theatre productions. Add in potential costs of travel, hotel rooms, livestock show entry fees, and equipment, and it can add up fast.I know of several 4-H youth who are responsible for farm chores or have other jobs to help earn an animal or feed for their project or to help fund other camps and activities that are important to them.Like it or not, we all have to make family budget decisions on activities to see what works and it is hard to say no or to limit to one or two activities each year.Yes, there are immeasurable benefits such as learning skills, taking on challenges, growing in confidence and leadership, and that can help lead to scholarships and networking. However, there is a balance needed that can be hard to navigate.Do we want to protect our kids from the hard discussions? Sure, but having smaller discussions now can help when it comes to discussing bigger issues such as purchasing a car or paying for an education.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: Financial recordkeeping for kids

K-State program provides hands-on learning to strengthen beef cattle operations.

Successful beef production requires sound management decisions, practical experience, and a commitment to continual learning. As cattle producers face changing markets, environmental challenges, and evolving production practices, access to research-based education remains essential.To meet that need, Kansas State University Research and Extension will host a two-day Cow Camp &nbsp;on Sept. 9–10, 2026, at the K-State Agricultural Research Center in Hays. The program is designed to provide practical, hands-on education that producers can immediately apply to improve herd health, profitability, and long-term sustainability.

The event combines classroom instruction with interactive demonstrations and producer networking, allowing participants to learn directly from K-State specialists and industry professionals while gaining practical skills applicable to their own operations.

Educational sessions will cover beef cattle nutrition, growth-promoting implants, vaccine handling and cooler construction, neonatal calf care, reproductive management, agricultural finance, prescribed burning, and fly and tick control. Participants will also attend an educational dinner program and have opportunities to network with fellow producers, extension specialists, and industry representatives.

"Producers are constantly making management decisions that affect the productivity and profitability of their operations," said Emma Briggs, K-State Research and Extension beef production specialist. "Our goal is to provide practical information and hands-on experiences that help producers make informed decisions they can take home and implement immediately."

The program emphasizes applied learning through small-group breakout sessions. Participants will rotate through hands-on stations covering implanting techniques, building an effective vaccine cooler, newborn calf management, and reproductive tract education. Each session is designed to increase confidence while reinforcing best management practices supported by current research.In addition to production-focused topics, participants will receive guidance on working with agricultural lenders, understanding the 5 C's of Credit, evaluating cost of production, and using Pasture, Rangeland, and Forage (PRF) insurance as a risk management tool.

"The beef industry continues to evolve, and lifelong learning is one of the best investments producers can make," Briggs said. "Whether someone is just getting started or has years of experience, there is value in learning new management strategies, asking questions, and connecting with others in the industry."

The program is intended for beef producers, ranch managers, family members involved in cattle operations, and anyone interested in improving their knowledge of beef cattle management. By combining research-based information with hands-on demonstrations and peer networking, the event aims to equip participants with practical tools that support stronger management decisions and more resilient operations.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>K-State program provides hands-on learning to strengthen beef cattle operations.Successful beef production requires sound management decisions, practical experience, and a commitment to continual learning. As cattle producers face changing markets, environmental challenges, and evolving production practices, access to research-based education remains essential.To meet that need, Kansas State University Research and Extension will host a two-day Cow Camp &nbsp;on Sept. 9–10, 2026, at the K-State Agricultural Research Center in Hays. The program is designed to provide practical, hands-on education that producers can immediately apply to improve herd health, profitability, and long-term sustainability.The event combines classroom instruction with interactive demonstrations and producer networking, allowing participants to learn directly from K-State specialists and industry professionals while gaining practical skills applicable to their own operations.Educational sessions will cover beef cattle nutrition, growth-promoting implants, vaccine handling and cooler construction, neonatal calf care, reproductive management, agricultural finance, prescribed burning, and fly and tick control. Participants will also attend an educational dinner program and have opportunities to network with fellow producers, extension specialists, and industry representatives."Producers are constantly making management decisions that affect the productivity and profitability of their operations," said Emma Briggs, K-State Research and Extension beef production specialist. "Our goal is to provide practical information and hands-on experiences that help producers make informed decisions they can take home and implement immediately."The program emphasizes applied learning through small-group breakout sessions. Participants will rotate through hands-on stations covering implanting techniques, building an effective vaccine cooler, newborn calf management, and reproductive tract education. Each session is designed to increase confidence while reinforcing best management practices supported by current research.In addition to production-focused topics, participants will receive guidance on working with agricultural lenders, understanding the 5 C's of Credit, evaluating cost of production, and using Pasture, Rangeland, and Forage (PRF) insurance as a risk management tool."The beef industry continues to evolve, and lifelong learning is one of the best investments producers can make," Briggs said. "Whether someone is just getting started or has years of experience, there is value in learning new management strategies, asking questions, and connecting with others in the industry."The program is intended for beef producers, ranch managers, family members involved in cattle operations, and anyone interested in improving their knowledge of beef cattle management. By combining research-based information with hands-on demonstrations and peer networking, the event aims to equip participants with practical tools that support stronger management decisions and more resilient operations.Event Details<ul>
 <li>Beef Cattle Management Program</li><li>Dates: September 9–10, 2026</li><li>Location: K-State Western Kansas Research and Extension Center, Hays</li>
 </ul>Topics include:<ul>
 <li>Beef cattle nutrition</li><li>Growth-promoting implants</li><li>Vaccine handling and cooler construction</li><li>Neonatal calf care</li><li>Reproductive management</li><li>Meeting with your lender and agricultural finance</li><li>Prescribed burning</li><li>Fly and tick control</li>
 </ul>Cost: $80Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Western KS Beef Cattle Management Program offers practical education

This article is the fourth and final one in a multi-week series on wheat streak mosaic complex management. This week, we discuss variety selection as part of an integrated management program for wheat streak mosaic.

Overview - wheat streak mosaic complex devastated many wheat fields across central and western Kansas in 2025 and problematic again in 2026. As a reminder, wheat streak mosaic is a complex of three viruses: wheat streak mosaic virus, Triticum mosaic virus, and High Plains wheat mosaic virus. The wheat streak mosaic complex of viruses is vectored by the tiny wheat curl mite. The highest risk place for curl mites to survive the summer is volunteer wheat. Conditions that favor grain shattering, such as preharvest hail or harvest delays due to windy storms (as in much of the 2026 Kansas wheat harvest), can increase the presence of pre-harvest volunteer wheat. If mites are allowed to survive on this volunteer wheat or alternative hosts until the fall established wheat crop is planted, there is a high likelihood of another outbreak in 2027.

Management with Genetic Resistance: Another Tool in the Toolbox - in addition to controlling volunteer wheat, genetic resistance is an important component of a good integrated pest management strategy for controlling the wheat streak mosaic complex. It’s important to note that while some varieties provide partial protection against the wheat streak complex, there is no silver bullet variety that will work in all scenarios. That is, all commercial varieties will be symptomatic under some conditions, but the degree of yield loss to the virus complex will vary between varieties.

As a reminder, yield loss to wheat streak complex is highly influenced by: timing of infection, composition of viruses, and variety choice.

We know that fall infections and infections that occur in earlier stages of wheat development (prior to jointing) can result in the highest levels of yield loss. Infections that occur after the flag leaf and booting growth stages generally result in lower levels of yield loss. It should be noted that infections can occur in the fall and remain “dormant” in the plants until the weather warms in the spring. This is why we can sometimes see symptoms come on suddenly when the weather warms in the spring.

In addition to the timing of infection, the composition of viruses in a given field can impact final yield losses. Infections with more than one virus (e.g., WSMV + TriMV) can result in synergistic yield losses. It was common to see infections with two or more viruses in Kansas in 2025.

When we think about variety resistance in the context of wheat streak mosaic complex, there are two main types: resistance to the virus and resistance to the mite.

Regarding resistance to the virus, several genes have been described (wsm1, wsm2, and wsm3). The gene wsm2 is most widely available in Kansas varieties, including KS Territory (red), KS Mako (red), KS Bill Snyder (red), KS Dallas (red), KS Hamilton (red), Guardian (red), Oakley CL (red), Joe (white), and KS Big Bow (white). This resistance gene can help with severe wheat streak mosaic virus infections, but has key limitations. For example:

· This gene is effective against wheat streak mosaic virus but not against Triticum mosaic virus or High Plains wheat mosaic virus. In 2025, many mixed infections were detected, with more than one virus in the complex. So, it was not uncommon to see a variety with wsm2 appear symptomatic in the field. In many of these cases, Triticum mosaic virus was detected in the sample.

· The resistance conferred by wsm2 can also become less effective at high temperatures, although resistance in KS Dallas and KS Hamilton seems to endure greater temperatures before breaking down (~ 70º F). The resistance is much less effective if wheat is planted too early for grazing or if high temperatures persist into October. KS Silverado (white) also has temperature-sensitive resistance to wheat streak mosaic, although from a different source than wsm2.

In addition, there are a handful of varieties with resistance to the wheat curl mite (cmc4), including Guardian, Canvas, TAM 112, Byrd, Avery, Langin, Kivari AX, KS Western Star, Whistler, Crescent AX, Incline AX, Fortify SF, TAM 115, TAM 204, and T158. These varieties remain susceptible to viral diseases, but they generally slow the development of the mite populations in the fall. This resistance can help reduce the risk of severe disease, but will not provide enough protection if wheat is planted in close proximity to volunteer wheat or other hosts infested with large populations of the curl mites and virus.

Central Versus Western Kansas: Location Matters - unfortunately, many of these varieties are adapted to Western Kansas and may not be the best options for production systems in the central corridor. Some central Kansas-adapted varieties, including Rockstar, AP Prolific, SY Wolverine, LCS Photon AX, LCS Helix AX, and LCS Julep, tolerate WSMV infection better than others. It should be noted that, for all the reasons mentioned above, these varieties will still appear symptomatic under high disease pressure. KS Mako is a new release from the K-State Manhattan breeding program, adapted for the central corridor of the state and carrying the wsm2 gene. These varieties will still show symptoms of WSMV but may yield better than other varieties that are more susceptible.

More information on variety selection can be found here: MF991 Wheat Variety Disease and Insect Ratings https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF991.pdf. A newer version of this publication will be released in the coming weeks.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>This article is the fourth and final one in a multi-week series on wheat streak mosaic complex management. This week, we discuss variety selection as part of an integrated management program for wheat streak mosaic.Overview - wheat streak mosaic complex devastated many wheat fields across central and western Kansas in 2025 and problematic again in 2026. As a reminder, wheat streak mosaic is a complex of three viruses: wheat streak mosaic virus, Triticum mosaic virus, and High Plains wheat mosaic virus. The wheat streak mosaic complex of viruses is vectored by the tiny wheat curl mite. The highest risk place for curl mites to survive the summer is volunteer wheat. Conditions that favor grain shattering, such as preharvest hail or harvest delays due to windy storms (as in much of the 2026 Kansas wheat harvest), can increase the presence of pre-harvest volunteer wheat. If mites are allowed to survive on this volunteer wheat or alternative hosts until the fall established wheat crop is planted, there is a high likelihood of another outbreak in 2027.Management with Genetic Resistance: Another Tool in the Toolbox - in addition to controlling volunteer wheat, genetic resistance is an important component of a good integrated pest management strategy for controlling the wheat streak mosaic complex. It’s important to note that while some varieties provide partial protection against the wheat streak complex, there is no silver bullet variety that will work in all scenarios. That is, all commercial varieties will be symptomatic under some conditions, but the degree of yield loss to the virus complex will vary between varieties.As a reminder, yield loss to wheat streak complex is highly influenced by: timing of infection, composition of viruses, and variety choice.We know that fall infections and infections that occur in earlier stages of wheat development (prior to jointing) can result in the highest levels of yield loss. Infections that occur after the flag leaf and booting growth stages generally result in lower levels of yield loss. It should be noted that infections can occur in the fall and remain “dormant” in the plants until the weather warms in the spring. This is why we can sometimes see symptoms come on suddenly when the weather warms in the spring.In addition to the timing of infection, the composition of viruses in a given field can impact final yield losses. Infections with more than one virus (e.g., WSMV + TriMV) can result in synergistic yield losses. It was common to see infections with two or more viruses in Kansas in 2025.When we think about variety resistance in the context of wheat streak mosaic complex, there are two main types: resistance to the virus and resistance to the mite.Regarding resistance to the virus, several genes have been described (wsm1, wsm2, and wsm3). The gene wsm2 is most widely available in Kansas varieties, including KS Territory (red), KS Mako (red), KS Bill Snyder (red), KS Dallas (red), KS Hamilton (red), Guardian (red), Oakley CL (red), Joe (white), and KS Big Bow (white). This resistance gene can help with severe wheat streak mosaic virus infections, but has key limitations. For example:· This gene is effective against wheat streak mosaic virus but not against Triticum mosaic virus or High Plains wheat mosaic virus. In 2025, many mixed infections were detected, with more than one virus in the complex. So, it was not uncommon to see a variety with wsm2 appear symptomatic in the field. In many of these cases, Triticum mosaic virus was detected in the sample.· The resistance conferred by wsm2 can also become less effective at high temperatures, although resistance in KS Dallas and KS Hamilton seems to endure greater temperatures before breaking down (~ 70º F). The resistance is much less effective if wheat is planted too early for grazing or if high temperatures persist into October. KS Silverado (white) also has temperature-sensitive resistance to wheat streak mosaic, although from a different source than wsm2.In addition, there are a handful of varieties with resistance to the wheat curl mite (cmc4), including Guardian, Canvas, TAM 112, Byrd, Avery, Langin, Kivari AX, KS Western Star, Whistler, Crescent AX, Incline AX, Fortify SF, TAM 115, TAM 204, and T158. These varieties remain susceptible to viral diseases, but they generally slow the development of the mite populations in the fall. This resistance can help reduce the risk of severe disease, but will not provide enough protection if wheat is planted in close proximity to volunteer wheat or other hosts infested with large populations of the curl mites and virus.Central Versus Western Kansas: Location Matters - unfortunately, many of these varieties are adapted to Western Kansas and may not be the best options for production systems in the central corridor. Some central Kansas-adapted varieties, including Rockstar, AP Prolific, SY Wolverine, LCS Photon AX, LCS Helix AX, and LCS Julep, tolerate WSMV infection better than others. It should be noted that, for all the reasons mentioned above, these varieties will still appear symptomatic under high disease pressure. KS Mako is a new release from the K-State Manhattan breeding program, adapted for the central corridor of the state and carrying the wsm2 gene. These varieties will still show symptoms of WSMV but may yield better than other varieties that are more susceptible.More information on variety selection can be found here: MF991 Wheat Variety Disease and Insect Ratings https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF991.pdf. A newer version of this publication will be released in the coming weeks.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Wheat Streak Mosaic Complex - the role of variety resistance

The question about the role of alternative crops and grasses in the landscape is frequently raised. The general risk of species as reservoirs for the mite and virus complex depends on several factors, including:

· How well the curl mite reproduces on a given host,

· How susceptible the host is to the virus

· The presence of the host during critical periods over the summer

· How those periods overlap with the wheat crop, and

· How much of the host is present in the landscape during those critical summer months (host density)?

That information was combined to develop the relative risk of host species harboring wheat curl mites over the summer. To see the list go to K-State Agronomy eUpdate. The list includes cereal crops, weeds, and pasture grasses. In all, over 90 species have been shown to harbor the mites or virus to some level. Legumes are not known hosts for the curl mite or viruses.

Volunteer wheat left over the summer is the highest-risk host because it checks all the boxes for risk. The curl mites will reproduce rapidly on volunteer wheat. They are usually present right after harvest, may be left through fall planting, are susceptible to the viruses, and can build to high levels in the landscape. This is why the first line of defense against wheat streak will always be volunteer wheat management (ideally during wheat-free windows.

Volunteer wheat can also “hide” in summer crops planted after wheat harvest, as well as cover crops, complicating the ability to determine the risk of other crops in the landscape. For example, if wheat that is harvested in June and grain sorghum (or corn and soybean) is planted into that same field after wheat harvest, secondary flushes of volunteer wheat will be difficult to control.

Winter cereals planted early (during the wheat-free windows) for grazing or cover cropping may pose a risk for harboring curl mites. Species like barley, oats, rye, and triticale have all been shown to host both the mites and the virus at fairly high levels. When at all possible, early planting of these crops near fields that will be established with a fall wheat crop should be avoided. Including these crops in a summer cover crop mix can also be risky for bridging the curl mites and viruses to the fall wheat crop.

To a lesser extent, corn and sorghum can also host the mite and virus complex. These crops are generally considered of low concern for epidemics in Kansas. Most of the research that we’ve reviewed has demonstrated that these crops are most conducive to curl mite survival during early growth stages. So, for example, corn/sorghum at a young stage when wheat is drying down would be at higher risk for curl mites than late-planted corn. 

It appears that curl mites are limited to corn husks later in the season and can result in symptoms of kernel red streak through feeding damage. Kernel red streak is generally considered a cosmetic issue in corn, but can serve as a sign that curl mites were present. Most commercial corn hybrids are resistant to wheat streak mosaic virus and High Plains wheat mosaic virus and will not experience yield losses to those viruses. Importantly, it appears that curl mite populations rapidly decline in the corn crop after the crop reaches black layer.

Weedy grass hosts are generally a lower concern, unless they are allowed to build to high levels and remain established through the summer months. Their role in epidemics is dictated by their abundance and the time they are allowed to persist in the landscape.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>The question about the role of alternative crops and grasses in the landscape is frequently raised. The general risk of species as reservoirs for the mite and virus complex depends on several factors, including:· How well the curl mite reproduces on a given host,· How susceptible the host is to the virus· The presence of the host during critical periods over the summer· How those periods overlap with the wheat crop, and· How much of the host is present in the landscape during those critical summer months (host density)?That information was combined to develop the relative risk of host species harboring wheat curl mites over the summer. To see the list go to K-State Agronomy eUpdate. The list includes cereal crops, weeds, and pasture grasses. In all, over 90 species have been shown to harbor the mites or virus to some level. Legumes are not known hosts for the curl mite or viruses.Volunteer wheat left over the summer is the highest-risk host because it checks all the boxes for risk. The curl mites will reproduce rapidly on volunteer wheat. They are usually present right after harvest, may be left through fall planting, are susceptible to the viruses, and can build to high levels in the landscape. This is why the first line of defense against wheat streak will always be volunteer wheat management (ideally during wheat-free windows.Volunteer wheat can also “hide” in summer crops planted after wheat harvest, as well as cover crops, complicating the ability to determine the risk of other crops in the landscape. For example, if wheat that is harvested in June and grain sorghum (or corn and soybean) is planted into that same field after wheat harvest, secondary flushes of volunteer wheat will be difficult to control.Winter cereals planted early (during the wheat-free windows) for grazing or cover cropping may pose a risk for harboring curl mites. Species like barley, oats, rye, and triticale have all been shown to host both the mites and the virus at fairly high levels. When at all possible, early planting of these crops near fields that will be established with a fall wheat crop should be avoided. Including these crops in a summer cover crop mix can also be risky for bridging the curl mites and viruses to the fall wheat crop.To a lesser extent, corn and sorghum can also host the mite and virus complex. These crops are generally considered of low concern for epidemics in Kansas. Most of the research that we’ve reviewed has demonstrated that these crops are most conducive to curl mite survival during early growth stages. So, for example, corn/sorghum at a young stage when wheat is drying down would be at higher risk for curl mites than late-planted corn. It appears that curl mites are limited to corn husks later in the season and can result in symptoms of kernel red streak through feeding damage. Kernel red streak is generally considered a cosmetic issue in corn, but can serve as a sign that curl mites were present. Most commercial corn hybrids are resistant to wheat streak mosaic virus and High Plains wheat mosaic virus and will not experience yield losses to those viruses. Importantly, it appears that curl mite populations rapidly decline in the corn crop after the crop reaches black layer.Weedy grass hosts are generally a lower concern, unless they are allowed to build to high levels and remain established through the summer months. Their role in epidemics is dictated by their abundance and the time they are allowed to persist in the landscape.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Revisiting the role of other crops and weeds concerning wheat streak mosaic

On Aug. 24, the CME will launch a grain sorghum basis futures contract. The purpose of this contract is to provide an instrument that can hedge the price difference between sorghum and corn. Dan O’Brien and Guy Allen at Kansas State University have conducted research to assess ‘why’ this new contract is needed and the implications of this new contract for the Kansas country elevator system. 

Employees of the Kansas country elevator system interested in this topic are invited to attend this discussion along with ample time for questions and answers. Lunch will be provided.&nbsp;There is no fee, but registration is required for lunch.&nbsp;

Date/Time 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Tuesday, Aug. 11

Location Great Bend Events Center, 3111 10th St., Great Bend

Target Audience Employees of the Kansas country elevator system that could trade the new CME grain sorghum basis futures contract.&nbsp;Producers interested in this topic are also invited to attend.

Agenda 10:30 a.m. to 11 a.m. - Registration 11 a.m. to 11:05 a.m. - Welcome, Dr. Brian Briggeman (Professor and ACCC Director) 11:05 a.m. to 12:15 p.m. - Country Elevator Applications of CME Grain Sorghum Basis Futures Contract&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Daniel O’Brien (Professor) and Guy Allen (Senior Economist, IGP) 12:15 p.m. to 1 p.m. – Lunch

To register for this meeting, go to agmanager.info/events

If you have any questions, you can contact Rich Llewelyn at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:rvl@ksu.edu">rvl@ksu.edu</a>.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>On Aug. 24, the CME will launch a grain sorghum basis futures contract. The purpose of this contract is to provide an instrument that can hedge the price difference between sorghum and corn. Dan O’Brien and Guy Allen at Kansas State University have conducted research to assess ‘why’ this new contract is needed and the implications of this new contract for the Kansas country elevator system. Employees of the Kansas country elevator system interested in this topic are invited to attend this discussion along with ample time for questions and answers. Lunch will be provided.&nbsp;There is no fee, but registration is required for lunch.&nbsp;Date/Time 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Tuesday, Aug. 11 Location Great Bend Events Center, 3111 10th St., Great BendTarget Audience Employees of the Kansas country elevator system that could trade the new CME grain sorghum basis futures contract.&nbsp;Producers interested in this topic are also invited to attend.Agenda 10:30 a.m. to 11 a.m. - Registration 11 a.m. to 11:05 a.m. - Welcome, Dr. Brian Briggeman (Professor and ACCC Director) 11:05 a.m. to 12:15 p.m. - Country Elevator Applications of CME Grain Sorghum Basis Futures Contract&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Daniel O’Brien (Professor) and Guy Allen (Senior Economist, IGP) 12:15 p.m. to 1 p.m. – LunchTo register for this meeting, go to agmanager.info/eventsIf you have any questions, you can contact Rich Llewelyn at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:rvl@ksu.edu">rvl@ksu.edu</a>.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Aug. 11 meeting planned ahead of grain sorghum basis futures contract

Serving in Family Resource Management is important to me as a reflection of the 20 years I spent working in retail banking.

When incomes are small, it doesn’t take much to push an already tight budget over the edge. If you don’t have a budget, it can make this even more difficult.

I love to work with youth and young adults to help them make better financial decisions than I often did as a 20- or 21-year-old.

4-H has several great financial curriculums for different ages to assist in the discussion about needs vs wants, as well as setting up budgets and learning about banking. Wants vs needs is a hard topic that even adults don’t like to have but starting in grade school can help kids build skills and knowledge that they will need to be successful later.

A good example is to discuss the grocery budget for the week or the month. For instance, does it include snacks, sodas, pre-packaged items that really should be “extras”? I certainly like a cookie but it needs to be at the end of my grocery list instead of the beginning of the available dollars.

Kids can help with all of these! It takes a little practice to help them understand that the same dollars spent on a box of cookies can stretch to provide many more items for basic needs such as rice or dry pasta.

When our kids were little, we started teaching them about spending and budgets with an envelope system.

The envelopes were labeled “save” - to go to their savings account at some point; “spend” - they could buy something as long as we were good with the purchase and it encouraged them to save toward something larger; and “give” which was for church or a charitable donation. More than once, they would stockpile the “give” envelope and use the money for an Angel tree gift, food bank donation, or something similar. When our oldest was little, he used his “give” funds to contribute to a sock and mitten drive at school.

Whatever method you use, it is never too early to begin talking to your kids about how you budget, what your goals are for saving, or putting an envelope system into practice!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran&nbsp;is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran&nbsp;is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Serving in Family Resource Management is important to me as a reflection of the 20 years I spent working in retail banking.When incomes are small, it doesn’t take much to push an already tight budget over the edge. If you don’t have a budget, it can make this even more difficult.I love to work with youth and young adults to help them make better financial decisions than I often did as a 20- or 21-year-old.4-H has several great financial curriculums for different ages to assist in the discussion about needs vs wants, as well as setting up budgets and learning about banking. Wants vs needs is a hard topic that even adults don’t like to have but starting in grade school can help kids build skills and knowledge that they will need to be successful later.A good example is to discuss the grocery budget for the week or the month. For instance, does it include snacks, sodas, pre-packaged items that really should be “extras”? I certainly like a cookie but it needs to be at the end of my grocery list instead of the beginning of the available dollars.Kids can help with all of these! It takes a little practice to help them understand that the same dollars spent on a box of cookies can stretch to provide many more items for basic needs such as rice or dry pasta.When our kids were little, we started teaching them about spending and budgets with an envelope system.The envelopes were labeled “save” - to go to their savings account at some point; “spend” - they could buy something as long as we were good with the purchase and it encouraged them to save toward something larger; and “give” which was for church or a charitable donation. More than once, they would stockpile the “give” envelope and use the money for an Angel tree gift, food bank donation, or something similar. When our oldest was little, he used his “give” funds to contribute to a sock and mitten drive at school.Whatever method you use, it is never too early to begin talking to your kids about how you budget, what your goals are for saving, or putting an envelope system into practice!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: Making money make cents

I am writing a series of articles about the wheat streak mosaic virus complex. Last’s week article was an overview of the mosaic virus complex and how curl mites’ vector and spread the virus from volunteer wheat. This week’s article will be an overview of how critical controlling volunteer wheat is to lessen the burden of spreading the three different mosaic viruses.

There are two critical periods for volunteer control: immediately after harvest and prior to fall planting. Volunteer wheat present at harvest is the perfect place for populations of curl mites to migrate as the crop dries down. In addition to hosting curl mite, volunteer wheat also hosts aphids (transmit barley yellow dwarf virus) and hessian fly. Controlling this volunteer wheat as soon as possible will help dilute the mite populations heading into the remaining summer months. The second most critical window is pre-planting, as mites present at this time will migrate directly to the 2027crop.

K-State Research &amp; Extensions updated recommendation for volunteer wheat control includes regional recommendations for wheat-free windows--figure 2, formally known as (Hessian fly best pest management planting date). These windows include a period of 30 days prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting window by zone in Kansas. 

As the wheat curl mite is a community pest, coordinated breaks in volunteer wheat will have the highest likelihood of lowering local and statewide mite levels moving into our 2026 optimal planting date periods. Volunteer wheat that emerges after the fall crop is already established poses a lower risk as a green bridge and can be thought of in a similar way as the fall crop. Fall wheat planted early during wheat-free windows risks bridging wheat curl mite to the fall-established crop.

Important considerations for achieving success with wheat-free windows:

All volunteer wheat should be terminated and completely dead prior to the start of your regional wheat-free window.

Where possible, the fall wheat crop should not be planted until the end of the wheat-free window.

· Other winter cereals (such as rye and triticale) should not be planted during this period as they can serve as a “bridge” for the curl mites to fall-established wheat

· A regional “break” in the volunteer wheat green bridge will allow for wheat curl mites to die off prior to the start of the optimal wheat planting window.

· Volunteer wheat that emerges after this period is of less concern, as it will be emerging at a similar time as the fall-established winter wheat crop.

· Success depends on coordinated efforts within communities.

Revisiting Herbicide Recommendations for Volunteer Wheat Management - the time it takes for wheat to die off after an herbicide application will influence the number of mites that persist and the ability of those mites to migrate off the slowly dying wheat. Research conducted at K-State in a greenhouse study revealed that curl mite populations three days after an application of paraquat where much lower compared to glyphosate, and after 6 days only a few mites existed from the paraquat treatment compared to 60 mites with a glyphosate treatment.

Glyphosate is the most recommended herbicide for volunteer wheat control in wheat stubble. While it is a very cost-effective option, it has a drawback in terms of managing the risk of wheat streak mosaic complex. Glyphosate takes up to two weeks to kill plants, which means wheat curl mite populations will continue to build on glyphosate-treated volunteer wheat. Furthermore, the mites will have sufficient time to migrate to the tops of plants and assume a “dispersal posture” after a glyphosate application. Herbicides that act more rapidly, such as paraquat, are more effective at managing the wheat curl mite populations. Another option to increase the rate of desiccation would be to include saflufenacil (Sharpen) or tiafenacil (Reviton) in the glyphosate application.

Adding an herbicide with residual activity will also be helpful. Products that will control or suppress volunteer wheat include atrazine, metribuzin, and sulfentrazone (Spartan). In addition to providing residual activity, atrazine and metribuzin can be used to enhance paraquat activity.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Stacy Campbell - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>I am writing a series of articles about the wheat streak mosaic virus complex. Last’s week article was an overview of the mosaic virus complex and how curl mites’ vector and spread the virus from volunteer wheat. This week’s article will be an overview of how critical controlling volunteer wheat is to lessen the burden of spreading the three different mosaic viruses.There are two critical periods for volunteer control: immediately after harvest and prior to fall planting. Volunteer wheat present at harvest is the perfect place for populations of curl mites to migrate as the crop dries down. In addition to hosting curl mite, volunteer wheat also hosts aphids (transmit barley yellow dwarf virus) and hessian fly. Controlling this volunteer wheat as soon as possible will help dilute the mite populations heading into the remaining summer months. The second most critical window is pre-planting, as mites present at this time will migrate directly to the 2027crop.K-State Research &amp; Extensions updated recommendation for volunteer wheat control includes regional recommendations for wheat-free windows--figure 2, formally known as (Hessian fly best pest management planting date). These windows include a period of 30 days prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting window by zone in Kansas. As the wheat curl mite is a community pest, coordinated breaks in volunteer wheat will have the highest likelihood of lowering local and statewide mite levels moving into our 2026 optimal planting date periods. Volunteer wheat that emerges after the fall crop is already established poses a lower risk as a green bridge and can be thought of in a similar way as the fall crop. Fall wheat planted early during wheat-free windows risks bridging wheat curl mite to the fall-established crop.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2026/7/1785195455279.jpeg" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>Important considerations for achieving success with wheat-free windows:All volunteer wheat should be terminated and completely dead prior to the start of your regional wheat-free window.Where possible, the fall wheat crop should not be planted until the end of the wheat-free window.· Other winter cereals (such as rye and triticale) should not be planted during this period as they can serve as a “bridge” for the curl mites to fall-established wheat· A regional “break” in the volunteer wheat green bridge will allow for wheat curl mites to die off prior to the start of the optimal wheat planting window.· Volunteer wheat that emerges after this period is of less concern, as it will be emerging at a similar time as the fall-established winter wheat crop.· Success depends on coordinated efforts within communities.Revisiting Herbicide Recommendations for Volunteer Wheat Management - the time it takes for wheat to die off after an herbicide application will influence the number of mites that persist and the ability of those mites to migrate off the slowly dying wheat. Research conducted at K-State in a greenhouse study revealed that curl mite populations three days after an application of paraquat where much lower compared to glyphosate, and after 6 days only a few mites existed from the paraquat treatment compared to 60 mites with a glyphosate treatment.Glyphosate is the most recommended herbicide for volunteer wheat control in wheat stubble. While it is a very cost-effective option, it has a drawback in terms of managing the risk of wheat streak mosaic complex. Glyphosate takes up to two weeks to kill plants, which means wheat curl mite populations will continue to build on glyphosate-treated volunteer wheat. Furthermore, the mites will have sufficient time to migrate to the tops of plants and assume a “dispersal posture” after a glyphosate application. Herbicides that act more rapidly, such as paraquat, are more effective at managing the wheat curl mite populations. Another option to increase the rate of desiccation would be to include saflufenacil (Sharpen) or tiafenacil (Reviton) in the glyphosate application.Adding an herbicide with residual activity will also be helpful. Products that will control or suppress volunteer wheat include atrazine, metribuzin, and sulfentrazone (Spartan). In addition to providing residual activity, atrazine and metribuzin can be used to enhance paraquat activity.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Volunteer streak mosaic virus control will be essential in 2026

Brown patch, caused by the fungal pathogen&nbsp;Rhizoctonia solani, is one of the most common disease problems encountered in tall fescue turf during the hot weather months.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>written by: Alicia Boor - Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Brown patch, caused by the fungal pathogen&nbsp;Rhizoctonia solani, is one of the most common disease problems encountered in tall fescue turf during the hot weather months.How to Identify It<ul>
 <li>The Symptoms (Visual Cues):&nbsp;Look for circular or irregular patches of blighted turf (tan, orangish brown) ranging from a few inches to several feet in diameter. On individual leaf blades, look for distinct tan lesions featuring dark brown borders.</li><li>The Signs (Physical Pathogen):&nbsp;On humid, dewy mornings, you can often see cobwebby, white fungal growth (mycelium) resting on the grass canopy.</li>
 </ul>What Enhances Disease Severity? Fungal outbreaks rely on the alignment of the “Disease Triangle:"&nbsp;A susceptible host,&nbsp;a virulent pathogen, and&nbsp;a conducive environment. Brown patch thrives on hot summer nights when air temperatures stay above 68°F, and leaves remain wet for more than 8 consecutive hours. Furthermore, brown patch is a&nbsp;“high-nitrogen” disease, meaning excessive nitrogen fertilization in your tall fescue turf right before or during hot, humid windows drastically amplifies its severity.Cultural Practices to Prevent and Alleviate Brown Patch Before reaching for a chemical solution (fungicide), adjust your management routine to break the disease triangle:<ul>
 <li>Reduce Leaf Wetness:&nbsp;Only irrigate during the early morning hours (between 5:00 and 10:00 AM) so the canopy dries quickly during the day. Avoid watering in the evening, because it results in wet leaves all night.</li><li>Improve Airflow:&nbsp;Trim low-hanging tree branches to maximize air movement, lowering localized relative humidity.</li><li>Alleviate Plant Stress:&nbsp;Raise your mowing height to promote healthier plants with more photosynthesis (carbohydrate accumulation) and deeper roots. Relieve soil compaction through core aerification in the spring or fall in tall fescue turf.</li><li>Smart Fertility &amp; Seeding:&nbsp;Avoid summer nitrogen applications for tall fescue —fertilize in the fall instead. When repairing damaged areas in September, overseed with newer, improved tall fescue cultivars that possess better natural disease resistance.</li>
 </ul>Chemical Control: Active Ingredients If your tall fescue turf has a chronic history of severe brown patch, a&nbsp;preventative strategy&nbsp;using systemic fungicides may be needed. Systemic products are absorbed into the plant to protect new growth for a longer period of time, whereas contact fungicides merely sit on the surface.<ul>
 <li>When to Apply:&nbsp;Apply preventatively in early-to-mid June as humidity rises and night temperatures consistently exceed 60°F, repeating every 4 to 6 weeks through the summer may be needed, depending on disease pressure (environmental conditions). Curative applications only protect uninfected new growth; they cannot restore already dead tissue.</li><li>Top Active Ingredients&nbsp;(Liquids are preferred for uniform canopy coverage):</li>
 </ul>Azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, propiconazole, tebuconazole, fluoxastrobin, flutolanil, myclobutanil, some others.This is an excellent guide –&nbsp;<a href="https://ksuemailprod-my.sharepoint.com/:b:/g/personal/jfry_ksu_edu/ETcvZ4BICj5ImYunlfbTKhsBuySsYAixqkIgMw_JRAJTpg?e=6mFB4q" target="_blank">Chemical Control of Turfgrass Diseases 2024</a>&nbsp; by Univ. of Kentucky, Rutgers Univ., and the Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison.Always read and follow all pesticide label directions to know what sites you can legally apply to and application rates. The label is the law.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.